Atheism in the United States

According to the Pew Research Center in a 2014 survey, self-identified "atheists" make up 3.1% of the US population, even though 9% of Americans agreed with the statement "Do not believe in God" while 2% agreed with the statement "Do not know if they believe in God".[4] According to the 2014 General Sociological Survey, the number of atheists and agnostics in the U.S. had remained relatively flat in the previous 23 years. In 1991, only 2% identified as atheist, and 4% identified as agnostic. In 2014, only 3.1% identified as atheists, and 5% identified as agnostics.[5] In 2009, Pew stated that only 5% of the US population did not have a belief in a god and out of that small group only 24% self-identified as "atheist", while 15% self-identified as "agnostic" and 35% self-identified as "nothing in particular".[6] According to the 2008 ARIS, only 2% the US population was atheist, while 10% were agnostics.[7] A survey using binary wording found that around 26% of Americans don't believe in god, but they were not comfortable with directly admitting it. However, methodological problems have been identified with this particular study since people do not have binary relationships to questions on God and instead have more complex responses to such questions.[8]

American atheists

Total population
32,312,751 (10%) (answered "No" to the question "Do you believe in God?") (2016)[1][2] 9,571,112 (3.1%) (self described atheists) (2014)[3][4]
Religions
Irreligion: (including antitheism, agnostic atheism, apatheism, casualism, counter-apologeticism, debaptism evangelical atheism, freethought/freethinker, ignosticism, implicit and explicit atheism, Marxist–Leninist atheism, negative and positive atheism, nonbeliever, nontheism, post-theism, rationalism, new/scientific atheism, secular humanism, skepticism, etc.) Secular religions: Buddhism (including secular Buddhism, etc.) Christian atheism (including Cultural Christian (Cultural Catholic, Cultural Mormon, Nontheist Quakers, etc.), Lapsed Catholic, Recovering Catholic, Rice Christian, etc.) Ethical movement Hinduism (including Adevism, Charvaka, Hindu atheist, etc.) Jainism Jewish atheism (including Cultural Judaism, etc.) Modern Paganism Muslim atheism (including Cultural Muslim, etc.) New religious movements (including Creativity, Raëlism, etc.) Parody religions (including Church of Satan, Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster/Pastafarianism, Invisible Pink Unicorn, Jediism, LaVeyan Satanism, etc.) Satanism Unitarian Universalism

Accurate demographics of atheism are difficult to obtain since conceptions of atheism and self-identification are context dependent by culture.[9]

Demographics

Age

Lack of belief in god/gods among age groups in the United States (2014)

Age group	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
18-29 year old Americans	16	16	6	6	[4]
30-49 year old Americans	9	9	3	3	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
50-64 year old Americans	6	6	2	2	[4]
65+ year old Americans	6	6	2	2	[4]

Education

Lack of belief in god/gods among education in the United States (2014)

Highest degree earned	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Post-graduate degree, Americans	14	14	5	5	[4]
College graduate, Americans	14	14	5	5	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Some college, Americans	9	9	3	3	[4]
High school or less, Americans	6	6	2	2	[4]

Gender

Lack of belief in god/gods among genders in the United States (2014)

Gender	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Male American	12	12	4	4	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Female American	6	6	2	2	[4]

Generation

Lack of belief in god/gods among generations in the United States (2014)

Generation	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Younger Millennial Americans	17	17	6	6	[4]
Older Millennial Americans	13	13	4	4	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Generation X Americans	9	9	3	3	[4]
Greatest Americans	7	7	2	2	[4]
Baby Boomer Americans	6	6	2	2	[4]
Silent Americans	6	6	1	1	[4]

Household income

Lack of belief in god/gods among household income in the United States (2014)

Cohort	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
$100,000 or more, Americans	14	14	5	5	[4]
$50,000-$99,999, Americans	11	11	3	3	[4]
$30,000-$49,999, Americans	9	9	3	3	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Less than $30,000, Americans	7	7	2	2	[4]

Immigrant status

Lack of belief in god/gods among immigrant status in the United States (2014)

Generation	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Second generation Americans	14	14	4	4	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Third generation or higher Americans	9	9	3	3	[4]
Immigrants	8	8	3	3	[4]

Marital status

Lack of belief in god/gods among marital status in the United States (2014)

Cohort	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Never married Americans	15	15	5	5	[4]
Living with a partner Americans	14	14	5	5	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Married Americans	7	7	2	2	[4]
Divorced/separated Americans	6	6	2	2	[4]
Widowed Americans	3	3	1	1	[4]

Metro area

Lack of belief in god/gods/self described atheists among metro areas in the United States (2014)

State/federal district	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Greater San Francisco Bay Area	21	21	5	5	[4]
Seattle metropolitan area	20	20	10	10	[4]
Boston metropolitan area	17	17	4	4	[4]
Providence metropolitan area	15	15	4	4	[4]
Baltimore metropolitan area	14	14	3	3	[4]
Philadelphia metropolitan area	13	13	5	5	[4]
Tampa metropolitan area	13	13	4	4	[4]
San Diego metropolitan area	12	12	3	3	[4]
Washington metropolitan area	12	12	4	4	[4]
Greater Los Angeles Area	11	11	4	4	[4]
New York metropolitan area	11	11	4	4	[4]
Phoenix metropolitan area	11	11	3	3	[4]
Chicago metropolitan area	10	10	3	3	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Detroit metropolitan area	9	9	3	3	[4]
Miami metropolitan area	9	9	3	3	[4]
Riverside metropolitan area	8	8	1	1	[4]
Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex	7	7	1	1	[4]
Atlanta metropolitan area	6	6	3	3	[4]
Houston metropolitan area	6	6	2	2	[4]
St. Louis metropolitan area	6	6	3	3	[4]
Pittsburgh metropolitan area	5	5	3	3	[4]

Political affiliation

Lack of belief in god/gods among political affiliation in the United States (2014)

Political affiliation	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Democrat/Lean Democrat Americans	13	13	5	5	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
No lean, Americans	9	9	3	3	[4]
Republican/Lean Republican Americans	5	5	1	1	[4]

Parental status

Lack of belief in god/gods among parental status in the United States (2014)

Parental status	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Non-parents of children under 18 year old Americans	10	10	3	3	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Parents of children under 18 year old Americans	7	7	2	2	[4]

Political ideology

Lack of belief in god/gods among political ideology in the United States (2014)

Political ideology	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Liberal Americans	19	19	7	7	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Moderate Americans	9	9	3	3	[4]
Don't know, Americans	8	8			[4]
Conservative Americans	3	3	1	1	[4]

Race

Lack of belief in god/gods among racial groups in the United States (2014)

Racial group	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Asian Americans	19	19	6	6	[4]
White Americans	11	11	4	4	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Other/Mixed Americans	8	8	2	2	[4]
Latino Americans	6	6	2	2	[4]
African Americans	2	2	1	1	[4]

Region

Lack of belief in god/gods/self described atheists among regions in the United States (2014)

State/federal district	% of lack of belief in god/gods		% of self described atheists		Source
Northeastern United States	12	12	4	4	[4]
Western United States	12	12	4	4	[4]
Americans	9	9	3.1	3.1	[4]
Midwestern United States	8	8	3	3	[4]
Southern United States	7	7	2	2	[4]

Religion

Lack of belief in god/gods among religious/belief groups in the United States (2014)

Religious group	% of lack of belief in god/gods		Source
Atheist Americans	92	92	[4]
Agnostic Americans	41	41	[4]
Nothing in particular (religion not important), Americans	33	33	[4]
Unaffiliated Americans	33	33	[4]
Buddhist Americans	27	27	[4]
New Age movement, Americans	21	21	[4]
Nothing in particular, Americans	20	20	[4]
Unitarians and other liberal faiths in "other faiths", Americans	19	19	[4]
Jewish Americans	17	17	[4]
Hindu Americans	10	10	[4]
Americans	9	9	[4]
Episcopalian (Mainline Protestant) Americans	4	4	[4]
Anglican Church, Americans	3	3	[4]
Episcopal Church, Americans	3	3	[4]
Nothing in particular (religion important), Americans	3	3	[4]
Eastern Orthodox Americans	3	3	[4]
Lutheran (Mainline Protestant) Americans	2	2	[4]
Mainline Protestant Americans	2	2	[4]
Nondenominational (Mainline Protestant) Americans	2	2	[4]
Roman Catholic Americans	2	2	[4]
Baptist (Mainline Protestant) Americans	1	1	[4]
Christian Americans	1	1	[4]
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Americans	1	1	[4]
Muslim Americans	1	1	[4]
Pentecostal (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	1	1	[4]
Presbyterian (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	1	1	[4]
Presbyterian (Mainline Protestant) Americans	1	1	[4]
Presbyterian Church in America, Americans	1	1	[4]
Presbyterian Church, Americans	1	1	[4]
United Church of Christ, Americans	1	1	[4]
United Methodist Church, Americans	1	1	[4]
Adventist (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
African Methodist Episcopal Church, Americans	<1		[4]
American Baptist Churches, Americans	<1		[4]
Assemblies of God, Americans	<1		[4]
Baptist (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Baptist (Historically Black Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Church of God, Americans	<1		[4]
Church of God in Christ, Americans	<1		[4]
Mormon, Americans	<1		[4]
Church of the Nazarene, Americans	<1		[4]
Churches of Christ, Americans	<1		[4]
Evangelical Protestant Americans	<1		[4]
Historically Black Protestant, Americans	<1		[4]
Holiness (Evangelical Protestant), Americans	<1		[4]
Independent Baptist (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Interdenominational (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Interdenominational (Mainline Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Jehovah's Witness, Americans	<1		[4]
Lutheran (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, Americans	<1		[4]
Methodist (Historically Black Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Mormon Americans	<1		[4]
National Baptist Convention, Americans	<1		[4]
Nondenominational (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Nondenominational (Historically Black Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Nondenominational charismatic Americans	<1		[4]
Nondenominational evangelical Americans	<1		[4]
Nondenominational fundamentalist Americans	<1		[4]
Pentecostal (Historically Black Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Restorationist (Evangelical Protestant) Americans	<1		[4]
Seventh-day Adventist Americans	<1		[4]
Southern Baptist Convention, Americans	<1		[4]

Sexual orientation

Self described atheists among sexual orientations in the United States (2014)

Sexual orientation	% of self described atheists		Source
LGBT Americans	8	8	[4]
Americans	3.1	3.1	[4]
Straight Americans	3	3	[4]

State/federal district

Disbelief in god/gods in the United States by state/territory in 2014

  >20%

  15-19

  10-14

  7-9%

  4-6%

  <4%

Lack of belief in god/gods/self described atheists among states/local district in the United States (2014)

State/federal district	% of lack of belief in god/gods			% of self described atheists			Source
	# of population			# of population
Vermont	131,406	21	21	43,802	7	7	[4][3]
Massachusetts	1,178,573	18	18	327,381	5	5	[4][3]
Maine	212,538	16	16	26,567	2	2	[4][3]
New Hampshire	210,635	16	16	78,988	6	6	[4][3]
District of Columbia	84,241	14	14	24,069	4	4	[4][3]
Oregon	498,040	13	13	191,554	5	5	[4][3]
Washington	874,190	13	13	336,227	5	5	[4][3]
Alaska	85,228	12	12	35,512	5	5	[4][3]
California	4,470,475	12	12	1,490,158	4	4	[4][3]
Connecticut	427,834	12	12	178,264	5	5	[4][3]
Nevada	324,066	12	12	135,028	5	5	[4][3]
Wisconsin	682,438	12	12	170,610	3	3	[4][3]
New York	2,131,591	11	11	968,905	5	5	[4][3]
Idaho	172,434	11	11	31,352	2	2	[4][3]
New Mexico	226,510	11	11	61,775	3	3	[4][3]
Rhode Island	115,782	11	11	42,103	4	4	[4][3]
Arizona	639,202	10	10	191,761	3	3	[4][3]
Colorado	502,920	10	10	201,168	4	4	[4][3]
Florida	1,880,131	10	10	564,039	3	3	[4][3]
Indiana	648,380	10	10	194,514	3	3	[4][3]
Maryland	577,355	10	10	173,207	3	3	[4][3]
Pennsylvania	1,270,238	10	10	381,071	3	3	[4][3]
Hawaii	122,427	9	9	27,206	2	2	[4][3]
Illinois	1,154,757	9	9	384,919	3	3	[4][3]
Iowa	274,172	9	9	121,854	4	4	[4][3]
Michigan	889,528	9	9	296,509	3	3	[4][3]
Minnesota	477,353	9	9	159,118	3	3	[4][3]
Nebraska	164,371	9	9	18,263	1	1	[4][3]
United States	27,787,098	9	9	9,571,112	3.1	3.1	[4][3]
Montana	79,153	8	8	39,577	4	4	[4][3]
New Jersey	703,352	8	8	175,838	2	2	[4][3]
North Dakota	53,807	8	8	13,452	2	2	[4][3]
Utah	221,111	8	8	82,917	3	3	[4][3]
Virginia	640,082	8	8	160,020	2	2	[4][3]
Kentucky	303,756	7	7	173,574	4	4	[4][3]
Delaware	62,855	7	7	17,959	2	2	[4][3]
Kansas	199,718	7	7	57,062	2	2	[4][3]
North Carolina	667,484	7	7	190,710	2	2	[4][3]
Ohio	807,555	7	7	230,730	2	2	[4][3]
South Dakota	56,993	7	7	24,425	3	3	[4][3]
Georgia	581,259	6	6	193,753	2	2	[4][3]
Louisiana	272,002	6	6	90,667	2	2	[4][3]
Missouri	359,336	6	6	119,779	2	2	[4][3]
Texas	1,508,734	6	6	502,911	2	2	[4][3]
Wyoming	33,818	6	6	16,909	3	3	[4][3]
South Carolina	231,268	5	5	46,254	1	1	[4][3]
West Virginia	92,650	5	5	18,530	1	1	[4][3]
Arkansas	116,637	4	4	58,318	2	2	[4][3]
Mississippi	118,692	4	4	29,673	1	1	[4][3]
Tennessee	190,383	3	3	63,461	1	1	[4][3]
Alabama	95,595	2	2	47,797	1	1	[4][3]

Public officials

United States Representatives

Photo	Name	State	Position	Party	Term	Source
	Pete Stark	California	United States Representative from California's 8th district, 9th district, 13th district	Democratic	1973–2013	[10]
	Jared Huffman	California	United States Representative from California's 2nd district	Democratic	2013–present	[11]
	Barney Frank	Massachusetts	United States Representative from Massachusetts's 4th district	Democratic	1981–2013	[12]

United States Senators

Photo	Name	State	Position	Party	Term	Source
	Thomas Gore	Oklahoma	United States Senator from Oklahoma	Democratic	1907–1921 1931, 1937	[13]

Governors

Photo	Name	State	Position	Party		Term	Source
	Culbert Olson	California	29th Governor of California	Democratic		1939–1943	[14]
	Jesse Ventura	Minnesota	38th Governor of Minnesota	Reform (1998-2000)	Independence (2000-2003)	1999–2003	[15]

State legislators

Photo	Name	State	Position	Party	Term	Source
	Culbert Olson	California	California State Senator	Democratic	1934–1938	[14]
	Jared Huffman	California	California State Assembly, 2nd district	Democratic	2006–2012	[11]
	Sean Faircloth	Maine	Maine Representative, 17th and 117th districts Maine State Senator	Democratic	1992–1994 2002–2008 1994–1996
	Barney Frank	Massachusetts	Massachusetts State Representative, 5th and 8th Suffolk districts	Democratic	1973–1981	[12]
	Ernie Chambers	Nebraska	Nebraska State Senator, 11th district	Independent	1971–2009 2013–present	[16]
	Lori Lipman Brown	Nevada	Nevada State Senator	Democratic	1992–1994	[17]
	Andrew Zwicker	New Jersey	New Jersey General Assembly, 16th District	Democratic	2016–present	[18]
	Culbert Olson	Utah	Utah State Senator	Democratic	1916–1920	[14]

Mayors

Photo	Name	State	Position	Party	Term	Source
	Jesse Ventura	Minnesota	Mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota	Independent	1991–1995	[15]
	Rocky Anderson	Utah	33rd Mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah	Democratic	2000–2008	[19]

City councils

Photo	Name	State	Position	Party	Term	Source
	Sean Faircloth	Maine	Chair of the City Council of Bangor	Democratic	2016–present
	Cecil Bothwell	North Carolina	City councilor of Asheville	Democratic	2009–2017

Political views

Rocky Anderson, founder of the Justice Party

Douglas Campbell, co-founder of the Godless Americans Political Action Committee

Emma Goldman, founder of anarcho-feminism

James P. Cannon, co-founder of the Communist League of America

Abbie Hoffman, co-founder of the Youth International Party

Richard B. Spencer, founder of the alt-right

Murray Rothbard, founder of anarcho-capitalism

Cenk Uygur, co-founder of the Justice Democrats

Views of atheists

A June–September 2014 Pew Research Center survey found that 69% of atheist Americans identity as Democratic or lean Democratic, 17% have no lean, 15% identify as Republican, 56% liberal, 29% moderate, 10% conservative, and 5% don't know. Among Americans who don't believe in god/gods, 65% identity as Democratic or lean Democratic, 17% have no lean, 18% identity as Republican, 50% liberal, 31% moderate, 13% conservative, and 6% don't know. That makes atheist and nonbelievers in god/gods Americans as belief groups to be the most politically liberal belief group in America and the least politically aligned belief group with Republicans and conservatism in the United States.[4]

Views about atheists

In 2014, a Pew survey found that 53% of Americans claimed they would be less likely to vote for a presidential candidate who was an atheist.[20]

Groups that include atheists

A October 2013 Public Religion Research Institute American Values Survey found 58% of American libertarians report they believe in a personal god, 25% believe god is an impersonal force in the universe, and 16% report that they do not believe in a god. It also found 73% of Americans who identify with the Tea Party report they believe in a personal god, 19% believe god is an impersonal force in the universe, and 6% report that they do not believe in a god. It also found 90% of white evangelical Protestants report they believe in a personal god, 8% believe god is an impersonal force in the universe, and less than 1% report that they do not believe in a god.[21]

List of atheist Americans

Main articles: List of atheist Americans and List of fictional atheists and agnostics

Organizations

• American Atheists
• Atheist Alliance International
• Freedom From Religion Foundation
• Freethinking Atheist and Agnostic Kinship
• International League of non-religious and atheists
• Internet Infidels
• Military Association of Atheists & Freethinkers
• Rational Response Squad
• Recovering from Religion
• The Clergy Project

See also

• Discrimination against atheists in the United States
• Irreligion in the United States
• Religion in the United States

References

1. "The Size of the U.S. and the World in 2016".
2. Inc., Gallup (2007-06-08). "Religion".
3. Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-03-22.
4. "Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center. 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
5. Hout, Michael; Smith, Tom (March 2015). "Fewer Americans Affiliate with Organized Religions, Belief and Practice Unchanged: Key Findings from the 2014 General Social Survey" (PDF). General Social Survey. NORC. The percentage answering 'no religion' was 21 percent in 2014, 20 percent in 2012, just 14 percent as recently as 2000, and only 8 percent in 1990." & "In 2014, 3 percent of Americans did not believe in God and 5 percent expressed an agnostic view; the comparable percentages were 2 percent and 4 percent in 1991. More people believed in a 'higher power' in 2014 (13%) than in 1991 (7%).
6. "Not All Nonbelievers Call Themselves Atheists | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project". Pewforum.org. 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
7. Kosmin, Barry; Keysar, Ariela (2009). "American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population" (PDF). Trinity Colloge.
8. Resnick, Brian (13 April 2017). "How many American atheists are there really?". Vox. Vox Media. Vox Media. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
9. Zuckerman, Phil (2007), "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns", Cambridge Companion to Atheism, pp. 47–66, doi:10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004
10. Stark called himself "a Unitarian who does not believe in a supreme being" and has been identified as an atheist. Rep. Stark applauded for atheist outlook: Believed to be first congressman to declare nontheism, Associated Press, March 13, 2007 (Accessed June 15, 2007)
11. "lawmaker isn't sure that God exists. Now, he's finally decided to tell people".
12. Wong, Curtis (2013-08-09). "Barney Frank's 'Pot-Smoking Atheist' Revelation Discussed On 'The Rubin Report'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
13. "FFRF & Tulsa nontheists salute Gore as first atheist senator". September 7, 2010.
14. The Hon. Atheist Governor: Culbert L. Olson Archived 2008-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
15. "Jesse Ventura". NNDB.com. Retrieved 25 April 2012. Formerly a Lutheran, Ventura generally considers himself an atheist.
16. Hammel, Paul. "Ernie Chambers targets 'so help me God' in oaths". Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
17. ""You can be elected as an openly gay politician in this country, but you can't be elected as an openly atheistic one", said Lori Lipman Brown, who was hired last fall to be the Washington, D.C., lobbyist for an organization devoted to atheist causes, the Secular Coalition for America. She's believed to be the first paid lobbyist for the unbelievers in the nation's capital, the front lines of the culture wars. Now, all Brown is seeking is a constituency willing to go public. "Think of where the LGBT movement was 25 years ago", said Brown, who has worked on gay and lesbian rights issues as a legislator and attorney. "That's where atheists are today." [...] Brown, who is married and was raised a "humanistic Jew", talks about how she "came out" as an atheist several years ago, and how most atheists aren't "out yet" at work. She says atheist kids—like many gay children—are made to feel outcasts at school, and explains that she wants to erase the negative connotation to the word "atheist" just as homosexuals have reclaimed slurs like "queer" and "dyke."" Joe Garofoli, 'Atheists hoping to assert rights in religious era', San Francisco Chronicle, February 20, 2006 (accessed June 16, 2008).
18. "I'm an atheist, but I don't believe that science and religion are by definition incompatible." Andrew Zwicker, Reddit AMA, 13 May 2014 (accessed 9 November 2017).
19. voterocky.org
20. "For 2016 Hopefuls, Washington Experience Could Do More Harm than Good". Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
21. "In Search of Libertarians in America" (PDF).

Further reading

• Casey Cep, "Without a Prayer: Why are Americans still uncomfortable with atheism?", The New Yorker, October 29, 2018, pp. 66–71. Discusses R. Laurence Moore and Isaac Kramnick, Godless Citizens in a Godly Republic: Atheists in American Public Life, Norton, 2018; and John Gray, Seven Types of Atheism, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2018, which defines "atheist" as "anyone with no use for a divine mind that has fashioned the world" (a category that includes nontheist religions with no creator god, such as Buddhism and Taoism).
• Schmidt, Leigh Eric, Village Atheists: How America's Unbelievers Made Their Way in a Godly Nation, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2016.
• Michael Shermer, "Silent No More: The rise of the atheists", Scientific American, vol. 318, no. 4 (April 2018), p. 77.

External links

• Reality Check: Being Nonreligious in America 2020 report from American Atheists