Otto Weininger

Otto Weininger (German: [ˈvaɪnɪŋɐ]; 3 April 1880 – 4 October 1903) was an Austrian thinker who lived in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1903, he published the book Geschlecht und Charakter (Sex and Character), which gained popularity after his suicide at the age of 23. Parts of his work were adapted for use by the Nazi regime (while at the same time denouncing him).[6] Weininger was a large influence on Ludwig Wittgenstein, August Strindberg, and, via his lesser-known work Über die letzten Dinge, on James Joyce.[7][8]

Otto Weininger
Born(1880-04-03)3 April 1880
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died4 October 1903(1903-10-04) (aged 23)
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Cause of deathSuicide by gunshot
Alma materUniversity of Vienna
Era20th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolIdealism[1]
Kantian ethics[1]
Main interests
Philosophy, logic, psychology, genius, gender, philosophy of religion
Notable ideas
All people have elements of both femininity and masculinity[2]
Logic and ethics are one[3]
Logic is tied to the principle of identity (A=A)[4]

Life

Otto Weininger was born on 3 April 1880 in Vienna, a son of the Jewish goldsmith Leopold Weininger and his wife Adelheid. After attending primary school and graduating from secondary school in July 1898, Weininger registered at the University of Vienna in October of the same year. He studied philosophy and psychology but took courses in natural sciences and medicine as well. Weininger learned Greek, Latin, French and English very early, later also Spanish and Italian, and acquired passive knowledge of the languages of August Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen (i.e., Swedish and Danish/Norwegian).[9]

In the autumn of 1901 Weininger tried to find a publisher for his work Eros and the Psyche – which he submitted to his professors Friedrich Jodl and Laurenz Müllner as his thesis in 1902. He met Sigmund Freud, who, however, did not recommend the text to a publisher. His professors accepted the thesis and Weininger received his Ph.D. degree in July 1902.[10] Shortly thereafter he became proudly and enthusiastically a Protestant.

In 1902 Weininger went to Bayreuth where he witnessed a performance of Richard Wagner's Parsifal, which left him deeply impressed. Via Dresden and Copenhagen he made his way to Christiania (Oslo) where he saw for the first time Henrik Ibsen's liberation drama Peer Gynt on stage. Upon his return to Vienna Weininger suffered from fits of deep depression. The decision to take his own life gradually took shape in his mind; after a long discussion with his friend Artur Gerber, however, Weininger realized that "it is not yet time".

In June 1903, after months of concentrated work, his book Sex and Character – A Fundamental Investigation – an attempt "to place sex relations in a new and decisive light" – was published by the Vienna publishers Braumüller & Co. The book contained his thesis to which three vital chapters were added: (XII) "The Nature of Woman and her Relation to the Universe", (XIII) "Judaism", (XIV) "Women and Humanity".

While the book was not received negatively, it did not create the expected stir. Weininger was attacked by Paul Julius Möbius, professor in Leipzig and author of the book On the Physiological Deficiency of Women, and was accused of plagiarizing. Deeply disappointed and seemingly depressed, Weininger left for Italy.

Back in Vienna he spent his last five days with his parents. On 3 October he took a room in the house at Schwarzspanierstraße 15 where Ludwig van Beethoven had died. He told the landlady that he was not to be disturbed before morning since he planned to work and then to go to bed late. This night he wrote two letters, one addressed to his father and the other to his brother Richard, telling them that he was going to shoot himself.

On 4 October Weininger was found mortally wounded, having shot himself in the chest. He died in the Wiener Allgemeines Krankenhaus (Vienna General Hospital), and was buried in the Matzleinsdorf Protestant Cemetery in Vienna.

Sex and Character
Weininger's grave

Sex and Character argues that all people are composed of a mixture of male and female substance, and attempts to support this view scientifically. The male aspect is active, productive, conscious and moral/logical, while the female aspect is passive, unproductive, unconscious and amoral/alogical.[11] Weininger argues that emancipation is only possible for the "masculine woman", e.g. some lesbians, and that the female life is consumed with the sexual function: both with the act, as a prostitute, and the product, as a mother.[12] The woman is a "matchmaker". By contrast, the duty of the male, or the masculine aspect of personality, is to strive to become a genius, and to forgo sexuality for an abstract love of the absolute, God, which he finds within himself.[13]

A significant part of his book is about the nature of genius. Weininger argues that there is no such thing as a person who has a genius for, say, mathematics, or music, but there is only the universal genius, in whom everything exists and makes sense. He reasons that such genius is probably present in all people to some degree.[14]

In a separate chapter, Weininger, himself a Jew who had converted to Christianity in 1902, analyzes the archetypal Jew as feminine, and thus profoundly irreligious, without true individuality (soul), and without a sense of good and evil. Christianity is described as "the highest expression of the highest faith", while Judaism is called "the extreme of cowardliness". Weininger decries the decay of modern times, and attributes much of it to feminine (or identically, "Jewish") character. By Weininger's reckoning everyone shows some femininity, and what he calls "Jewishness".[15]

On Jewishness, decadence and femininity:

Our age, which is not only the most Jewish, but also the most effeminate of all ages; an age in which art represents only a sudarium of its humors; the age of the most gullible anarchism, without any understanding of the State and of justice; the age of the collectivist ethics of the species; the age in which history is viewed with the most astonishing lack of seriousness [historical materialism]; the age of capitalism and of Marxism; the age in which history, life, and science no longer mean anything, apart from economics and technology; the age when genius could be declared a form of madness, while it no longer possesses even one great artist or philosopher; the age of the least originality and its greatest pursuit; the age which can boast of being the first to have exalted eroticism, but not in order to forget oneself, the way the Romans or the Greeks did in their Bacchanalia, but in order to have the illusion of rediscovering oneself and giving substance to one’s vanity.[16]

Weininger's suicide in the house where Beethoven had died—the man he considered one of the greatest geniuses of all—made him a cause célèbre, inspired several imitation suicides, and created a lot more interest in his book. The book received glowing reviews by Swedish author August Strindberg, who wrote that it had "probably solved the hardest of all problems", the "woman problem".[17] It furthermore attracted the attention of Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev, who claimed that "after Nietzsche there was nothing already in this [modern German] fleeting culture so remarkable."[18]

Influence on Wittgenstein

Ludwig Wittgenstein read the book as a schoolboy and was deeply impressed by it, later listing it as one of his influences and recommending it to friends.[19] Wittgenstein is recalled as saying that he thought Weininger was "a great genius".[20] However, Wittgenstein's deep admiration of Weininger's thought was coupled with a fundamental disagreement with his position. Wittgenstein writes to G. E. Moore: "It isn't necessary or rather not possible to agree with him but the greatness lies in that with which we disagree. It is his enormous mistake which is great." In the same letter to Moore, Wittgenstein added that if one were to add a negation sign before the whole of Sex and Character, one would have expressed an important truth.

Weininger and the Nazis

Isolated parts of Weininger's writings were used by Nazi propaganda, despite the fact that Weininger actively argued against the ideas of race that came to be identified with the Nazis. In his private conversations, Hitler recalled a remark his mentor Dietrich Eckart made about Weininger: "I only knew one decent Jew and he committed suicide on the day when he realized that the Jew lives upon the decay of peoples...".[21]

In the chapter titled "Judaism" in his book Sex and Character[22] Weininger writes:

The Jewish race has been chosen by me as a subject of discussion, because, as will be shown, it presents the gravest and most formidable difficulties for my views.

I must, however, make clear what I mean by Judaism; I mean neither a race nor a people nor a recognised creed. I think of it as a tendency of the mind, as a psychological constitution which is a possibility for all mankind, but which has become actual in the most conspicuous fashion only amongst the Jews. Antisemitism itself will confirm my point of view.

... Thus the fact is explained that the bitterest Antisemites are to be found amongst the Jews themselves.

The true concept of the State is foreign to the Jew, because he, like the woman, is wanting in personality; his failure to grasp the idea of true society is due to his lack of free intelligible ego. Like women, Jews tend to adhere together, but they do not associate as free independent individuals mutually respecting each other's individuality.

As there is no real dignity in women, so what is meant by the word "gentleman" does not exist amongst the Jews. The genuine Jew fails in this innate good breeding by which alone individuals honour their own individuality and respect that of others. There is no Jewish nobility, and this is the more surprising as Jewish pedigrees can be traced back for thousands of years.

The familiar Jewish arrogance has a similar explanation...

Later in the same chapter he writes:

The faults of the Jewish race have often been attributed to the repression of that race by Aryans, and many Christians are still disposed to blame themselves in this respect. But the self-reproach is not justified. Outward circumstances do not mould a race in one direction, unless there is in the race the innate tendency to respond to the moulding forces; the total result comes at least as much from a natural disposition as from the modifying circumstances.

The Jew is not really anti-moral. But, none the less, he does not represent the highest ethical type. He is rather non- moral, neither good nor bad.

So also in the case of the woman...

...In the Jew and the woman, good and evil are not distinct from one another.

Jews, then, do not live as free, self-governing individuals, choosing between virtue and vice in the Aryan fashion...

Accordingly, Weininger's views are considered an important step in attempts to exclude women and Jews from society based on methodical philosophy, in an era declaring human equality and scientific thought.[23]

In her book Nazi Ideology Prior to 1933, Barbara Miller Lane shows how Nazi ideologists such as Dietrich Eckart disregarded Weininger's distancing of himself from accusations against individual Jews, and instead simply stated that Jews, like women, lacked a soul and a belief in immortality, and that "Aryans" must guard themselves from "Jewishness" within, since this internal "Jewishness" is the source of evil.[24]

Weininger and "Jewish self-hatred"

Allan Janik, in "Viennese Culture and the Jewish Self-Hatred Hypothesis: a Critique", questions the validity of the concept of "Jewish self-hatred", even when applied to Weininger, reputedly "the thinker who nearly everyone has taken to represent the very archetype of the self-hating Viennese Jewish intellectual". Janik places responsibility for this reputation upon Peter Gay. Janik doubts that such a concept as "Jewish self-hatred" is applicable to Weininger in any case, because, although he was of Jewish descent, "it is less than clear that he had a Jewish identity" to reject. In Janik's view, Gay misunderstands the role of religion in Jewish identity and "seems to smuggle in a whole lot of covert theological baggage in secularized form", resulting in "a piece of covert metaphysics parading as social science".[25]

Works
  • Geschlecht und Charakter: Eine prinzipielle Untersuchung (in German). Vienna and Leipzig: Wilhelm Braumüller. 1903.
  • Über die letzten Dinge (PDF) (in German). Vienna and Leipzig: Wilhelm Braumüller. 1904.
  • (in German) Geschlecht und Charakter: Eine prinzipielle Untersuchung, neunzehnte, unveränderte Auflage mit einem Bildnisse des Verfassers (Wien und Leipzig: Wilhelm Braumüller Universitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung Gesellschaft M. B. H., 1920).
  • Sex & Character (Authorised translation from the sixth German ed.). London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1906.
  • Sex and Character: An Investigation Of Fundamental Principles. Ladislaus Löb, trans. Indiana University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-253-34471-9.CS1 maint: others (link)
  • A Translation of Weininger's Über die letzten Dinge (1904/1907), On Last Things. Steven Burns (trans.). Lewiston, Queenston and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. 2001. ISBN 0-7734-7400-5.CS1 maint: others (link)
gollark: The hunger thing is just that there's enough food, but distribution is hard, and nobody actually cares much about faraway starving people.
gollark: Yes, but death is very bad.
gollark: Historically, basically all technologies have gotten increasingly cheap and widespread over time.
gollark: Probably the fancier new tools are counterbalanced by low-hanging fruit being gone.
gollark: If people want it enough (which is not guaranteed, since people can do *ridiculous* moralizing about death), and technology keeps progressing, it will happen.

References

Citations
  1. Mack 2013, p. 104.
  2. Weininger 1903, ch. II.
  3. Weininger 1903, ch. VI.
  4. Weininger 1903, ch. VII.
  5. Holbo 2005.
  6. Harrowitz 1995, pp. 223-4.
  7. Colangelo, Jeremy (2020-04-01). "Clear Indistinct Ideas: Disability, Vision, and the Diaphanous Body in Joyce's Ulysses". Genre. 53 (1): 5. doi:10.1215/00166928-8210737. ISSN 0016-6928.
  8. Van Hulle, Dirk (2018), Belluc, Sylvain; Bénéjam, Valérie (eds.), "Authors' Libraries and the Extended Mind: The Case of Joyce's Books", Cognitive Joyce, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 65–82, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71994-8_4, ISBN 978-3-319-71993-1, retrieved 2020-07-08
  9. Johnston, William M. (1983). The Austrian mind : an intellectual and social history, 1848-1938. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 199. ISBN 0-520-04955-1. OCLC 10165683.
  10. Sengoopta 2000, p. 163.
  11. Weininger 2005, p. 131.
  12. Weininger 2005, p. 188.
  13. Weininger 2005, p. 148.
  14. Weininger 2005, p. 98.
  15. Weininger 2005, p. 274.
  16. Weininger 2005, p. 299.
  17. In a letter from August Strindberg to Emil Schering, in Die Fackel, 1903."
  18. Berdyaev 1909.
  19. Monk 1990.
  20. Drury 1984, p. 106.
  21. Honig 2010.
  22. Weininger Sex and Character
  23. Women, Jews and Modernity in Otto Weininger
  24. Lane 1978.
  25. Oxaal, Ivar; Pollak, Michael; Botz, Gerhard, eds. (1987). Jews, Antisemitism and Culture in Vienna. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 75-88 at 75, 84–5.

Sources
Books
  • Drury, M. O'C. (1984). "Some Notes on Conversations with Wittgenstein". Recollections of Wittgenstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Harrowitz, Nancy; Hyams, Barbara (1995). Jews and Gender: Responses to Otto Weininger. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-249-7.
  • Lane, Barbara Miller (1978). Nazi Ideology Prior to 1933. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-0719-4.
  • Mack, Michael (2013). German Idealism and the Jew: The Inner Anti-Semitism of Philosophy and German Jewish Responses. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50096-6.
  • Monk, Ray (1990). Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius.
  • Sengoopta, Chandak (2000). Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-74867-7.
  • Weininger, Otto (2005). Sex and Character: An Investigation of Fundamental Principles. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34471-9.
Newspapers
Online sources

Further reading
  • Abrahamsen, David (1946). "The Mind and Death of a Genius". Psychoanalytic Review. 34 (3): 336. PMID 20252637.
  • Mosse, George L. (2006). The Image of Man: the Creation of Modern Masculinity. New York: Oxford U.P. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-19-510101-0.
  • Stern, David G.; Szabados, Béla (2004). Wittgenstein Reads Weininger. New York: Cambridge U.P. ISBN 0-521-53260-4.
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