Stuttgart 21

Stuttgart 21 is a railway and urban development project in Stuttgart, Germany. It is a part of the Stuttgart–Augsburg new and upgraded railway and the Main Line for Europe (Paris—Vienna) within the framework of the Trans-European Networks. Its core is a renewed Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, among some 57 kilometres (35 miles) of new railways, including some 30 kilometres (19 miles) of tunnels and 25 kilometres (16 miles) of high-speed lines.

Map of Stuttgart 21 project[1]

The project was officially announced in April 1994. Construction work began on 2 February 2010.[2] In March 2013, total costs were officially estimated at €6.5 billion, the previous estimate being €4.5 billion in 2009.[2] Heated debate ensued on a broad range of issues, including the relative costs and benefits, geological and environmental concerns, as well as performance issues.

As of 2019, the start of operation is expected in late 2025,[3] versus an initial estimation of 2019 (made in 2010).

Concept
Principal track layout of the future Stuttgart main railway station
Stuttgart airport and fair grounds. Both the existing and a new station are to be connected with the Stuttgart–Wendlingen high-speed line (red).

The concept attempts to combine plans for high-speed links from Stuttgart to other cities with the improvement of local infrastructure and replacement of the current terminal station. The current 17-track station is to be replaced by an underground 8-track through station.

The new tracks are planned to cross below ground at right angles to the northern end of the existing building. Parts of the historic Paul Bonatz Hauptbahnhof building, the platforms and approach tracks would be demolished, and the land sold for development.

The plans include new surface and underground lines connecting the station in Stuttgart’s enclosed central valley with existing lines. The Stuttgart–Wendlingen high-speed line running through a new tunnel, the Filder Tunnel, would connect the replacement Hauptbahnhof with a new Filder station (Filderbahnhof), serving the Airport, the Messe (trade fair) and the Filderstadt district. The line would then connect to the planned Wendlingen-Ulm high-speed line. The carriage sidings would be moved to the area of Untertürkheim station to clear land for redevelopment.

On 2 April 2009 the Premier of Baden-Württemberg, Günther Oettinger, signed the finance agreement with the German Minister of Transport, Wolfgang Tiefensee and Deutsche Bahn board member Stefan Garber.[4][5]

On 23 November 2009, it was announced that construction would commence in February 2010, on condition that the overall costs do not exceed €4.5 billion.[6]

DB subsidiary DB ProjektBau is planning the project on behalf of DB Netze and DB Station & Service and is its promoter for the development approval process.

Debate and opposition

The Stuttgart 21 project has been a controversial issue among politicians and local people ever since the idea of a through station for long-distance trains – running under the existing station – was first proposed in the mid-1980s.

More than 50,000 people demonstrated against Stuttgart 21 on 1 October 2010
Symbol of the protest against Stuttgart 21
Demolition works and protest demonstration at the north wing of Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, 26 August 2010

Since late 2006 there have been negotiations between DB, the Federal Government, the Baden-Württemberg Government and the city of Stuttgart over the sharing of the costs of the project. On 28 June 2007, a high-level conference was held and adjourned between DB chairman Hartmut Mehdorn, Baden-Württemberg Minister of Finance Gerhard Stratthaus and Stuttgart mayor Wolfgang Schuster. At the meeting, agreement could not be reached over the allocation of construction cost risks.[7]

On 19 July 2007 it was announced by the Federal Government, the State of Baden-Württemberg and DB that the project had been approved. Identified funding sources are: DB (€1,115 million), the State of Baden-Württemberg (€685 million), and the Federal Government (€500 million). The agreement also made provision for possible increases over the €2.8 billion estimate of up to €1 billion, with Baden-Württemberg agreeing to fund up to €780 million and DB agreeing to fund up to €220 million. According to the statement, €2 billion would also be invested in the railway to Ulm, with the total budget amounting to €4.8 billion.[8][9][10][11]

Shortly after the funding agreement was announced the political opponents of Wolfgang Schuster were quick to condemn the Stuttgart mayor for backtracking on a promise made during the 2004 mayoral elections - namely that he would allow the population of Stuttgart to decide the fate of Stuttgart 21 if the additional costs of the project amounted to more than €200 million. On hearing the promise at the time, Alliance '90/The Greens candidate Boris Palmer withdrew his candidacy for the second round vote, recommending that his supporters should back Schuster instead.[12]

In October 2007, a petition and public demonstrations were started, sponsored by private individuals with the backing of Alliance '90/The Greens and a variety of citizens' and environmental organisations. The aim was to collect 20,000 signatures and thus force politicians to take the issue to a local referendum. The petition gained 67,000 signatures but political wrangling began over whether the issue could be decided by a local referendum in the first place. Legal experts claimed that, as the project was not being financed solely from Stuttgart coffers, it was not for the city of Stuttgart to make the final decision.[13]

On 11 October 2008, about 4,000 citizens of Stuttgart demonstrated against the demolition of the Hauptbahnhof's north wing. Since the fall of 2009, there have been weekly demonstrations on Monday evenings. On 1 October 2010, the biggest protest so far took place with an estimated 100,000 people taking part in the demonstration against the project.[14]

Protest manifestations on the fence during demolition works

The protests are organized by, among others, a grassroots initiative, Leben in Stuttgart (Life in Stuttgart), the local branch of the German Green Party and the environmental organisation Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland. They are suggesting a renovation of the current railway station, including creation of some new railways, but respecting the cultural heritage of the Hauptbahnhof terminus and the natural heritage of the adjacent Schlossgarten (Palace Park). The park (see Old Castle (Stuttgart) and New Castle (Stuttgart)) by Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret, is part of a cherished green space that connects the inner city with the banks of the Neckar river. During the estimated construction time of at least 10 years, the project would cut off connections to other park areas of the city, known collectively as the Green U due to their U-shaped form. In November 2009, members of the International Council on Monuments and Sites stated that the Hauptbahnhof was a building of exceptional quality, whose integrity should be maintained.[15] Since 2009 numerous protests against the disputed project have taken place. On 30 September 2010, hundreds of demonstrators were injured when the police used water cannon, pepper spray and batons against protestors.[16] The following day, more than 50,000 people took part in the largest demonstration against the project so far.

Prior to that escalation, Frei Otto, one of the architects responsible for the project, cited a 2003 report for calling for a halt to the project, saying the ground in the area is too unstable for large scale underground works.[17] Some critics suggest the cost of the project might rise to €18.7 billion.[18]

On 27 November 2011, a referendum was held to decide whether the state of Baden-Württemberg should cease funding for the project. 58.8 percent of the votes cast were against such a withdrawal.[19] While some consider this proof that a majority is favour of the project, others point out this might in parts be owed to questionable allegations which were floated before the referendum, e.g. that consequences of a withdrawal in the end might already be significantly more expensive than completing the project; as well as the fact that the wording might have been misleading for some voters (a 'yes' vote would have been in favour of bailing out of the project, and a 'no' in favour of its implementation) although the meaning of 'yes' or 'no' was explained on the ballot.[20]

Effects on politics

According to the German newspaper Die Welt, in June 2009 the Greens changed the balance of power in the city council as a direct result of disgruntlement with the controversial Stuttgart 21 rail project. The victory marked the Greens' first majority in a German city with more than 500,000 inhabitants. This meant an enormous loss for the CDU, who had held a majority of seats in Stuttgart continuously since 1972.[21]

Stuttgart, 13. August 2010

The Stuttgart 21 project was a major issue in the state elections held in March 2011. While the CDU again won the largest number of seats in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, they and their FDP allies lost too many to maintain control. Instead, the Green party led a coalition government with the SPD.[22] In the Baden-Württemberg state election, 2016, the Greens became the largest party.

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References
  1. based on brochures presenting the Planfeststellungsabschnitte at www.stuttgart21.de Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine, as of December 2007
  2. "Deutsche Bahn backs Stuttgart 21 project despite cost increase".
  3. "Projektstatus" (in German). Bahnprojekt Stuttgart-Ulm. October 28, 2019.
  4. http://www.spiegel.de/reise/aktuell/0,1518,617037,00.html Spiegel website, German: "Minister besiegeln Milliardenprojekt der Bahn"
  5. "Stuttgart 21 and Stuttgart-Ulm NBS funding agreed". Today's Railways Europe. June 2009: 9. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. Drexler confirms Stuttgart 21 construction to start in February 2010 Archived 2009-11-26 at the Wayback Machine Stuttgarter Zeitung online, 23 November 2009
  7. "Entscheidung über Baukostenrisiken vertagt" (in German). Stuttgart Nachrichten. 29 June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  8. "Einigung auf Finanzierung von Stuttgart 21" (in German). SWR3 Radio news. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  9. "Finanzierung für Stuttgart 21 steht". Spiegel online (in German). 19 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  10. "Tiefensee: Durchbruch für die Neubaustrecke Stuttgart - Ulm - Augsburg und "Stuttgart 21"" (Press release) (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs. 19 July 2007. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  11. "Memorandum of Understanding" (pdf) (in German). Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
  12. "Stuttgart 21 - Gegner erinnern an Wahlzusage" (in German). SWR Radio news. 21 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  13. "Stuttgart 21 - Juristischer Streit gewinnt an Schärfe". Stuttgarter Zeitung (in German). 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  14. "Protest threatens to derail Merkel's election plans". The Irish Times. 2010-10-05.
  15. "Bonatzbau soll Weltkulturerbe werden". Stuttgarter Zeitung. 2009-11-25. Archived from the original on 2009-11-27.
  16. "Germany Shocked by 'Disproportionate' Police Action in Stuttgart". Spiegel Online. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  17. "Stuttgart 21-Architekt fordert den sofortigen Baustopp" (in German). Stern. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
  18. "Experten geben Politik Schuld am Demo-Debakel". Spiegel Online (in German). 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
  19. "Vorläufiges Ergebnis der Volksabstimmung am 27.11.2011 über die Gesetzesvorlage "Gesetz über die Ausübung von Kündigungsrechten bei den vertraglichen Vereinbarungen für das Bahnprojekt Stuttgart 21 (S 21-Kündigungsgesetz)"". Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. 2011-11-27. Archived from the original on 2011-12-06. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  20. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Stuttgart-21-abstimmung-wahlzettel.png
  21. "Stuttgart 21 pulls down CDU and SPD" (in German). Retrieved 2009-06-19.
  22. "Landtagswahl 2011". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-04-03.

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