President of El Salvador

The president of El Salvador (Spanish: Presidente de El Salvador), officially known as the president of the Republic of El Salvador (Spanish: Presidente de la República de El Salvador), is the head of state and head of government of El Salvador. He is also, by Constitutional Law, the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of El Salvador. The office was created in the Constitution of 1841. From 1821 until 1841, the head of state of El Salvador was styled simply as Head of State (Jefe de Estado).

President of the
Republic of El Salvador
Presidente de la República de El Salvador
Presidential Seal
Incumbent
Nayib Bukele
since 1 June 2019
ResidenceCasa Presidencial, San Salvador
Term lengthFive years, not eligible for re-election immediately
Inaugural holderJuan José Guzmán
Formation22 February 1841
DeputyVice President of El Salvador
Salary5,181 USD per month[1]
WebsitePresident of El Salvador
El Salvador
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
El Salvador
 El Salvador portal

The president of the Republic of El Salvador begins his duties on June 1 of the year of his election and is accompanied by a vice president.

According to the Electoral Code, for a person to be declared President-Elect of the Republic, he must obtain 50% plus one of the votes obtained in the election in the presidential elections. If none of the candidates gets to obtain that result, a second voting round will be held where the two candidates who have obtained the most electoral votes in the first round will participate.

The duration of the presidential term is five years. He is ineligible for immediate reelection, but may run again after sitting out one election period.

Each June 1, the president is accountable to the Legislative Assembly for the contributions and Government Development that the president, the vice president and the Council of Ministers developed from the beginning of the presidential term.

History

In 1824, the Mayor's Office of Sonsonate and the Intendency of San Salvador joined to form the State of El Salvador, united first to the United Provinces of Central America and then to the Federal Republic of Central America. According to the federal law, the governor received the title of Supreme Chief until 1841, when El Salvador declared itself independent, with its governor being called President. From then on, four stages with particular characteristics are recognized: the post-federal period, the Coffee Republic, the military governments, and civil governments wow.

In 1841, El Salvador was constituted as an independent and sovereign nation after the rupture of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1838. At that time, the legislative body created a constitution to legitimize the nation of El Salvador and also named Juan Lindo Provisional President of the Republic of El Salvador on 2 February 1841. It was not until 26 September 1842 Juan José Guzmán was elected by the people as President of El Salvador. From that moment, the republic suffered a constant series of provisional governments that brought many leaders to power.

In 1858, Captain General Gerardo Barrios became President of the Republic in which his government gave entrance to the "French Bread". He resigned from power in 1863 and Francisco Dueñas became President.

It was not until the Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador of 1886 was ratified when the presidential term is increased from two to four years, beginning and ending the presidential terms on 1 March. In 1913, before the death of Manuel Enrique Araujo, a family 'dynasty' would begin. The Meléndez-Quiñonez Dynasty lasted 18 years until Arturo Araujo became President.

In 1931, a coup d'état led by Vice President General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez overthrew President Araujo. This dictatorial government would establish the foundations of a rigid and totally militarized nation. It was not until 1939 when General Martínez called for a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution which established that the presidential term would be increased from 4 to 6 years and would begin and end on 1 January. During his presidency, Martínez initiated the 1932 Salvadoran Peasant Massacre which killed 25,000 indigenous peoples. Martínez would be overthrown in 1944 and General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez became Provisional President.

From that moment, the presidency of the Republic once again showed dictatorial instability and military governments began to be established to the point of creating a republic with 'Military Authoritarianism' which would end in 1982. In 1950, Lieutenant Colonel Óscar Osorio constitutionally became the president of the Republic and a new constitution was drafted where the presidential term would be 6 years and begin and end on 14 September. Osorio was known as the president of the social programs since he implemented and founded programs such as the Urban Housing Institute (IVU), the Autonomous Port Executive Commission (CEPA) among others that benefited the nation.

In 1960, a coup d'état overthrew President José María Lemus which led to the formation of a Junta of Government which would later be overthrown by the Civic-Military Directory in 1961. This was the case until the constitutional order was reestablished and another constitution was created in 1962 which would bring with it significant presidential reforms. From that moment, the presidential term would last 5 years and begin and end on 1 July.

On 15 October 1979, the last coup d'état in Salvadoran history took place where a group of young soldiers and officers overthrew General Carlos Humberto Romero. The coup marked the beginning of the Salvadoran Civil War which would rage on from 1979 to 1992. The Revolutionary Government Junta was established and ruled over El Salvador while fighting against the communist guerrilla group Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). The Junta was abolished in 1982 and Álvaro Magaña became President of the Republic. The 1983 Constituent Assembly decided to create the current Constitution of El Salvador which set presidential terms to 5 years and would begin and end on June 1. The civil war greatly affected the political stability of the country.

President José Napoleón Duarte would lead the government against the FMLN from 1984-1989. In 1989, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) won the 1989 presidential election. Alfredo Cristiani became the first president of ARENA. ARENA won the presidential elections in 1989, 1994, 1999, and 2004. Its presidents were Alfredo Cristiani, Armando Calderón Sol, Francisco Flores, and Elías Antonio Saca.

The Civil War ended in 1992 and the FMLN became a legal political party in accordance to the Chapultepec Peace Accords.

In 20 years of government, El Salvador was characterized by the privatization of national services such as coffee, telecommunications, the pension system, the National Bank, the Electric Power Service, among others. In 2001, the Economic Dollarization System was carried out in the country, a measure adopted by then President Francisco Flores which would have great long-term consequences for the Salvadoran economy and adopted the US dollar as legal currency.

Mauricio Funes won the 2009 presidential election ending 20 years of ARENA rule and marked the first FMLN presidency. Salvador Sánchez Cerén became the second FMLN president in 2015 after narrowly defeating Norman Quijano.

In 2019, Nayib Bukele, from the Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA), won the 2019 presidential election ending 10 years of FMLN rule. He was the first president since Duarte to not be a member of either ARENA or FMLN. He was the second president from Palestinian descent, after Elías Antonio Saca. He was inaugurated on 1 June 2019.

Heads of state of El Salvador within the Federal Republic of Central America (1821–1841)
Main article: List of heads of state of Federal Republic of Central America

Intendants political leaders of the Province of San Salvador
  Independent (4)       Liberal (1)
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of officePolitical Affiliation
Took office Left office Time in office
1 Pedro Barriere
(?–1827)		21 September 182128 November 1821 68 days Independent
2 José Matías Delgado
(1767–1832)		28 November 18219 February 1823 1 year and 73 days Independent
3 Vicente Filísola
(1789–1850)		9 February 18237 May 1823 87 days Independent
4 Felipe Codallos
(1790–?)		7 May 182325 May 1823 18 days Independent
—
 Advisory Junta (es)25 May 182317 June 1823 23 days Advisory Junta
5 Mariano Prado
(1776–1837)		17 June 182322 April 1824 310 days Liberal

Heads of state of El Salvador
Head of State of El Salvador
  Independent (6)       Conservative (3)       Liberal (6)
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		Term of officePolitical Affiliation
Took office Left office Time in office
1 Juan Manuel Rodríguez
(1771–1847)		 22 April 1824 1 October 1824 162 days Independent
— Mariano Prado
(1776–1837)
Acting Head of State		 1 October 1824 13 December 1824 73 days Liberal
2 Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz
(1764–1828)		 13 December 1824 1 November 1826 1 year and 323 days Liberal
— Mariano Prado
(1776–1837)
Acting Head of State		 1 November 1826 30 January 1829 2 years and 90 days Liberal
3 José María Cornejo
(1788–1864)		 30 January 1829 16 February 1830 1 year and 17 days Conservative
4 José Damián Villacorta
(1796–1860)		 16 February 1830 4 December 1830 291 days Independent
5 José María Cornejo
(1788–1864)		 4 December 1830 3 April 1832 1 year and 121 days Conservative
— Francisco Morazán
(1792–1842)
Provisional Head of State		 3 April 1832 13 May 1832 40 days Liberal
— Joaquín de San Martín
(1770–1854)
Acting Head of State		 13 May 1832 25 July 1832 73 days Conservative
6 Mariano Prado
(1776–1837)		 25 July 1832 1 July 1833 341 days Liberal
7 Joaquín de San Martín
(1770–1854)		 1 July 1833 23 June 1834 357 days Conservative
— Carlos Salazar Castro
(1800–1867)
Provisional Head of State		 23 June 1834 13 July 1834 20 days Independent
— José Gregorio Salazar
(1773–1838)
Provisional Head of State		 13 July 1834 30 September 1834 79 days Independent
8 Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera
(?–?)		 30 September 1834 13 October 1834 13 days Independent
— José María Silva
(1804–1876)
Acting Head of State		 13 October 1834 2 March 1835 140 days Independent
9 Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera
(?–?)		 2 March 1835 10 April 1835 39 days Independent
10 Nicolás Espinoza
(1795–1845)		 10 April 1835 15 November 1835 219 days Liberal
— Francisco Gómez
(1796–1838)
Acting Head of State		 15 November 1835 1 February 1836 78 days Independent
11 Diego Vigil Cocaña
(1799–1845)		 1 February 1836 23 May 1837 1 year and 111 days Liberal
12 Timoteo Menéndez
(?–?)		 23 May 1837 7 June 1837 15 days Independent
13 Diego Vigil Cocaña
(1799–1845)		 7 June 1837 6 January 1838 213 days Liberal
14 Timoteo Menéndez
(?–?)		 6 January 1838 23 May 1838 137 days Independent
— Antonio José Cañas
(1785–1844)
Acting Head of State		 23 May 1838 11 July 1839 1 year and 49 days Independent
15 Francisco Morazán
(1792–1842)		 11 July 1839 16 February 1840 220 days Liberal
— José María Silva
(1804–1876)
Acting Head of State		 16 February 1840 5 April 1840 49 days Independent
— Municipal Council of San Salvador 5 April 1840 15 April 1840 35 days Municipal Council of San Salvador
— Antonio José Cañas
(1785–1844)
Provisional Head of State		 15 April 1840 20 September 1840 133 days Independent
— Norberto Ramírez
(1802–1856)
Provisional Head of State		 20 September 1840 7 January 1841 109 days Independent
— Juan Lindo
(1790–1857)
Provisional Head of State		7 January 184122 February 1841 46 days Conservative

Presidents of independent El Salvador (1841–present)
  Independent (2)       Conservative (9)       Liberal (13)       PDN (4)       Labor (1)       PPP (1)       Military (14)       PDSU (1)
  PRUD (2)       PCN (4)       DAP (1)       PDC (1)       ARENA (4)       FMLN (2)       GANA (1)       NI (1)
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)		 ElectedTerm of officePolitical Affiliation
Took office Left office Time in office
— Juan Lindo
(1790–1857)
Provisional President		 —22 February 184120 June 1841 118 days Conservative
— Pedro José Arce (es)
(1801–1871)
Provisional President		 —20 June 184128 June 1841 8 days Independent
— Juan Lindo
(1790–1857)
Provisional President		 —28 June 18411 February 1842 218 days Conservative
— José Escolástico Marín
(?–1846)
Acting President		 —1 February 184214 April 1842 72 days Independent
1 Juan José Guzmán
(1800–1847)		 —14 April 184210 December 1843 1 year and 240 days Conservative
— Cayetano Antonio Molina (es)
(1803–1873)
Provisional President		 —10 December 184320 December 1843 10 days Independent
— Pedro José Arce (es)
(1801–1871)
Provisional President		 —20 December 184329 December 1843 9 days Independent
— Cayetano Antonio Molina (es)
(1803–1873)
Provisional President		 —29 December 18431 January 1844 3 days Independent
— Pedro José Arce (es)
(1801–1871)
Provisional President		 —1 January 18441 February 1844 31 days Independent
— Fermín Palacios

(?-?)
Acting President

 —1 February 18447 February 1844 37 days Independent
2 Francisco Malespín
(1806–1846)		 —7 February 184415 February 1845 1 year and 8 days Conservative
3 Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán
(1801–1875)		 —15 February 18451 February 1846 351 days Independent
— Fermín Palacios

(?-?)
Acting President

 —1 February 184621 February 1846 20 days Independent
4 Eugenio Aguilar
(1804–1879)		 —21 February 18461 February 1848 1 year and 345 days Liberal
— Tomás Medina
(1803–1884)
Acting President		 —1 February 18483 February 1848 2 days Independent
— José Félix Quirós
(1811–1883)
Acting President		 —3 February 18487 February 1848 4 days Independent
5 Doroteo Vasconcelos
(1803–1883)		 —7 February 18481 February 1850 1 year and 359 days Liberal
— Ramón Rodríguez

(?-?)
Acting President

 —1 February 18504 February 1850 3 days Independent
6 Doroteo Vasconcelos
(1803–1883)		 —4 February 185012 January 1851 342 days Liberal
— Francisco Dueñas
(1810–1884)
Provisional President		 —12 January 18511 March 1851 48 days Conservative
— José Félix Quirós
(1811–1883)
Acting President		 —1 March 18513 May 1851 63 days Independent
7 Francisco Dueñas
(1810–1884)		 —13 May 185130 January 1852 272 days Conservative
— José María San Martín
(1811–1857)
Acting President		 —30 January 18521 February 1852 2 days Conservative
8 Francisco Dueñas
(1810–1884)		 —1 February 18521 February 1854 2 years and 0 days Conservative
— Vicente Gómez

(?-?)
Acting President

 —1 February 185415 February 1854 14 days Independent
9 José María San Martín
(1811–1857)		 —15 February 18541 February 1856 1 year and 351 days Conservative
— Francisco Dueñas
(1810–1884)
Acting President		 —1 February 185612 February 1856 11 days Conservative
10 Rafael Campo
(1813–1890)		 —12 February 18561 February 1858 1 year and 354 days Conservative
— Lorenzo Zepeda

(?-?)
Acting President

 —1 February 18587 February 1858 6 days Independent
11 Miguel Santín del Castillo
(1830–1880)		 —7 February 185824 January 1859 351 days Conservative
— Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán
(1801–1875)
Acting President		 —24 January 185915 February 1859 22 days Independent
— José María Peralta
(1807–1883)
Acting President		 —15 February 185912 March 1859 25 days Independent
12 Gerardo Barrios
(1813–1865)		 —12 March 185926 October 1863 4 years and 228 days Liberal
13 Francisco Dueñas
(1810–1884)		 —26 October 186315 April 1871 7 years and 140 days Conservative
14 Santiago González
(1818–1887)		 —15 April 18711 February 1876 4 years and 323 days Liberal
15 Andrés del Valle
(1833–1888)		 —1 February 18761 May 1876 90 days Liberal
16 Rafael Zaldívar
(1834–1903)		 —1 May 18766 April 1884 7 years and 341 days Liberal
— Ángel Guirola (es)
(1826–1910)
Provisional President		 —6 April 188421 August 1884 137 days Independent
17 Rafael Zaldívar
(1834–1903)		 —21 August 188414 May 1885 266 days Liberal
— Fernando Figueroa
(1849–1919)
Provisional President		 —14 May 188518 June 1885 35 days Military /
Liberal
— José Rosales Herrador (es)
(1827–1891)
Provisional President		 —18 June 188522 June 1885 4 days Independent
18 Francisco Menéndez
(1830–1890)		 —22 June 188522 June 1890 5 years and 0 days Military /
Liberal
19 Carlos Ezeta
(1852–1903)		 —22 June 18909 June 1894 3 years and 352 days Military /
Liberal
20 Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez
(1845–1921)		 —10 June 189413 November 1898 4 years and 157 days Military /
Liberal
21 Tomás Regalado
(1861–1906)		 —14 November 18981 March 1903 4 years and 108 days Military /
Liberal
22 Pedro José Escalón
(1847–1923)		 19031 March 19031 March 1907 4 years and 0 days Military /
Conservative
23 Fernando Figueroa
(1849–1919)		 19071 March 19071 March 1911 4 years and 0 days Military /
Liberal
24 Manuel Enrique Araujo
(1865–1913)		 19111 March 19119 February 1913 1 year and 345 days Independent
— Carlos Meléndez Ramirez
(1861–1919)
Provisional President		 —9 February 191329 August 1914 1 year and 202 days National Democratic Party
— Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
(1874–1950)
Provisional President		 —29 August 19141 March 1915 184 days National Democratic Party
25 Carlos Meléndez Ramirez
(1861–1919)		 19151 March 191521 December 1918 3 years and 295 days National Democratic Party
— Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
(1874–1950)
Acting President		 —21 December 19181 March 1919 70 days National Democratic Party
26 Jorge Meléndez
(1871–1953)		 19191 March 19191 March 1923 4 years and 0 days National Democratic Party
27 Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
(1874–1950)		 19231 March 19231 March 1927 4 years and 0 days National Democratic Party
28 Pío Romero Bosque
(1860–1935)		 19271 March 19271 March 1931 4 years and 0 days National Democratic Party
29 Arturo Araujo
(1878–1967)		 19311 March 19312 December 1931 276 days Labor Party
— Civic Directory (es) —2 December 19314 December 1931 2 days Civic Directory
— Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
(1882–1966)
Acting President		 —4 December 193128 August 1934 2 years and 267 days Military /
National Pro Patria Party
— Andrés Ignacio Menéndez
(1879–1962)
Provisional President		 —29 August 19341 March 1935 185 days Military /
National Pro Patria Party
30 Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
(1882–1966)		 1935
1939
1944		 1 March 19359 May 1944 9 years and 69 days Military /
National Pro Patria Party
— Andrés Ignacio Menéndez
(1879–1962)
Provisional President		 —9 May 194420 October 1944 164 days Military /
National Pro Patria Party
— Osmín Aguirre y Salinas
(1889–1977)
Provisional President		 —21 October 19441 March 1945 132 days Military
31 Salvador Castaneda Castro
(1888–1965)		 19451 March 194514 December 1948 3 years and 288 days Military /
Unification Social Democratic Party
— Revolutionary Council of Government (es) —15 December 194814 September 1950 1 year and 274 days Revolutionary Council of Government
32 Óscar Osorio
(1910–1969)		 195014 September 195014 September 1956 6 years and 0 days Military /
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification
33 José María Lemus
(1911–1993)		 195614 September 195626 October 1960 4 years and 42 days Military /
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification
— Junta of Government (es) —26 October 196025 January 1961 91 days Junta of Government
— Civic-Military Directory (es) —25 January 196125 January 1962 1 year and 0 days Civic-Military Directory
— Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea
(1899–1966)
Provisional President		 —25 January 19621 July 1962 157 days Independent
34 Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo
(1921–1973)		 19621 July 19621 July 1967 5 years and 0 days Military /
National Conciliation Party
35 Fidel Sánchez Hernández
(1917–2003)		 19671 July 19671 July 1972 5 years and 0 days Military /
National Conciliation Party
36 Arturo Armando Molina
(born 1927)		 19721 July 19721 July 1977 5 years and 0 days Military /
National Conciliation Party
37 Carlos Humberto Romero
(1924–2017)		 19771 July 197715 October 1979 2 years and 106 days Military /
National Conciliation Party
— Revolutionary Government Junta —15 October 19792 May 1982 2 years and 199 days Revolutionary Government Junta
38 Álvaro Magaña
(1925–2001)		 19822 May 19821 June 1984 2 years and 30 days Democratic Action Party
39 José Napoleón Duarte
(1925–1990)		 19841 June 19841 June 1989 5 years and 0 days Christian Democratic Party
40 Alfredo Cristiani
(born 1947)		 19891 June 19891 June 1994 5 years and 0 days Nationalist Republican Alliance
41
Armando Calderón Sol
(1948–2017)		 19941 June 19941 June 1999 5 years and 0 days Nationalist Republican Alliance
42 Francisco Flores Pérez
(1959–2016)		 19991 June 19991 June 2004 5 years and 0 days Nationalist Republican Alliance
43 Antonio Saca
(born 1965)		 20041 June 20041 June 2009 5 years and 0 days Nationalist Republican Alliance
44 Mauricio Funes
(born 1959)		 20091 June 20091 June 2014 5 years and 0 days Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
45 Salvador Sánchez Cerén
(born 1944)		 20141 June 20141 June 2019 5 years and 0 days Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
46 Nayib Bukele
(born 1981)		 20191 June 2019Incumbent 1 year and 74 days Grand Alliance for National Unity /
Nuevas Ideas

Latest election
Main article: 2019 Salvadoran presidential election
Popular vote
GANA
 
 53.10%
ARENA
 
 31.72%
FMLN
 
 14.41%
Vamos
 
 0.77%
Candidate Party Votes %
Nayib BukeleGrand Alliance for National Unity1,434,85653.10
Carlos CallejaNationalist Republican Alliance857,08431.72
Hugo MartínezFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front389,28914.41
Josué AlvaradoVamos20,7630.77
Invalid or blank votes31,186–
Total2,733,178100
Registered voters/turnout5,268,41151.88
Source: TSE

Living former presidents
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See also

References
  1. "Shocking Gap Between Latin America's Presidential Salaries And Workers Minimum Wage". Latin Post.
  2. Luis Eliezer Garcia. "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador » Autoridades » Titulares". Rree.gob.sv. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
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