Juan Ramón Jiménez

Juan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón (Spanish pronunciation: [xwan raˈmoŋ xiˈmeneθ manteˈkon];[lower-alpha 1] 23 December 1881 – 29 May 1958) was a Spanish poet, a prolific writer who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1956[1] "for his lyrical poetry, which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity". One of Jimenez's most important contributions to modern poetry was his advocacy of the French concept of "pure poetry."

This article uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Jiménez and the second or maternal family name is Mantecón.
Juan Ramón Jiménez
BornJuan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón
(1881-12-23)23 December 1881
Moguer, Huelva, Andalucia, Spain
Died29 May 1958(1958-05-29) (aged 76)
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Occupationpoet
NationalitySpanish
Genrepoetry
Notable awardsNobel Prize in Literature 1956
SpouseZenobia Camprubí

Biography

Juan Ramon Jimenez was born in Moguer, near Huelva, in Andalucia, on 23 December 1881.[2] He did his secondary education at the Institute IES La Rábida. Later, he studied law and painting at the University of Seville, but he declined to put this training to use.[3] Then he dedicated to the literary influenced by Rubén Darío and the simbolism.[3] He published his first two books at the age of eighteen, in 1900. The death of his father the same year devastated him, and a resulting depression led to his being sent first to France, where he had an affair with his doctor's wife, and then to a sanatorium in Madrid staffed by novitiate nuns, where he lived from 1901 to 1903. In 1911 and 1912, he wrote many erotic poems depicting romps with numerous females in numerous locales. Some of them alluded to sex with novitiates who were nurses. Eventually, apparently, their mother superior discovered the activity and expelled him, although it is not known whether the sexual activity described in his poems actually occurred.

The main subjects of many of his other poems were music and color, which, at times, he compared to love or lust.

He suffered a mental breakdown and depression, so he stayed hospitalised in France and Madrid.[3] He celebrated his home region in his prose poem about a writer and his donkey called Platero and I (1914). In 1916 he and Spanish-born writer and poet Zenobia Camprubí were married in the United States. Zenobia became his indispensable companion and collaborator. Next, in the year 1916, he moved to Portugal.

Upon the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he and Zenobia went into exile in Puerto Rico, where he settled in 1946. Jiménez was hospitalized for eight months due to another deep depression. He later became a Professor of Spanish Language and Literature at the University of Puerto Rico. His literary influence on Puerto Rican writers strongly marks the works of Giannina Braschi, René Marqués, Aurora de Albornoz, and Manuel Ramos Otero.[4] The university named a building on campus and a writing program in his honor. He was also a professor at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. While living in Coral Gables he wrote "Romances de Coral Gables". In addition, he was a professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Maryland, which renamed Jimenez Hall for him in 1981.

In 1956, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature; two days later, his wife died of ovarian cancer. Jiménez never recovered from the emotional devastation, and he died two years afterwards, on 29 May 1958, in the same clinic where his wife had died. Both are buried in his hometown of Moguer, Spain.

Although he was primarily a poet, Jiménez' prose work Platero y yo (1917; "Platero and I"; Platero is a donkey) sold well in Latin America and in translation won him popularity in the USA. He also collaborated with his wife in the translation of the Irish playwright John Millington Synge's Riders to the Sea (1920). His poetic output during his life was immense. Among his better known works are Sonetos espirituales 1914–1916 (1916; “Spiritual Sonnets, 1914–15”), Piedra y cielo (1919; “Stones and Sky”), Poesía, en verso, 1917–1923 (1923), Poesía en prosa y verso (1932; “Poetry in Prose and Verse”), Voces de mi copla (1945; “Voices of My Song”), and Animal de fondo (1947; “Animal at Bottom”). A collection of 300 poems (1903–53) in English translation by Eloise Roach was published in 1962.

Juan Ramón Jiménez depicted on the 1980 2,000 Pesetas banknote

Streets named after Jiménez

Several streets have been named after Jiménez, including one in Madrid[6] and one in Valencia.[7]

Notes
  1. In isolation, Ramón is pronounced [raˈmon].
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References
  1. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Juan Ramón Jiménez".
  2. Mateo Pérez, Manuel (November 10, 2010). "Moguer y Juan Ramón Jiménez". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  3. "Juan Ramón Jiménez. Biografía". Instituto Cervantes (in Spanish). Madrid. March 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  4. "'Elemental Creature'". The Times Literary Supplement (in Spanish). March 10, 2015. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2018. His lyrical and philosophical work influencing Puerto Rican writers such as Manuel Ramos Otero and René Marqués.
  5. Braschi, Giannina (1998). Sommer, Doris (ed.). Yo-Yo Boing!. Latin American Literary Review Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-935480-97-8.
  6. "Calle de Juan Ramón Jiménez". Callejero.net (in Spanish). Madrid: Hispanetwork Publicidad y Servicios, SL. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  7. "C/ Juan Ramón Jiménez". Callejero.net (in Spanish). Valencia: Hispanetwork Publicidad y Servicios, SL. Retrieved February 17, 2018.

Bibliography
  • de Albornoz, Aurora, ed. 1980. Juan Ramón Jiménez. Madrid: Taurus.
  • Blasco, F. J. 1982. La Poética de Juan Ramón Jiménez. Desarrollo, contexto y sistema. Salamanca.
  • Campoamor González, Antonio. 1976. Vida y poesía de Juan Ramón Jiménez. Madrid: Sedmay.
  • Campoamor González, Antonio. 1982. Bibliografía general de Juan Ramón Jiménez. Madrid: Taurus.
  • El Cultural. 14 Jun 2007. Los poemas eróticos de Juan Ramon Jiménez. Aparece Libros de amor. Conoce los poemas del JRJ más lujurioso
  • Diario de Córdoba. 6 Jan 2007. ´Libros de amor´ descubre a un Juan Ramón Jiménez erótico
  • Díez-Canedo, E. 1944. Juan Ramón Jiménez en su obra. México City.
  • Guardian (London). 19 Jun 2007. My sex in the convent - by Nobel poet
  • Font, María T. 1973. Espacio: autobiografía lírica de Juan Ramón Jiménez. Madrid.
  • Guerrero Ruiz, J . 1961. Juan Ramón de viva voz. Madrid.
  • Gullón, R. 1958. Conversaciones con Juan Ramón Jiménez. Madrid.
  • Jensen, Julio, 2012, The Poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez. An Example of Modern Subjectivity. Copenhagen.
  • Juliá, M. 1989. El universo de Juan Ramón Jiménez. Madrid.
  • Olson, P.R. 1967. Circle of Paradox: time and essence in the poetry of Juan Ramon Jimenez. Baltimore.
  • Palau de Nemes, G. 1974. Vida y obra de Juan Ramón Jiménez. 2/e. 2 v. Madrid: Gredos.
  • Predmore, Michael P. 1966. La obra en prosa de Juan Ramón Jiménez. Madrid: Gredos.
  • Salgado, M. A. 1968. El arte polifacético de las caricaturas líricas juanramonianas. Madrid.
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