Kenzaburō Ōe

Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō, born 31 January 1935) is a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His novels, short stories and essays, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory, deal with political, social and philosophical issues, including nuclear weapons, nuclear power, social non-conformism, and existentialism. Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1994 for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today".[1]

Kenzaburō Ōe
Ōe in 2012
Native name
大江 健三郎
Born31 January 1935 (1935-01-31) (age 85)
Ōse, Ehime, Japan
OccupationNovelist, short-story writer, essayist
Period1950–present
Notable worksA Personal Matter, The Silent Cry
Notable awardsNobel Prize in Literature
1994
Ōe at Japanisches Kulturinstitut Köln/Cologne (Germany), April 11, 2008

Life

Ōe was born in Ōse (大瀬村, Ōse-mura), a village now in Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture on Shikoku. He was the third son of seven children. Ōe's grandmother taught him art and oral performance. His grandmother died in 1944, and later that year, Ōe's father died in the Pacific War. Ōe's mother became his primary educator, buying him books such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, whose impact Ōe says "he will carry to the grave".[2]

Ōe remembers his elementary school teacher claiming that Emperor Hirohito was a living god, and asking him every morning, "What would you do if the emperor commanded you to die?" Ōe always replied, "I would die, sir. I would cut open my belly and die." At home in bed at night he would acknowledge his reluctance to die and feel ashamed.[3] After the war, he realized he had been taught lies and felt betrayed. This sense of betrayal later appeared in his writing.[3]

Ōe attended high school in Matsuyama. At the age of 18, he made his first trip to Tokyo and in the following year began studying French Literature at Tokyo University under the direction of Professor Kazuo Watanabe, a specialist on François Rabelais. Ōe began publishing stories in 1957, while still a student, strongly influenced by contemporary writing in France and the United States. He married in February 1960. His wife, Yukari, was the daughter of film director Mansaku Itami and sister of film director Juzo Itami. The same year he met Mao Zedong on a trip to China. He also went to Russia and Europe the following year, visiting Sartre in Paris.[4][5]

In 1961, Ōe's novellas Seventeen and The Death of a Political Youth were published by a Japanese literary magazine. Both were inspired by seventeen-year-old Yamaguchi Otoya, who assassinated the chairman of Japan's Socialist Party in 1960, and then killed himself in prison three weeks later.

Yamaguchi had admirers among the extreme right wing who were angered by The Death of a Political Youth and both Ōe and the magazine received death threats day and night for weeks. The magazine soon apologized to offended readers, but Ōe did not.[3]

Ōe lives in Tokyo. He has three children; the eldest son, Hikari, has been brain-damaged since his birth in 1963, and his disability has been a recurring motif in Ōe's writings since.

In 1994 Ōe won the Nobel Prize in Literature and was named to receive Japan's Order of Culture. He refused the latter because it is bestowed by the Emperor. Ōe said, "I do not recognize any authority, any value, higher than democracy." Once again, he received threats.[3]

Ōe at a 2013 antinuclear demonstration in Tokyo

In 2005, two retired Japanese military officers sued Ōe for libel for his 1970 essay, Okinawa Notes, in which he had written that members of the Japanese military had coerced masses of Okinawan civilians into committing suicide during the Allied invasion of the island in 1945. In March 2008, the Osaka District Court dismissed all charges against Ōe. In this ruling, Judge Toshimasa Fukami stated, "The military was deeply involved in the mass suicides". In a news conference following the trial, Ōe said, "The judge accurately read my writing."[6]

Ōe has been involved with pacifist and anti-nuclear campaigns and has written books regarding the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Hibakusha. After meeting prominent anti-nuclear activist Noam Chomsky at a Harvard degree ceremony, Ōe began his correspondence with Chomsky by sending him a copy of his Okinawa Notes. While also discussing Ōe's Okinawa Notes, Chomsky's reply included a story from his childhood. Chomsky wrote that when he first heard about the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, he could not bear a celebration for the bombing of Hiroshima, and he went in the woods and sat alone until the evening.[7] Ōe later said in an interview, "I've always respected Chomsky, but I respected him even more after he told me that."[8] Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, he urged Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda to "halt plans to restart nuclear power plants and instead abandon nuclear energy".[9] Ōe has said Japan has an "ethical responsibility" to abandon nuclear power in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, just as it renounced war under its postwar Constitution. He has called for "an immediate end to nuclear power generation and warned that Japan would suffer another nuclear catastrophe if it tries to resume nuclear power plant operations". In 2013, he organized a mass demonstration in Tokyo against nuclear power.[10] Ōe has also criticized moves to amend Article 9 of the Constitution, which forever renounces war.[11]

Writing

Ōe explained, shortly after learning that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize, "I am writing about the dignity of human beings."[12]

After his first student works set in his own university milieu, in the late 1950s he produced works such as Shiiku (飼育), about a black GI set upon by Japanese youth (made into a film, "The Catch" by Nagisa Oshima in 1961) and Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids, focusing on young children living in Arcadian transformations of Ōe's own rural Shikoku childhood.[13] He later identified these child figures as belonging to the 'child god' archetype of Jung and Kerényi, which is characterised by abandonment, hermaphrodism, invincibility, and association with beginning and end.[14] The first two characteristics are present in these early stories, while the latter two features come to the fore in the 'idiot boy' stories which appeared after the birth of Hikari.[15]

Between 1958 and 1961 Ōe published a series of works incorporating sexual metaphors for the occupation of Japan. He summarised the common theme of these stories as "the relationship of a foreigner as the big power [Z], a Japanese who is more or less placed in a humiliating position [X], and, sandwiched between the two, the third party [Y] (sometimes a prostitute who caters only to foreigners or an interpreter)".[16] In each of these works, the Japanese X is inactive, failing to take the initiative to resolve the situation and showing no psychological or spiritual development.[17] The graphically sexual nature of this group of stories prompted a critical outcry; Ōe said of the culmination of the series Our Times, "I personally like this novel [because] I do not think I will ever write another novel which is filled only with sexual words."[18]

Ōe's next phase moved away from sexual content, shifting this time toward the violent fringes of society. The works which he published between 1961 and 1964 are influenced by existentialism and picaresque literature, populated with more or less criminal rogues and anti-heroes whose position on the fringes of society allows them to make pointed criticisms of it.[19] Ōe's admission that Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn is his favorite book can be said to find a context in this period.[20]

He explains, "I have always wanted to write about our country, our society and feelings about the contemporary scene. But there is a big difference between us and classic Japanese literature." In 1994, he explained that he was proud the Swedish Academy recognized the strength of modern Japanese literature and hoped the prize would encourage others.[12]

According to Leo Ou-fan Lee writing in Muse, Ōe's latest works tend "toward bolder experiments with the technique of 'defamiliarization' by negotiating his narratives across several imaginary landscapes pertaining to painting, film, drama, music and architecture".[21] Ōe believes that novelists have always worked to spur the imagination of their readers.[1]

About his son Hikari
Book cover of the 1996 English version of Kenzaburō Ōe's book about his handicapped son and their life as a family.

Ōe credits his son Hikari for influencing his literary career. Ōe tried to give his son a "voice" through his writing. Several of Ōe's books feature a character based on his son.[22]

In Ōe's 1964 book, A Personal Matter, the writer describes the pain involved in accepting his brain-damaged son into his life.[23] Hikari figures prominently in many of the books singled out for praise by the Nobel committee:

Hikari's life is the core of the first book published after Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize. The 1996 book, A Healing Family, celebrates the small victories in Hikari's life.[24]

Hikari was a strong influence on Father, Where are you Going?, Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness, and The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away, three novels which rework the same premise—the father of a disabled son attempts to recreate the life of his own father, who shut himself away and died. The protagonist's ignorance of his father is compared to his son's inability to understand him; the lack of information about his father's story makes the task impossible to complete, but capable of endless repetition, and, "repetition becomes the fabric of the stories".[25]

2006–2008

Ōe did not write much during the nearly two years (2006–2008) of his libel case. He is beginning a new novel, which The New York Times reported would feature a character "based on his father", a staunch supporter of the imperial system who drowned in a flood during World War II.[26]

2013

Ōe published a new book at the end of 2013. Named Bannen Yoshikishu and published by Kodansha (English title is In Late Style).

The novel is the sixth in a series with the main character of Kogito Choko, who can be considered Ōe's literary alter ego. The novel is also in a sense a culmination of the I-novels that Ōe has continued to write since his son was born mentally disabled in 1963.

In the novel, Choko loses interest in the novel he had been writing when the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami struck the Tohoku region on March 11, 2011. Instead, he begins writing about an age of catastrophe, as well as about the fact that he himself is approaching his late 70s.[27]

Honors

In 2006, the Kenzaburō Ōe Prize was established to promote Japanese literary novels published in the last year. The winning work is selected solely by Ōe. The winner receives no cash award, but the novel is translated into other languages.

Selected works

The number of Kenzaburō Ōe's works translated into English and other languages remains limited, so that much of his literary output is still only available in Japanese.[30] The few translations have often appeared after a marked lag in time.[31] Work of his has also been translated into Chinese, French, and German.[32]

In a statistical overview of writings by and about Kenzaburō Ōe, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 700 works in 1,500+ publications in 28 languages and 27,000+ library holdings.[33]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Books available in English
  • Shiiku, 1957 - The Catch, published in "The Catch and Other War Stories" by Kodansha International (Tokyo) in 1981
  • Memushiri Kouchi, 1958 – Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids (translated by Paul Mackintosh and Maki Sugiyama)
  • Sevuntiin, 1961 – Seventeen (translated by Luk Van Haute)
  • Seiteki Ningen 1963 Sexual Humans, published as J (translated by Luk Van Haute)
  • Kojinteki na taiken, 1964 – A Personal Matter (translated by John Nathan)
  • Hiroshima noto, 1965 – Hiroshima Notes (translated by David L. Swain, Toshi Yonezawa)
  • Man'en gannen no futtoboru, 1967 – The Silent Cry (translated by John Bester)
  • Warera no kyōki wo ikinobiru michi wo oshieyo, 1969 – Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness (1977)
  • Mizukara waga namida wo nuguitamau hi, 1972 – The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away in Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness (1977)
  • Pinchiranna chosho,' 1976 – The Pinch Runner Memorandum (translated by Michiko N. Wilson)
  • Atarashii hito yo mezame yo, 1983 – Rouse Up O Young Men of the New Age! (translated by John Nathan)
  • Jinsei no shinseki, 1989 – An Echo of Heaven (translated by Margaret Mitsutani)
  • Shizuka-na seikatsu, 1990 – A Quiet Life (translated by Kunioki Yanagishita & William Wetherall)
  • Kaifuku suru kazoku, 1995 – A Healing Family (translated by Stephen Snyder, illustrated by Yukari Oe)
  • Chugaeri, 1999 – Somersault (translated by Philip Gabriel)
  • Torikae ko (Chenjiringu), 2000 – The Changeling (translated by Deborah Boehm)
  • Suishi, 2009 – Death by Water (translated by Deborah Boehm).
Year Japanese Title English Title Comments
1957 奇妙な仕事
Kimyou na shigoto		 The Strange Work His first short story
死者の奢り
Shisha no ogori		 Lavish Are The Dead Short story
他人の足
Tanin no ashi		 Someone Else's Feet Short story
飼育
Shiiku		 Prize Stock / "The Catch" Short story awarded the Akutagawa prize. Made into a film in 1961 by Nagisa Oshima and in 2011 by the Cambodian director Rithy Panh
1958 見るまえに跳べ
Miru mae ni tobe		 Leap before you look Short story
芽むしり仔撃ち
Memushiri kouchi		 Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids His first novel
1961 セヴンティーン
Sevuntīn		 Seventeen Short novel
1963 叫び声
Sakebigoe		 Cry
性的人間
Seiteki ningen		 The sexual man (Also known as "J") Short story
1964 空の怪物アグイー
Sora no kaibutsu Aguī		 Aghwee the Sky Monster Short story
個人的な体験
Kojinteki na taiken		 A Personal Matter Awarded the Shinchosha Literary Prize
1965 厳粛な綱渡り
Genshuku na tsunawatari		 The Solemn Rope-walking Essay
ヒロシマ・ノート
Hiroshima nōto		 Hiroshima Notes Reportage
1967 万延元年のフットボール
Man'en gan'nen no futtobōru		 The Silent Cry(published title) Football in the first year of the Manen era(AD 1860) (literal translation) Novel, awarded the Jun'ichirō Tanizaki prize
1968 持続する志
Jizoku suru kokorozashi		 Continuous will Essay
1969 われらの狂気を生き延びる道を教えよ
Warera no kyōki wo ikinobiru michi wo oshieyo		 Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness
1970 壊れものとしての人間
Kowaremono toshiteno ningen		 A Human Being as a fragile article Essay
核時代の想像力
Kakujidai no sozouryoku		 Imagination of the Atomic Age Talk
沖縄ノート
Okinawa nōto		 Okinawa Notes Reportage
1972 鯨の死滅する日
Kujira no shimetsu suru hi		 The Day Whales Vanish Essay
みずから我が涙をぬぐいたまう日
Mizukara waga namida wo nuguitamau hi		 The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away
1973 同時代としての戦後
Doujidai toshiteno sengo		 The Post-war Times as Contemporaries Essay
洪水はわが魂に及び
Kōzui wa waga tamashii ni oyobi		 The Flood Invades My Spirit Awarded the Noma Literary Prize
1976 ピンチランナー調書
Pinchi ran'nā chōsho		 The Pinch Runner Memorandum
1979 同時代ゲーム
Dojidai gemu		 The Game of Contemporaneity
1980 (現代 ゲーム)
Gendai gemu"		 Sometimes the Heart of the Turtle
1982 「雨の木」を聴く女たち
Rein tsurī wo kiku on'natachi		 Women Listening to the "Rain Tree" Awarded the Yomiuri Literary Prize
1983 新しい人よ眼ざめよ
Atarashii hito yo, mezameyo		 Rouse Up, O Young Men of the New Age! Awarded the Jiro Osaragi prize
1984 いかに木を殺すか
Ikani ki wo korosu ka		 How Do We Kill the Tree ?
1985 河馬に嚙まれる
Kaba ni kamareru		 Bitten by the Hippopotamus Awarded the Yasunari Kawabata Literary Prize
1986 M/Tと森のフシギの物語
M/T to mori no fushigi no monogatari		 M/T and the Narrative About the Marvels of the Forest
1987 懐かしい年への手紙
Natsukashī tosi eno tegami		 Letters for Nostalgic Years
1988 「最後の小説」
'Saigo no syousetu' 		'The Last Novel' Essay
新しい文学のために
Atarashii bungaku no tame ni		 For the New Literature Essay
キルプの軍団
Kirupu no gundan		 The Army of Quilp
1989 人生の親戚
Jinsei no shinseki		 An Echo of Heaven(published title)Relatives of life (literal translation) Awarded the Sei Ito Literary Prize
1990 治療塔
Chiryou tou		 The Tower of Treatment
静かな生活
Shizuka na seikatsu		 A Quiet Life
1991 治療塔惑星
Chiryou tou wakusei		 The Tower of Treatment and the Planet
1992 僕が本当に若かった頃
Boku ga hontou ni wakakatta koro		 The Time that I Was Really Young
1993 「救い主」が殴られるまで
'Sukuinushi' ga nagurareru made		 Until the Savior Gets Socked 燃えあがる緑の木　第一部 Moeagaru midori no ki dai ichi bu
The Flaming Green Tree Trilogy I
1994 揺れ動く (ヴァシレーション)
Yureugoku (Vashirēshon)		 Vacillating 燃えあがる緑の木　第二部 Moeagaru midori no ki dai ni bu
The Flaming Green Tree Trilogy II
1995 大いなる日に
Ōinaru hi ni		 On the Great Day 燃えあがる緑の木　第三部 Moeagaru midori no ki dai san bu
The Flaming Green Tree Trilogy III
曖昧な日本の私
Aimai na Nihon no watashi		 Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself: The Nobel Prize Speech and Other Lectures Talk
恢復する家族
Kaifukusuru kazoku		 A Healing Family Essay with Yukari Oe
1999 宙返り
Chūgaeri		 Somersault
2000 取り替え子 (チェンジリング)
Torikae ko (Chenjiringu)		 The Changeling
2001 「自分の木」の下で
'Jibun no ki' no shita de		 Under the "Tree of Mine" Essay with Yukari Oe
2002 憂い顔の童子
Ureigao no dōji		 The Infant with a Melancholic Face
2003 「新しい人」の方へ
'Atarashii hito' no hou he		 Toward the "New Man" Essay with Yukari Oe
二百年の子供
Nihyaku nen no kodomo		 The Children of 200 Years
2005 さようなら、私の本よ!
Sayōnara, watashi no hon yo!		 Farewell, My Books!
2007 臈たしアナベル・リイ　総毛立ちつ身まかりつ
Routashi Anaberu rī souke dachitu mimakaritu		 The Beautiful Annabel Lee was Chilled and Killed
2009 水死
sui shi		 Death by Water
2013 晩年様式集（イン・レイト・スタイル）
Bannen Youshiki shū (In Reito Sutairu) 		In Late Style

Nobel lecture

Ōe's Nobel lecture on 7 December 1994 entitled "Aimai na Nihon no watashi" (Japan, the Ambiguous and Myself)[34] began with a commentary on his life as a child and how he was fascinated by The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, which he used to take his mind off from the terror of World War II. He described surviving various hardships by using writing as an escape, "representing these sufferings of mine in the form of the novel," and how his son Hikari similarly uses music as a method of expressing "the voice of a crying and dark soul."

Ōe dedicated a large portion of his speech to his opinion of Yasunari Kawabata's acceptance speech, saying that the vagueness of Kawabata's title and his discussions of the poems written by medieval Zen monks were the inspiration for the title of his acceptance speech. Ōe, however, stated that rather than feeling spiritual affinity with his compatriot Kawabata, he felt more affinity with the Irish poet, William Butler Yeats, whose poetry had a significant effect on his writings and his life, even being a major inspiration for his trilogy, A Flaming Green Tree and the source of its title. Ōe stated, "Yeats is the writer in whose wake I would like to follow." He mentioned that based on his experiences of Japan, he cannot utter in unison with Kawabata the phrase "Japan, the Beautiful and Myself". Ōe also discussed the revival of militaristic feelings in Japan and the necessity for rejecting these feelings, and how Ōe desired to be of use in a cure and reconciliation of mankind.

gollark: Low-time AP eggs are fun!
gollark: It has a chance of resurrecting your dragon, or zombinating it, or permanently killing it.
gollark: Think so.
gollark: I think it only works on hatchlings?
gollark: Tired of being egglocked? Just kill your new egg!\*\* Note: This actually makes you locked for 24 hours

See also

Notes
  1. "Oe, Pamuk: World needs imagination", Yomiuri.co.jp; May 18, 2008.
  2. "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994: Kenzaburo Oe (biography)". Nobel media. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
  3. Weston, Mark (1999). Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Most Influential Men and Women. New York: Kodansha International. pp. 294–295, 299. ISBN 1-568362862.
  4. Kenzaburo Oe, The Art of Fiction No. 195 The Paris Review
  5. Jaggi, Maya. "Profile: Kenzaburo Oë". the Guardian. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  6. Onishi, Norimitsu. "Japanese Court Rejects Defamation Lawsuit Against Nobel Laureate," New York Times. March 29, 2008.
  7. Oe, K., & Chomsky, N. (2002). An Exchange on Current Affairs. World Literature Today,76(2), 29. doi:10.2307/40157257, 4/29/2019
  8. Oe, K. (2007, Winter). The Art of Fiction No. 195 [Interview by S. Fay]. Retrieved April 23, 2019, from https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5816/kenzaburo-oe-the-art-of-fiction-no-195-kenzaburo-oe, 4/29/2019.
  9. "Nobel laureate Oe urges nation to end reliance on nuclear power". The Japan Times. September 8, 2011.
  10. Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine Mainichi Daily News, September 15, 2013, "Some 8,000 March in Tokyo Against Restart of Any Nuclear Power Plants" (accessed November 10, 2013)
  11. Archived 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine Asahi Shumbun, 18 May 2013, "Writer Oe calls for stopping moves to revise Constitution" (accessed 9 November 2013)
  12. Sterngold, James. "Nobel in Literature Goes to Kenzaburo Oe of Japan," New York Times. October 14, 1994.
  13. Wilson, Michiko. (1986) The Marginal World of Ōe Kenzaburō: A Study in Themes and Techniques, p. 12.
  14. Ōe, The Method of a Novel, p. 197.
  15. Wilson, p. 135.
  16. Ōe, Ōe Kenzaburō Zensakuhin, Vol. 2 (Supplement No. 3). p. 16.
  17. Wilson p. 32.
  18. Wilson, p. 29.
  19. Wilson p. 47.
  20. Theroux, Paul. "Speaking of Books: Creative Dissertating; Creative Dissertating", nytimes.com, February 8, 1970.
  21. Lee, Leo Ou-fan (November 2009). "Always too late". Muse Magazine (34): 104.
  22. Sobsey, Richard Archived 2009-07-01 at the Wayback Machine. "Hikari Finds His Voice," Canadian Broadcast Corporation (CBC), produced by Compassionate Healthcare Network (CHN). July 1995.
  23. Nobel Prize, 1994 laureate biography
  24. WorldCat Identities Archived 2010-12-30 at the Wayback Machine: Ōe, Hikari 1963– 
  25. Wilson, p. 61.
  26. Onishi, Norimitsu (May 17, 2008). "The Saturday Profile: Released From Rigors of a Trial, a Nobel Laureate's Ink Flows Freely". New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  27. "Oe's latest novel offers glimmer of hope in a world beset by catastrophe". Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
  28. Onishi, Norimitsu. "Released From Rigors of a Trial, a Nobel Laureate's Ink Flows Freely," New York Times. May 17, 2008.
  29. "Novelist Oe inducted into France's Legion of Honor. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  30. Liukkonen, Petri. "Kenzaburo Ōe". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015.
  31. Tayler, Christopher. "The Changeling by Kenzaburo Oe." The Guardian. Friday June 11, 2010. Retrieved on November 9, 2012.
  32. Jing, Xiaolei. "Embracing Foreign Literature." Beijing Review. No. 7 February 19, 2009. Updated February 13, 2009. Retrieved on November 9, 2012.
  33. WorldCat Identities Archived 2010-12-30 at the Wayback Machine: Ōe, Kenzaburō 1935–

References
  • Ōe, Kenzaburō. (1968). Ōe Kenzaburō Zensakuhin (Complete Works of Oe Kenzaburo).Tokyo: Shinchosha.
  • _____________. (1978). Shosetsu no hoho (The Method of a Novel). Tokyo: Iwanami.
  • Wilson, Michiko N. (1986). The Marginal World of Ōe Kenzaburō: A Study in Themes and Techniques. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-87332-343-7 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-56324-580-0 (paper)
  • Oe, K. (2007, Winter). The Art of Fiction No. 195 [Interview by S. Fay]. Retrieved April 23, 2019, from https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5816/kenzaburo-oe-the-art-of-fiction-no-195-kenzaburo-oe
  • Oe, K., & Chomsky, N. (2002). An Exchange on Current Affairs. World Literature Today,76(2), 29. doi:10.2307/40157257

Further reading
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