Isaac Bashevis Singer

Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער‎; November 21, 1902 – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-American writer in Yiddish,[1] awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978.[2] The Polish form of his birth name was Icek Hersz Zynger.[3] He used his mother's first name in an initial literary pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded.[4] He was a leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, writing and publishing only in Yiddish. He was also awarded two U.S. National Book Awards, one in Children's Literature for his memoir A Day Of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw (1970)[5] and one in Fiction for his collection A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974).[6]

For the 1800s American inventor, see Isaac Singer.
Isaac Bashevis Singer
Isaac Bashevis Singer in 1969
BornIzaak Zynger
(1902-11-21)November 21, 1902
Leoncin, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
DiedJuly 24, 1991(1991-07-24) (aged 88)
Surfside, Florida, United States
Pen nameBashevis,
Warszawski (pron. Varshavsky),
D. Segal
OccupationNovelist, short story writer
LanguageYiddish
CitizenshipPoland, United States
GenreFictional prose
Notable worksThe Magician of Lublin
A Day of Pleasure
Notable awardsNobel Prize in Literature
1978
Signature

Life
Isaac (right) with his brother Israel Joshua Singer (1930s)
Krochmalna Street in Warsaw near the place where the Singers lived (1940 or 1941)
Singer's bench in Biłgoraj
Commemorative plaque at 1 Krochmalna Street in Warsaw

Isaac Bashevis Singer was born in 1902 in Leoncin village near Warsaw, capital of Congress Poland in the Russian Empire - lands that were a part of the Russian partition territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. A few years later, the family moved to a nearby Polish town of Radzymin. The exact date of his birth is uncertain, but most probably it was November 11 a date similar to the one that Singer gave both to his official biographer Paul Kresh,[7] his secretary Dvorah Telushkin,[8] and Rabbi William Berkowitz.[9] The year 1902 is consistent with the historical events that his brother refers to in their childhood memoirs, including the death of Theodor Herzl. The often-quoted birth date, July 14, 1904 was made up by the author in his youth, most probably to make himself younger to avoid the draft.[10]

His father was a Hasidic rabbi and his mother, Bathsheba, was the daughter of the rabbi of Biłgoraj. Singer later used her name in his pen name "Bashevis" (Bathsheba's). Both his older siblings, sister Esther Kreitman (1891–1954) and brother Israel Joshua Singer (1893–1944), became writers as well. Esther was the first of the family to write stories.[11]

The family moved to the court of the Rabbi of Radzymin in 1907, where his father became head of the Yeshiva. After the Yeshiva building burned down in 1908, the family moved to a flat at ul. Krochmalna 10. In the spring of 1914, the Singers moved to No. 12.[12]

The street where Singer grew up was located in the impoverished, Yiddish-speaking Jewish quarter of Warsaw. There his father served as a rabbi, and was called on to be a judge, arbitrator, religious authority and spiritual leader in the Jewish community.[13] The unique atmosphere of pre-war Krochmalna Street can be found both in the collection of Varshavsky-stories, which tell stories from Singer's childhood,[14] as well as in those novels and stories which take place in pre-war Warsaw.[15]

World War I

In 1917, because of the hardships of World War I, the family split up. Singer moved with his mother and younger brother Moshe to his mother's hometown of Biłgoraj, a traditional shtetl, where his mother's brothers had followed his grandfather as rabbis.[13] When his father became a village rabbi again in 1921, Singer returned to Warsaw. He entered the Tachkemoni Rabbinical Seminary and soon decided that neither the school nor the profession suited him. He returned to Biłgoraj, where he tried to support himself by giving Hebrew lessons, but soon gave up and joined his parents, considering himself a failure. In 1923, his older brother Israel Joshua arranged for him to move to Warsaw to work as a proofreader for the Jewish Literarische Bleter, of which the brother was an editor.[16]

United States

In 1935, four years before the Nazis invasion, Singer emigrated from Poland to the United States. He was fearful of the growing threat in neighboring Germany.[17] The move separated the author from his common-law first wife Runia Pontsch and son Israel Zamir (1929–2014); they emigrated to Moscow and then Palestine. The three met again twenty years later in 1955.

Singer settled in New York City, where he took up work as a journalist and columnist for The Jewish Daily Forward (פֿאָרװערטס), a Yiddish-language newspaper. After a promising start, he became despondent and for some years felt "Lost in America" (title of his 1974 novel published in Yiddish; published in English in 1981).

In 1938, he met Alma Wassermann née Haimann (1907–1996), a German-Jewish refugee from Munich. They married in 1940, and their union seemed to release energy in him; he returned to prolific writing and to contributing to the Forward. In addition to his pen name of "Bashevis," he published under the pen names of "Warszawski" (pron. Varshavsky) during World War II, and "D. Segal."[18] They lived for many years in the Belnord apartment building on Manhattan's Upper West Side.[19]

In 1981, Singer delivered a commencement address at the University at Albany, and was presented with an honorary doctorate.[20]

Singer died on July 24, 1991 in Surfside, Florida, after suffering a series of strokes. He was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery, Emerson, New Jersey.[21][22] A street in Surfside, Florida is named Isaac Singer Boulevard in his honor; and so is a city square in Lublin, Poland. The full academic scholarship for undergraduate students at the University of Miami is also named in his honor.

Literary career

Singer's first published story won the literary competition of the literarishe bletter and garnered him a reputation as a promising talent. A reflection of his formative years in "the kitchen of literature"[23] can be found in many of his later works. IB Singer published his first novel, Satan in Goray, in installments in the literary magazine Globus, which he had co-founded with his life-long friend, the Yiddish poet Aaron Zeitlin in 1935. The book recounts events of 1648 in the village of Goraj (close to Biłgoraj), where the Jews of Poland lost a third of their population in a wholesale attack by Cossacks. It explores the effects of the seventeenth-century faraway false messiah, Shabbatai Zvi, on the local population. Its last chapter imitates the style of a medieval Yiddish chronicle. With a stark depiction of innocence crushed by circumstance, the novel appears to foreshadow coming danger. In his later work, The Slave (1962), Singer returns to the aftermath of 1648, in a love story between a Jewish man and a Gentile woman. He portrays the traumatized and desperate survivors of the historic catastrophe with even deeper understanding.

The Family Moskat
Isaac Bashevis Singer and his wife.

Singer became a literary contributor to The Jewish Daily Forward only after his older brother Israel died in 1945. That year, Singer published The Family Moskat in his brother's honor. His own style showed in the daring turns of his action and characters, with double adultery during the holiest of nights of Judaism, the evening of Yom Kippur (despite being printed in a Jewish family newspaper in 1945). He was almost forced to stop writing the novel by his editor-in-chief, Abraham Cahan, but was saved by readers who wanted the story to go on. After this, his stories—which he had published in Yiddish literary newspapers before—were printed in the Forward as well. Throughout the 1940s, Singer's reputation grew.

Singer believed in the power of his native language and thought that there was still a large audience, including in New York, who longed to read in Yiddish. In an interview in Encounter (February 1979), he claimed that although the Jews of Poland had died, "something—call it spirit or whatever—is still somewhere in the universe. This is a mystical kind of feeling, but I feel there is truth in it."

Some of his colleagues and readers were shocked by his all-encompassing view of human nature. He wrote about female homosexuality ("Zeitl and Rickel",[24] "Tseytl un Rikl"), published in The Seance and Other Stories[25]), transvestism ("Yentl the Yeshiva Boy" in Short Friday), and of rabbis corrupted by demons ("Zeidlus the Pope" in Short Friday). In those novels and stories which refer to events in his own life, he portrays himself unflatteringly (with some degree of accuracy) as an artist who is self-centered yet has a keen eye for the sufferings and tribulations of others.

Literary influences

Singer had many literary influences; besides the religious texts he studied, he grew up with a rich array of Jewish folktales and worldly Yiddish detective-stories about "Max Spitzkopf" and his assistant "Fuchs".[26] He read Russian, including Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment at the age of fourteen.[27] He wrote in memoirs about the importance of the Yiddish translations donated in book-crates from America, which he studied as a teenager in Bilgoraj: "I read everything: Stories, novels, plays, essays... I read Rajsen, Strindberg, Don Kaplanowitsch, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Maupassant and Chekhov."[27] He studied many philosophers, among them Spinoza,[27] Arthur Schopenhauer,[11] and Otto Weininger.[28] Among his Yiddish contemporaries, Singer considered his older brother to be his greatest artistic example; he was also a life-long friend and admirer of the author and poet Aaron Zeitlin.

Of his non-Yiddish-contemporaries, he was strongly influenced by the writings of Knut Hamsun, many of whose works he later translated, while he had a more critical attitude towards Thomas Mann, whose approach to writing he considered opposed to his own.[29] Contrary to Hamsun's approach, Singer shaped his world not only with the egos of his characters, but also using the moral commitments of the Jewish tradition known from his youth and embodied by his father in the stories about Singer's youth. There was a dichotomy between the life his heroes lead and the life they feel they should lead — which gives his art a modernity his predecessors did not express. His themes of witchcraft, mystery and legend draw on traditional sources, but they are contrasted with a modern and ironic consciousness. They are also concerned with the bizarre and the grotesque.

Another important strand of his art is intra-familial strife, which he experienced firsthand when taking refuge with his mother and younger brother at his uncle's home in Biłgoraj. This is the central theme in Singer's big family chronicles, such as The Family Moskat (1950), The Manor (1967), and The Estate (1969). Some critics believe these show the influence of Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks; Singer had translated Mann's Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain) into Yiddish as a young writer.

Language

Singer always wrote and published in Yiddish. His novels were serialized in newspapers, which also published his short stories. He edited his novels and stories for their publication in English in the United States; these versions were used as the basis for translation into other languages. He referred to his English version as his "second original". This has led to an ongoing controversy whether the "real Singer" can be found in the Yiddish original, with its finely tuned language and sometimes rambling construction, or in the more tightly edited American versions, where the language is usually simpler and more direct. Many of Singer's stories and novels have not yet been translated.

In the short story form, in which many critics feel he made his most lasting contributions, his greatest influences were writers Anton Chekhov and Guy de Maupassant, Russian and French, respectively. From Maupassant, Singer developed a finely grained sense of drama. Like those of the French master, Singer's stories can pack enormous visceral excitement in the space of a few pages. From Chekhov, Singer developed his ability to draw characters of enormous complexity and dignity in the briefest of spaces. In the foreword to his personally selected volume of his finest short stories he describes the two aforementioned writers as the greatest masters of the short story form.

Illustrators

The artists who have illustrated Singer's novels, short stories, and children's books, include Raphael Soyer, Maurice Sendak, Larry Rivers, and Irene Lieblich. Singer personally selected Lieblich to illustrate two of his books for children, A Tale of Three Wishes and The Power of Light: Eight Stories for Hanukkah, after seeing her paintings at an Artists Equity exhibition in New York City. A Holocaust survivor, Lieblich was from Zamosc, Poland, a town adjacent to the area where Singer was raised. As their memories of shtetl life were so similar, Singer found Lieblich's images ideally suited to illustrate his texts. Of her style, Singer wrote that "her works are rooted in Jewish folklore and are faithful to Jewish life and the Jewish spirit."

Summary

Singer published at least 18 novels, 14 children's books, a number of memoirs, essays and articles. He is best known as a writer of short stories, which have been published in more than a dozen collections. The first collection of Singer's short stories in English, Gimpel the Fool, was published in 1957. The title story was translated by Saul Bellow and published in May 1953 in the Partisan Review. Selections from Singer's "Varshavsky-stories" in the Daily Forward were later published in anthologies such as My Father's Court (1966). Later collections include A Crown of Feathers (1973), with notable masterpieces in between, such as The Spinoza of Market Street (1961) and A Friend of Kafka (1970). His stories and novels reflect the world of the East European Jewry in which he grew up. After his many years in America, his stories also portrayed the world of the immigrants and their pursuit of an elusive American dream, which seems always beyond reach.

Prior to Singer's winning the Nobel Prize, English translations of dozens of his stories were frequently published in popular magazines such as Playboy and Esquire. They were publishing literary works and included his stories among their best; in turn, he found them to be appropriate outlets for his work.

Throughout the 1960s, Singer continued to write on questions of personal morality. Because of the controversial aspects of his plots, he was a target of scathing criticism from many quarters, some of it for not being "moral" enough, some for writing stories that no one wanted to hear. To his critics, he replied, "Literature must spring from the past, from the love of the uniform force that wrote it, and not from the uncertainty of the future."

Singer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.[2]

Between 1981 and 1989, Singer contributed articles to Moment Magazine, an independent magazine which focuses on the life of the American Jewish community.[30]

Film adaptations

His novel Enemies, a Love Story was adapted as a film by the same name (1989) and was quite popular, bringing new readers to his work. He featured a Holocaust survivor who deals with varying desires, complex family relationships, and a loss of faith.

Singer's story, "Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy" was adapted into a stage version by Leah Napolin (with Singer), which was the basis for the film Yentl (1983) starring and directed by Barbra Streisand.

Alan Arkin starred as Yasha, the principal character in the film version of The Magician of Lublin (1979), which also featured Shelley Winters, Louise Fletcher, Valerie Perrine and Lou Jacobi. In the final scene, Yasha achieves his lifelong ambition of being able to fly, though not quite as the magic trick he had originally planned.

Perhaps the most fascinating[31] Singer-inspired film is Mr. Singer's Nightmare or Mrs. Pupkos Beard (1974) directed by Bruce Davidson, a renowned photographer who became Singer's neighbor. This unique film is a half-hour mixture of documentary and fantasy for which Singer wrote the script and played the leading role.

The 2007 film Love Comes Lately, starring Otto Tausig, was adapted from several of Singer's stories.

Beliefs

Judaism

Singer's relationship to Judaism was complex and unconventional. He identified as a skeptic and a loner, though he felt a connection to his Orthodox roots. Ultimately, he developed a view of religion and philosophy, which he called "private mysticism: Since God was completely unknown and eternally silent, He could be endowed with whatever traits one elected to hang upon Him."[32][33]

Singer was raised Orthodox and learned all the Jewish prayers, studied Hebrew, and learned Torah and Talmud. As he recounted in the autobiographical short story "In My Father's Court", he broke away from his parents in his early twenties. Influenced by his older brother, who had done the same, he began spending time with non-religious Bohemian artists in Warsaw. Although Singer believed in a God, as in traditional Judaism, he stopped attending Jewish religious services of any kind, even on the High Holy Days. He struggled throughout his life with the feeling that a kind and compassionate God would never support the great suffering he saw around him, especially the Holocaust deaths of so many of the Polish Jews from his childhood. In one interview with the photographer Richard Kaplan, he said, "I am angry at God because of what happened to my brothers": Singer's older brother died suddenly in February 1944, in New York, of a thrombosis; his younger brother perished in Soviet Russia around 1945, after being deported with his mother and wife to Southern Kazakhstan in Stalin's purges.

Despite the complexities of his religious outlook, Singer lived in the midst of the Jewish community throughout his life. He did not seem to be comfortable unless he was surrounded by Jews; particularly Jews born in Europe. Although he spoke English, Hebrew, and Polish fluently, he always considered Yiddish his natural tongue. He always wrote in Yiddish and he was the last notable American author to be writing in this language. After he had achieved success as a writer in New York, Singer and his wife began spending time during the winters in Miami with its Jewish community, many of them New Yorkers.

Eventually, as senior citizens, they moved to Miami. They identified closely with the European Jewish community. After his death, Singer was buried in a traditional Jewish ceremony in a Jewish cemetery.

Vegetarianism

Singer was a prominent Jewish vegetarian[34] for the last 35 years of his life and often included vegetarian themes in his works. In his short story, The Slaughterer, he described the anguish of an appointed slaughterer trying to reconcile his compassion for animals with his job of killing them. He felt that the ingestion of meat was a denial of all ideals and all religions: "How can we speak of right and justice if we take an innocent creature and shed its blood?" When asked if he had become a vegetarian for health reasons, he replied: "I did it for the health of the chickens."

In The Letter Writer, he wrote "In relation to [animals], all people are Nazis; for the animals, it is an eternal Treblinka."[35] which became a classical reference in the discussions about the legitimacy of the comparison of animal exploitation with the Holocaust.

In the preface to Steven Rosen's Food for Spirit: Vegetarianism and the World Religions (1986), Singer wrote, "When a human kills an animal for food, he is neglecting his own hunger for justice. Man prays for mercy, but is unwilling to extend it to others. Why should man then expect mercy from God? It's unfair to expect something that you are not willing to give. It is inconsistent. I can never accept inconsistency or injustice. Even if it comes from God. If there would come a voice from God saying, "I'm against vegetarianism!" I would say, "Well, I am for it!" This is how strongly I feel in this regard."

Politics

Singer described himself as "conservative," adding that "I don't believe by flattering the masses all the time we really achieve much."[36] His conservative side was most apparent in his Yiddish writing and journalism, where he was openly hostile to Marxist sociopolitical agendas. In Forverts he once wrote, "It may seem like terrible apikorses [heresy], but conservative governments in America, England, France, have handled Jews no worse than liberal governments.... The Jew's worst enemies were always those elements that the modern Jew convinced himself (really hypnotized himself) were his friends."[37][1]

Legacy and honors
  • National Jewish Book Award for The Human Season, 1963[38]
  • Itzik Manger Prize, 1973.[39]
  • National Book Award (United States), 1974 [40]
  • Nobel Prize for Literature, 1978.
  • A street in Surfside, Florida named in his honor
  • A street in New York City named in his honor (W. 86th st.)
  • A street in Leoncin named in his honor (ul. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera)
  • A commemorative plaque attached to a front wall of a building resided by Isaac Singer and his family during their dwelling in Radzymin (ul. Stary Rynek 7, 05-250 Radzymin)
  • A park square in Radzymin named in his honor (skwer im. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera)
  • A city square in Lublin, a hometown of the protagonist of The Magician of Lublin novel, named in writer's honor (pl. Isaaka Singera)
  • A street in Biłgoraj named in his honor (ul. Isaaca Bashevisa Singera).

Published works

Note: Publication dates refer to English editions, not the Yiddish originals, which often predate the versions in translation by 10 to 20 years.

Novels

Short story collections
  • Gimpel the Fool and Other Stories (1957)
  • The Spinoza of Market Street (1961)
  • Short Friday and Other Stories (1963)
  • The Séance and Other Stories (1968)
  • A Friend of Kafka and Other Stories (1970)
  • The Fools of Chelm and Their History (1973)
  • A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974) — shared the National Book Award, Fiction, with Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon[6]
  • Passions and Other Stories (1975)
  • Old Love (1979)
  • The Collected Stories (1982)
  • The Image and Other Stories (1985)
  • The Death of Methuselah and Other Stories (1988)

Juvenile literature
  • Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories, illustrated by Maurice Sendak (1966) — runner up for the Newbery Medal (Newbery Honor Book)[42]
  • Mazel and Shlimazel, illus. Margot Zemach (1967)
  • The Fearsome Inn, illus. Nonny Hogrogian (1967) — Newbery Honor Book[42]
  • When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw and Other Stories, illus. Margot Zemach (1968) — Newbery Honor Book[42]
  • The Golem, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1969)
  • Elijah the Slave: A Hebrew Legend Retold, illus. Antonio Frasconi (1970)
  • Joseph and Koza: or the Sacrifice to the Vistula, illus. Symeon Shimin (1970)
  • Alone in the Wild Forest, illus. Margot Zemach (1971)
  • The Topsy-Turvy Emperor of China, illus. William Pène du Bois (1971)
  • The Wicked City, illus. Leonard Everett Fisher (1972)
  • The Fools of Chelm and Their History, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1973)
  • Why Noah Chose the Dove, illus. Eric Carle (1974)
  • A Tale of Three Wishes, illus. Irene Lieblich (1975)
  • Naftali and the Storyteller and His Horse, Sus, illus. Margot Zemach (1976)
  • The Power of Light - Eight Stories for Hanukkah, illus. Irene Lieblich (1980)
  • Yentl the Yeshiva Boy, illus. Uri Shulevitz (1983)
  • Stories for Children (1984) – collection
  • Shrew Todie and Lyzer the Miser and Other Children's Stories (1994)
  • The Parakeet Named Dreidel (2015)

Nonfiction
  • The Hasidim (1973)

Autobiographical writings
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1967) [1963], In My Father's Court, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1969), A Day of Pleasure, Stories of a Boy Growing Up In Warsaw, New York: Doubleday. National Book Award, Children's Literature[5]
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1976), A Little Boy in Search of God, New York: Doubleday.
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1978), A Young Man in Search of Love, New York: Doubleday.
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1981), Lost in America, New York: Doubleday.
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1984), Love and exile, New York: Doubleday.
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1999), More Stories from My Father's Court, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux

Short stories
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1963), The New Winds, NY.
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Spring 1968), Mirra Ginsburg transl., "Zeitl and Rickel", The Hudson Review, 20th Anniversary Issue, 21 (1): 127–37, doi:10.2307/3849538, JSTOR 3849538.

Collected works

Films and stage productions based on Singer's work
gollark: Ah.
gollark: Which license is that?
gollark: ↓ lyricly (macron!)!)!)!
gollark: ++
gollark: Why does it need image codecs?

See also

Notes
  1. "Singer, Isaac Bashevis", The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe.
  2. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1978), Lecture, Nobel prize.
  3. Florence Noiville (2008). Isaac B. Singer: A Life. Northwestern University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0810124820.
  4. Several of his professional identification cards using localized spellings and further variants of these names are reproduced in: Wollitz, Seth L. (2001). Staley, Thomas F. (ed.). The Hidden Isaac Bashevis Singer. Literary Modernism Series. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-79147-3. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
  5. "National Book Awards – 1970". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  6. "National Book Awards – 1974". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
    With essay by Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.
  7. Kresh 1979, p. 390.
  8. Telushkin 1997, p. 266.
  9. "New York Day by Day;". The New York Times. 1984-09-03. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  10. Tree 2004, pp. 18–19.
  11. Carr 1992.
  12. Leociak, J (2011), Spojrzenia na warszawskie getto. Ulica Krochmalna [Glimpses of the Warsaw Ghetto], Warszawa: Dom Spotkań z Historią, p. 29, OCLC 800883074
  13. Singer 1967.
  14. Best known: My Father's Court 1966
  15. Die familye Mushkat/The Family Moskat 1950, Shoym 1967/Scum 1991, etc.
  16. Singer 1976.
  17. Maul, Kristina (2007), Communication and Society in Jewish American Short Stories, GRIN Verlag, p. 19, ISBN 9783638843201.
  18. See both bibliographies (given on this page).
  19. Horsley, Carter B, "The Belnord", The City Review, archived from the original on 2010-03-30.
  20. "University at Albany's 137th Annual Commencement", YouTube (video), May 24, 1981.
  21. Strauss, Robert (March 28, 2004). "Sometimes the Grave Is a Fine and Public Place". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-21. Cedar Park Cemetery in Paramus [sic] tends toward performers. Martin Balsam, who won both a Tony and an Oscar, was buried there in 1996. Joe E. Lewis, the comic whose rough life was portrayed by Frank Sinatra in the 1957 movie, The Joker Is Wild, is nearby. (As are two illustrious non-performers, the Nobel Prize writer Isaac Bashevis Singer and the poet Delmore Schwartz.).
  22. Pace, Eric (July 26, 1991). "Isaac Bashevis Singer, Nobel Laureate for His Yiddish Stories, Is Dead at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-30. Isaac Bashevis Singer, whose vivid evocations of Jewish life in his native Poland and of his experiences as an immigrant in America won him the Nobel Prize in Literature, died on Wednesday. He was 87 years old and lived in Surfside, Florida.
  23. Telushkin 1997, p. 123.
  24. Singer 1968.
  25. Singer 1968a.
  26. Tree 2004, p. 35.
  27. Bashevis 1967.
  28. Tree 2004, p. 68.
  29. Tree 2004, p. 88.
  30. Bashevis Singer, Isaac. Moment Magazine. Digital Archives: Opinion Archives.
  31. Tree 2004, p. 161.
  32. Grace Farrell, Isaac Bashevis Singer: Conversations, p. 236, University Press of Mississippi, 1992.
  33. Singer 1984, p. 99.
  34. "Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904–1991)", History of Vegetarianism, IVU, archived from the original on 2008-12-22, retrieved 2009-02-18.
  35. Singer 1982, p. 271.
  36. Burgin, Richard; Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Spring 1980), "A Conversation with Isaac Bashevis Singer", Chicago Review, 31 (4): 57, JSTOR 25304019
  37. Hadda 2003, pp. 137–38.
  38. "Past Winners". Jewish Book Council. Archived from the original on 2020-03-08. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  39. Stromberg, David (June 13, 2016). "Rebellion and Creativity: Contextualizing Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Author's Note" to The Penitent". In Geveb: A Journal of Yiddish Studies.
  40. 1974 (one of two).
  41. The Perils of Translation: Isaac Bashevis Singer
  42. "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present". Association for Library Service to Children. ALA. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  43. "Warsaw Stories" (various reprints beginning with a version of this biography). Eilat Gordin Levitan.

References
  • Burgess, Anthony (1998), Rencontre au Sommet (in French), Paris: Éd. Mille et une nuits.
  • Richard Burgin. Conversations with Isaac Bashevis Singer. NY: Doubleday, 1985.
  • Carr, Maurice (December 1992), "My Uncle Itzhak: A Memoir of IB Singer", Commentary.
  • Lester Goran. The Bright Streets of Surfside: The Memoir of a Friendship with Isaac Bashevis Singer. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994.
  • Hadda, Janet (1997), Isaac Bashevis Singer: A Life, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kresh, Paul (1979), Isaac Bashevis Singer: The Magician of West 86th Street, New York: Dial Press.
  • Roberta Saltzman. Isaac Bashevis Singer: a bibliography of his works in Yiddish and English, 1960–1991. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4315-3
  • Dorothea Straus. Under the Canopy. New York: George Braziller, 1982. ISBN 0-8076-1028-3
  • Florence Noiville. Isaac B. Singer, A Life, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006
  • Dvorah Telushkin. Master of Dreams: A Memoir of Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York: Morrow, 1997.
  • Tree, Stephen (2004), Isaac Bashevis Singer, Munich: DTV Deutscher Taschenbuch, ISBN 978-3423244152.
  • Agata Tuszyńska. Lost Landscapes: In Search of Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Jews of Poland. New York: Morrow, 1998. Hardcover. ISBN 0688122140 via Google Books, preview.
  • Wolitz, Seth L, ed. (2001), The Hidden Isaac Bashevis Singer, Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Israel Zamir. Journey to My Father, Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York: Arcade 1995.
  • Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm The Roots Are Polish. Toronto: Canadian-Polish Research Institute, 2004. ISBN 0-920517-05-6


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.