List of political term limits
This is a list of term limits for heads of state, heads of government and other notable public office holders by country.
Africa
Country | Head of state/government | Other | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
President | Two 5-year terms | |||
President | ||||
President | ||||
President | Two 5-year terms | |||
President | ||||
President | Two 7-year terms, since 2018 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Unlimited 7-year terms, from 2008 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, third term only after 5 years. | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year non-consecutive terms, since 2009 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2000 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Three 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 6-year terms, since 2019 Constitutional Referendum. | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 7-year terms, starting from 2011 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 6-year terms, since 1987 Constitutional Reform | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 5-Year terms, since 1993 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Unlimited 7-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 4-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Reform. | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform. | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitution | |||
President | Two 6-year terms, since 1986 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
King | No set terms (Hereditary succession). | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1998 Constititional Reform. | |
Presidential Council | No set terms (Transitional) | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1995 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform. | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
King | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2011 Constitutional Reforms. | |
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2004 Constitutional Reforms. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1999 Constitutional Reforms. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Two 4-year terms, since 1999 Constitutional Reforms. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform (from 2024). | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2003 Constitution Reforms. | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2016 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2016 Constitutional Reforms. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, proposed. | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform. | |||
King | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constititional Reform. | |
President | Two 5-year terms, since 1977 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2002 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2014 Constitutional Referendum. | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | No set terms (In exile) | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2006 Constitutional Reform. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms, since 2013 Constitutional Referendum. |
Americas
Country | Head of state/government | Other | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
President | Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as President of Argentina again. | Vice President | Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former Vice President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as Vice President of Argentina again. | |
Senators | Unlimited 6-year terms. | |||
Deputies | Unlimited 4-year terms. | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2017.[1][2] | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms. | |
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must have support of House of Representatives which have a maximum term of 5 years. | |
President | Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as President of Brazil again. | Vice President | Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former Vice President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as Vice President of Brazil again. | |
Governor General | No set terms; appointed by monarch | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, but the Prime Minister must maintain the support of the House of Commons which, by statute has a maximum term of 4 years. | |
Premier | No directly set terms, but Premiers must maintain the support of their respective provincial or territorial legislative assemblies which have a maximum term of 5 years. | |||
President | Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms | |||
President | One 4-year term | Vice President | One 4-year term | |
President | Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms | |||
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | Two 5-year terms | |
First Secretary | Two 5-year terms | |||
President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms | |
President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms | |
President | One 5-year term | Vice President | One 5-year term | |
President | One 4-year term | Vice President | Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms | |
President | Two 5-year terms | |||
President | Two non-consecutive 5-year terms | |||
President | One 4-year term | Vice President | One 4-year term | |
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms | |
President | One 6-year term (sexenio) | Senate | Two 6-year terms (since 2018) | |
President | Unlimited 5-year terms[3] | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms | |
President | Two non-consecutive 5-year terms | Vice President | Two non-consecutive 5-year terms | |
President | One 5-year term | Vice President | One 5-year term | |
President | Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms | Vice President | Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms | |
President | Unlimited 5-year terms | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms | |
President | Two 4-year terms (except after succeeding to the Presidency and serving for more than two years, in which case only one subsequent four-year term is permitted). Eligibility of former term limited presidents is unclear (see article on Twenty-Second Amendment). | Vice President | Unlimited 4-year terms | |
Senators | Unlimited 6-year terms | |||
Representatives | Unlimited 2-year terms | |||
President | Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms | Vice President | Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms | |
President | Unlimited 6-year terms, since 2009 Constitutional Referendum. | Vice President | No fixed terms |
Asia
Country | Head of state/government | Other | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Chief Executive | 5 years Ad hoc | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
King | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Unlimited 5-year terms (in practice two 5-years terms) | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms (in practice two 5-years terms) | |
Prime Minister | Unlimited 5-year terms (in practice two 5-years terms) | |||
General Secretary | Two 5-year terms | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2018 Constitutional Reform. | Vice President | Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2018 Constitutional Reform. | |
Premier | Two consecutive 5-year terms (Two consecutive terms of National People's Congress session) | |||
General Secretary | Unlimited 5-year terms | |||
Chief Executive | Two consecutive 5-year terms | Members of the Legislative Council | Unlimited 4-year terms | |
President | Unlimited 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No direct term limits, however they must maintain the support of the Indian Parliament which has a term of five years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Vice President | Two 5-year terms | |
President | Two consecutive and one non-consecutive 4-year terms | Supreme Leader | No term limits | |
President | Two 4-year terms | Prime Minister | Unlimited 4-year terms | |
President | One 7-year term | Prime Minister | Between 1948 and 1996, and since 2001: No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Knesset which has an undefined term not exceeding four years. | |
Between 1996 and 2001 (when the Prime Minister was directly elected): Unlimited undefined terms. Should these terms exceed seven years, the Prime Minister will not be eligible for immediate re-election. | ||||
Prime Minister | Unlimited 4-years terms | |||
Member of the House of Councillors | Unlimited 6-year terms | |||
Member of the House of Representatives | Unlimited maximum 4-year terms | |||
President | Two consecutive 5-year terms (Exception for first President) | |||
President | One 6-year term | |||
President | Two 5-year terms | General Secretary | Unlimited 5-year terms | |
President | Unlimited non-consecutive 6-year terms | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
Chief Executive | Two consecutive 5-year terms | Legislative Assembly | Unlimited 4-year terms | |
Monarch | Unlimited 5-Year Terms, but because the 9 Sultans of the Malayan states rotate each time between themselves, the unlimited 5-Year Terms are de facto unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms. | Prime Minister | No term limits
Pakatan Harapan, the current ruling party of Malaysia, had promised to implement a two-term limit for the post of prime minister, in attempt to curb corruption | |
President | Two 5-year terms (starting 1998) | |||
President | Two 4-year terms | Prime Minister | 4-year term | |
Chairman of the State Affairs Commission | Unlimited 5-Year Terms | Premier | Unlimited 5-Year Terms | |
Party Chairman | No set terms | |||
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No direct term limits, however they must maintain the support of the Pakistan Parliament which has a term of five years | |
President | One 6-year term | Vice President | Two consecutive 6-year terms | |
Senators | Two consecutive 6-year terms | |||
Representatives of the House | Three consecutive 3-year terms | |||
All other local government officials | Three consecutive 3-year terms | |||
President | One 5-year term | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Unlimited 6-year terms | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 5-year terms since 2015 | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 7-year terms | |||
President | Two consecutive 4-year terms since 1994[4][5] | Vice President | Same as the president | |
Members of the Legislative Yuan | Unlimited 4-year terms since 2008[6] | |||
County, city and township councilors, and village chiefs | Unlimited 4-year terms[7] | |||
County magistrates, and city and township mayors | Two consecutive 4-year terms[8] | |||
President | Two 7-year terms[9] | |||
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | Two 4-year terms | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No term limits | |
President | Two 5-year terms |
Europe
Country | Head of state | Head of government (if effectively supreme to a separate head of state) and other offices | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Maximum number of terms | Title | Maximum number of terms | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Albanian Parliament which has a term of four years | |
Constitutional Court judges and High Court judges | One 9-year term | |||
Members of the High Council of Justice | Unlimited nonconsecutive 5-year terms | |||
Prosecutor General, Ombudsperson | Unlimited 5-year terms | |||
Governor of Central Bank and Head of the High State Audit | Unlimited 7-year terms | |||
President | One 7-year term | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of five years | |
President | Two 6-year terms. When the current President loses their re-election, they can never again be elected to the Office of Federal President of Austria. | Chancellor | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Council which has a term of five years | |
President | Unlimited 7-year terms | |||
President | Unlimited 5-year terms | |||
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Representatives which has a term of five years | |
Presidency members | Two consecutive 4-year terms, reeligible after four years | |||
President | Two consecutive 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Sabor which has a term of four years | |
President | Two consecutive 5-year terms | |||
President | Two consecutive 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies which has a term of four years | |
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Folketing which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Riigikogu which has a term of four years | |
President of the European Council | Two 2.5 year terms | President of the European Commission | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the European Parliament which has a term of five years (and also the European Council) | |
President | Two consecutive 6-year terms.[10] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Finnish Parliament which has a term of four years | |
President | Two consecutive 5-year terms since 2000 constitutional referendum | Prime minister | No directly defined terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of five years | |
President | Two terms: 6 years (2018-2024) 5 years (2024-) | Prime Minister of Georgia | No directly set terms. | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Chancellor | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Bundestag which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Hellenic Parliament which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years | |
President | Unlimited 4-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Althing which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 7-year terms | Taoiseach (equivalent of Prime Minister) | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Dáil which has a term of five years | |
President | Unlimited 7-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of both Houses of the Parliament which have a term of five years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Assembly which has a term of four years | |
Constitutional Court judges | One 9-year term | |||
Ombudsperson | One 5-year term | |||
Auditor General | Two 5-year terms | |||
President | Two 4-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Saeima which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Seimas which has a term of four years | |
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies which has a term of five years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Maltese Parliament which has a term of five years | |
President | Two consecutive 4-year terms.[11] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Moldovan Parliament which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Montenegrin Parliament which has a term of four years | |
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | unlimited terms of 4 years, however they must maintain the support of the House of Representatives which has a term of 4 years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Assembly of North Macedonia which has a term of four years | |
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Storting which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Sejm which has a term of four years | |
President | Two consecutive 5-year terms. A former President of Portugal, however, if they have already served two consecutive terms, can also be re-elected to another unlimited non-consecutive 5-year term, after a minimum of five years out of office since the end of their last term in office. | Prime Minister Presidents of local authorities (concelho and freguesia) |
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Assembly of the Republic which has a term of less than four years Three consecutive 4-year terms | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the support of the Senate, both of which have a term of less than four years | |
President | Since July 2020 referendum two 6-year terms (except for Vladimir Putin's nullification of terms).[12][13][14][15] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the State Duma which has a term of five years | |
Captain-Regent | Unlimited non-consecutive 6-month terms, but an outgoing Captain Regent of San Marino must wait for a minimum of three years, until they can be elected again into this office. | |||
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years | |
President | Two consecutive 5-year terms.[16] | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Council which has a term of four years | |
President | Two 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years | |
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Congress of Deputies which has a term of four years | |
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Riksdag which has a term of four years | |
President of the Confederation | Unlimited non-consecutive 1-year terms | Federal Council | Unlimited 4-year terms | |
President | Two 5-year terms[17] | |||
Monarch | No set terms (Hereditary succession) | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the House of Commons which has a term of five years | |
President | Two consecutive 5-year terms | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Verkhovna Rada which has a term of five years | |
Pope | Lifetime term | Cardinal Secretary of State | No set term, he holds office as long as the pope who appointed him is in office. | |
Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church | Lifetime term | |||
Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State | No set term, he holds office as long as the pope who appointed him is in office. | |||
Dean of the College of Cardinals | Two 5-year terms | |||
College of Cardinals | Lifetime term; voting rights last until 80 years of age |
Oceania
Country | Head of state | Other | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Maximum number of terms | Office | Maximum number of terms | |
Governor-General | No term limits, but traditionally serve for one 5-year term. | Prime Minister | No term limits, 3-year terms | |
President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms | |
President | Two 3-year terms | |||
President | Three 4-year terms | Vice President | Three 4-year terms | |
President | Two 4-year terms | |||
Governor-General | No term limits, but traditionally serve for one 5-year term. | Prime Minister | No directly set terms, however, must maintain the confidence of the House of Representatives which has 3 year terms. | |
President | Two 3-year terms | |||
President | Two 4-year terms | Vice President | Two 4-year terms | |
Chief of State | Two 5-year terms since 2019. Between 2007 and 2019, the number of 5-year terms was Unlimited, and before 2007, the Chief of State of Samoa was elected for life. | |||
Governor-General | Two 5-year terms | |||
President | One 5-year term |
gollark: If you want more, YOU are to write it.
gollark: As you can see, centre-justification follows from the combination of left- and right-justification.
gollark: Left-justification:> Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in critique of social hierarchy.[1][2][3][4] Left-wing politics typically involves a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished.[1] According to emeritus professor of economics Barry Clark, left-wing supporters "claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated."[5] No language (except esoteric apioforms) *truly* lacks generics. Typically, they have generics, but limited to a few "blessed" built-in data types; in C, arrays and pointers; in Go, maps, slices and channels. This of course creates vast inequality between the built-in types and the compiler writers and the average programmers with their user-defined data types, which cannot be generic. Typically, users of the language are forced to either manually monomorphise, or use type-unsafe approaches such as `void*`. Both merely perpetuate an unjust system which must be abolished.
gollark: Anyway, center-justify... centrism is about being precisely in the middle of the left and right options. I will imminently left-justify it, so centre-justification WILL follow.
gollark: Social hierarchies are literal hierarchies.
See also
References
- Bolivian court clears way for Morales to run for fourth term Reuters, 28 November 2017
- Blair, Laurence (3 December 2017). "Evo for ever? Bolivia scraps term limits as critics blast 'coup' to keep Morales in power". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- "Nicaragua backs unlimited presidential terms". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
- Section 6 of Article 2 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China
- Two consecutive six-year terms from 1947 to 1994 under Article 47 of the Constitution of the Republic of China, but unlimited six-year terms from 1960 to 1991 as superseded by the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion.
- Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China
- Articles 33 and 59 of the Local Government Act
- Articles 55, 56, and 57 of the Local Government Act
- France-Presse, Agence (22 January 2016). "Tajikistan parliament paves way for president to rule for life". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- Constitution of Finland, Chapter 5, Section 54: "The same person may be elected President for no more than two consecutive terms of office".
- Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, Article 80.4: "No person may discharge the duties of the President of the Republic of Moldova unless for two consecutive mandates at the most".
- Constitution of the Russian Federation, Chapter 4, Article 81.3: "One and the same person may not be elected President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms."
- The Definition of The Russian Federation Supreme Court, issued on 25 September 2001 (Case N 74-Г01-34): "Thus, the prohibition to be elected President of RSFSR for more than two terms was set by article 121.2 of the RSFSR Constitution (1978, with amendment from 24th may 1991), and the same prohibition is set by article 81 of current Constitution of the Russian Federation for the President of the Russian Federation". The original excerpt from the Definition: "Так, запрет на избрание одного и того же лица Президентом РСФСР более двух раз был установлен ст. 121.2 Конституции РСФСР 1978 г. (в редакции от 24 мая 1991 г.), а Президента РФ - ст. 81 ныне действующей Конституции РФ". Note: RSFSR stands for "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic".
- The Definition N 134-O of The Russian Federation Constitutional Court, issued on 5th November 1998: "Two consecutive terms <…> constitute the constitutional threshold violation of which the Constitution of the Russian Federation <…> does not allow". The original excerpt from the Definition: "Два срока полномочий подряд <…> составляют конституционный предел, превышения которого Конституция Российской Федерации <…> не допускает".
- The Head of the Russian Federation Constitutional Court V.D. Zorkin issued in 2010 the Commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, where he wrote: "Establishing the two terms limitation of presidential power means the real limitation of this power <…> the two terms limitation for the President of the Russian Federation, periodical (once in six years) State Duma (Parliament Chamber) election, and the legal norm of article 81.3 of Constitution serve as a guaranty for political development of Russia". The original excerpt from the Commentary: "Утверждение принципа ограниченности во времени президентской власти двумя конституционными сроками означает и реальные ограничения этой власти. <…> ограничение занятия должности Президента двумя сроками, периодические выборы (раз в шесть лет) Государственной Думы - палаты парламента Российской Федерации, норма ч. 3 ст. 81 Конституции служит гарантией политического развития России".
- Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Article 103.2: "The same person may be elected President for not more than two consecutive terms".
- "Turks back direct president poll". BBC NEWS. 21 October 2007.
Sources
- CIA World Factbook
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