Washington metropolitan area

The Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area is the metropolitan area centered on Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The area includes all of the federal district and parts of the U.S. states of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia. It is part of the larger Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.

This article is about the metropolitan area encompassing Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington metropolitan area (disambiguation).

Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area
(Washington – Arlington – Alexandria)
Metropolitan area
Nickname(s): 
DMV[1][2] (D.C., Maryland, Virginia)
Country United States
U.S. state/federal districtPrincipal Subdivisions
(National Capital Region):[3]
District of Columbia [D]
Maryland [M]
Virginia [V] Outlining Subdivisions:
West Virginia
Principal municipalitiesWashington, Arlington, Alexandria
Area
(2010)
 • Urban
1,407.0 sq mi (3,644.2 km2)
 • Metro
5,564.6 sq mi (14,412 km2)
Elevation
0–2,350 ft (0–716 m)
Population
 (2016)[4][5][6]
 • Metropolitan area6,133,552 (6th)
 • Density1,084/sq mi (418.7/km2)
 • Urban
4,586,770 (8th)
 • CSA (2010)
9,546,579 (4th)
Time zoneUTC-5 (ET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EST)

The Washington D.C. metropolitan area is one of the most educated and most affluent metropolitan areas in the US.[7] The metro area anchors the southern end of the densely populated Northeast megalopolis with an estimated total population of 6,216,589 as of the 2017 U.S. Census Bureau estimate,[8] making it the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the nation[9] and the largest metropolitan area in the Census Bureau's South Atlantic division.[10]

Nomenclature

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines the area as the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV metropolitan statistical area, a metropolitan statistical area used for statistical purposes by the United States Census Bureau and other agencies. The region's three largest cities are the federal territory of Washington, D.C., the county (and census-designated place) of Arlington, and the independent city of Alexandria. The Office of Management and Budget also includes the metropolitan statistical area as part of the larger Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area, which has a population of 9,546,579 as of the 2014 Census Estimate.[11]

The Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia[3] portions of the metropolitan area is sometimes referred to as the National Capital Region or the D.C. Area, particularly by federal agencies such as the military,[12] Department of Homeland Security,[13] and some local government agencies. The National Capital Region portion of the Washington Metropolitan Area is also colloquially known by the acronym "DMV" which stands for the "District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia."[14] The area in the region that is surrounded by Interstate 495 referred to as being "Inside the Beltway". The city of Washington, which is at the center of the area, is referred to as "the District" because of its status as a federal district, which makes it not part of any state. The Virginian portion of the region is known as Northern Virginia and the Maryland portion of the region is sometimes called the Maryland-National Capital Region, by some local authorities but is not widely used by the general public.[15][16]

Composition
Satellite photo of the Washington metropolitan area
Map highlighting labor patterns of regional counties

The U.S. Census Bureau divides the Washington statistical metropolitan area into two metropolitan divisions:[17]

  • Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Metropolitan Division, comprising the majority of the metropolitan area
  • Silver Spring–Frederick–Rockville, MD Metropolitan Division, consisting of Montgomery and Frederick counties

Political subdivisions

The area includes the following counties, districts, and independent cities:[17]

District of Columbia

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia
Historical populations - Washington Metropolitan Area
CensusPop.%±
19501,464,089—
19602,001,89736.7%
19702,861,12342.9%
19803,060,9227.0%
19903,923,57428.2%
20004,923,15325.5%
20105,636,23214.5%
Est. 20196,280,48711.4%
U.S. Decennial Census
2011 estimate

Regional organizations

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments

Founded in 1957, the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (MWCOG) is a regional organization of 21 Washington-area local governments, as well as area members of the Maryland and Virginia state legislatures, the U.S. Senate, and the U.S. House of Representatives. MWCOG provides a forum for discussion and the development of regional responses to issues regarding the environment, transportation, public safety, homeland security, affordable housing, community planning, and economic development.[18]

The National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board, a component of MWCOG, is the federally designated metropolitan planning organization for the metropolitan Washington area.[19]

Consortium of Universities in the Washington Metropolitan Area

Chartered in 1964, the Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area is a regional organization of 17 Washington-area local universities and community colleges representing nearly 300,000 students.[20] The consortium facilitates course cross registration between all member universities, and universalizes library access across some of its member universities through the Washington Research Library Consortium. It additionally offers joint procurement programs, joint academic initiatives, and campus public safety training.[21] These colleges and universities are:

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority

Formed in 1967 as an interstate compact between Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia, the WMATA is a tri-jurisdictional government agency with a board composed of representatives from Maryland, Virginia, the District of Columbia, and the United States Federal government that operates transit services in the Washington Metropolitan Area.

Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority

The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) is a multi-jurisdictional independent airport authority, created with the consent of the United States Congress and the legislature of Virginia to oversee management, operations, and capital development of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport.[22]

Greater Washington Board of Trade

Founded in 1889, the Greater Washington Board of Trade is a network of regional businesses that work to advance the culture, economy, and resiliency of the Washington metropolitan area.[23]

Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington

The Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington (CAGW) works to increase appreciation, support, and resources for arts and culture in the Greater Washington DC region.

Principal cities
View of downtown Washington, with the skylines of Arlington and Tysons Corner in the distance.

The metropolitan area includes the following principal cities (not all of which are incorporated as cities; one, Arlington, is actually a county, and Bethesda, Reston, and Silver Spring are unincorporated CDPs.)[17]

Demographics
Presidential election results
Year DEM GOP Others
2016 69.0% 1,860,678 25.7% 692,743 5.4% 145,269
2012 67.5% 1,813,963 30.9% 829,567 1.7% 44,708
2008 68.0% 1,603,902 31.0% 728,916 1.0% 25,288
2004 61.0% 1,258,743 38.0% 785,144 1.4% 19,735
2000 58.5% 1,023,089 37.9% 663,590 3.6% 62,437
1996 57.0% 861,881 37.0% 558,830 6.0% 89,259
1992 53.0% 859,889 34.1% 553.369 12.9% 209,651
1988 50.4% 684,453 48.6% 659,344 1.0% 14,219
1984 51.0% 653,568 48.5% 621,377 0.4% 5,656
1980 44.7% 484,590 44.6% 482,506 11.1% 115,797
1976 54.2% 590,481 44.9% 488,995 1.0% 10,654
1972 44.2% 431,257 54.8% 534,235 1.1% 10,825
1968 49.4% 414,345 39.1% 327,662 11.5% 96,701
1964 69.8% 495,490 30.2% 214,293 0.1% 462
1960 52.5% 204,614 47.3% 184,499 0.1% 593
The southern portion of the Capital Beltway along the Potomac River, featuring portions of Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.
Old Town Alexandria, Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling, and National Harbor, Maryland are visible.

Politics

The relative strength of the major political parties within the region is shown by the presidential election results since 1960, as presented in the adjacent table.

Racial composition

The area has been a magnet for international immigration since the late 1960s. It is also a magnet for internal migration (persons moving from one region of the U.S. to another).[24]

Racial composition of the Washington, D.C. area:

2016 American Community Survey
  • Non-Hispanic White : 45.8%
  • Black or African American : 24.9%
  • Hispanic or Latino : 15.5%
  • Asian : 10.0%
  • Mixed and Other : 3.8%
Hispanic OriginAsian Origin
5.2% Salvadoran2.7% Indian
2.3% Mexican1.8% Chinese
1.2% Honduran1.3% Korean
1.1% Guatemalan1.2% Vietnamese
0.9% Puerto Rican1.0% Filipino
0.8% Peruvian0.5% Pakistani
0.7% Bolivian0.2% Japanese
0.5% Colombian0.2% Thai
0.4% Dominican0.2% Bangladeshi
2.4% Other1.0% Other

2010 U.S. Census
  • White : 54.8%
  • Black : 25.8%
  • Asian : 9.3%
  • Hispanic : 13.8%
  • Mixed and Other : 3.7%

2006
[25]
  • White : 51.7%
  • Black : 26.3%
  • Asian : 8.4%
  • Hispanic : 11.6%
  • Mixed and Other : 2.0%

1980
  • White : 67.8%
  • Black : 26.0%
  • Asian : 2.5%
  • Hispanic : 2.8%
  • Mixed and Other : 0.9%

Social indicators

The Washington metropolitan area has ranked as the highest-educated metropolitan area in the nation for four decades.[26] As of the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the three most educated places with 200,000 people or more in Washington–Arlington–Alexandria by bachelor's degree attainment (population 25 and over) are Arlington, Virginia (68.0%), Fairfax County, Virginia (58.8%), and Montgomery County, Maryland (56.4%).[27] Forbes magazine stated in its 2008 "America's Best- And Worst-Educated Cities" report: "The D.C. area is less than half the size of L.A., but both cities have around 100,000 Ph.D.'s."[28]

The Washington, D.C. metro area has held the top spot in the American College of Sports Medicine's annual American Fitness Index ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas for two years running. The report cites, among other things, the high average fitness level and healthy eating habits of residents, the widespread availability of health care and facilities such as swimming pools, tennis courts, and parks, low rates of obesity and tobacco use relative to the national average, and the high median household income as contributors to the city's community health.[29]

The average household income within a 5 mi (8.0 km) radius of Tysons Corner Center is $174,809.[30]

In the 21st century, the Washington metropolitan area has overtaken the San Francisco Bay Area as the highest-income metropolitan area in the nation.[7] The median household income of the region is US$72,800. The two highest median household income counties in the nation – Loudoun and Fairfax County, Virginia – are components of the MSA (and #3 is Howard County, officially in Baltimore's sphere but strongly connected with Washington's); measured in this way, Alexandria ranks 10th among municipalities in the region – 11th if Howard is included – and 23rd in the entire United States. 12.2% of Northern Virginia's 881,136 households, 8.5% of suburban Maryland's 799,300 households, and 8.2% of Washington's 249,805 households have an annual income in excess of $200,000, compared to 3.7% nationally.[31]

According to a report by the American Human Development Project, women in the Washington metropolitan area are ranked as having the highest income and educational attainment among the 25 most populous metropolitan areas in the nation, while Asian American women in the region had the highest life expectancy, at 92.3 years.[32]

Counties and populations
County 2016 Estimate 2010 Census Change Area Density
Washington, D.C. 681,170 601,723 +13.20% 61.05 sq mi (158.1 km2) 11,158/sq mi (4,308/km2)
Calvert County, Maryland 91,251 88,737 +2.83% 213.15 sq mi (552.1 km2) 428/sq mi (165/km2)
Charles County, Maryland 157,705 146,551 +7.61% 457.75 sq mi (1,185.6 km2) 345/sq mi (133/km2)
Frederick County, Maryland 247,591 233,385 +6.09% 660.22 sq mi (1,710.0 km2) 375/sq mi (145/km2)
Montgomery County, Maryland 1,043,863 971,777 +7.42% 491.25 sq mi (1,272.3 km2) 2,125/sq mi (820/km2)
Prince George's County, Maryland 908,049 863,420 +5.17% 482.69 sq mi (1,250.2 km2) 1,881/sq mi (726/km2)
Alexandria, Virginia 155,810 139,966 +11.32% 15.03 sq mi (38.9 km2) 10,367/sq mi (4,003/km2)
Arlington County, Virginia 230,050 207,627 +10.80% 25.97 sq mi (67.3 km2) 8,858/sq mi (3,420/km2)
Clarke County, Virginia 14,374 14,034 +2.42% 176.18 sq mi (456.3 km2) 82/sq mi (32/km2)
Culpeper County, Virginia 50,083 46,689 +7.27% 379.23 sq mi (982.2 km2) 132/sq mi (51/km2)
Fairfax County, Virginia 1,138,652 1,081,726 +5.26% 390.97 sq mi (1,012.6 km2) 2,912/sq mi (1,124/km2)
Fairfax City, Virginia 24,164 22,565 +7.09% 6.24 sq mi (16.2 km2) 3,872/sq mi (1,495/km2)
Falls Church, Virginia 14,014 12,332 +13.64% 2.00 sq mi (5.2 km2) 7,007/sq mi (2,705/km2)
Fauquier County, Virginia 69,069 65,203 +5.93% 647.45 sq mi (1,676.9 km2) 107/sq mi (41/km2)
Fredericksburg, Virginia 28,297 24,286 +16.52% 10.44 sq mi (27.0 km2) 2,710/sq mi (1,047/km2)
Loudoun County, Virginia 385,945 312,311 +23.58% 515.56 sq mi (1,335.3 km2) 749/sq mi (289/km2)
Manassas, Virginia 41,483 37,821 +9.68% 9.88 sq mi (25.6 km2) 4,199/sq mi (1,621/km2)
Manassas Park, Virginia 15,915 14,273 +11.50% 2.53 sq mi (6.6 km2) 6,291/sq mi (2,429/km2)
Prince William County, Virginia 455,210 402,002 +13.24% 336.40 sq mi (871.3 km2) 1,353/sq mi (522/km2)
Rappahannock County, Virginia 7,388 7,373 +0.20% 266.23 sq mi (689.5 km2) 28/sq mi (11/km2)
Spotsylvania County, Virginia 132,010 122,397 +7.85% 401.50 sq mi (1,039.9 km2) 329/sq mi (127/km2)
Stafford County, Virginia 144,361 128,961 +11.94% 268.96 sq mi (696.6 km2) 537/sq mi (207/km2)
Warren County, Virginia 39,155 37,575 +4.20% 213.47 sq mi (552.9 km2) 183/sq mi (71/km2)
Total 6,131,977 5,636,232 +8.80% 5,564.6 sq mi (14,412 km2) 1,102/sq mi (425/km2)

Economy
Rosslyn is home to the tallest high-rises in the region, partly due to the District's height restrictions. As a result, many of the region's tallest buildings are outside the city proper.[33][34]

The Washington, D.C. area has the largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation in 2006 according to the Greater Washington Initiative at 324,530, ahead of the combined San Francisco Bay Area work force of 214,500, and Chicago metropolitan area at 203,090, citing data from U.S. Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Claritas Inc., and other sources.[7]

The Washington, D.C. area was ranked as the second best High-Tech Center in a statistical analysis of the top 100 Metropolitan areas in the United States by American City Business Journals in May 2009, behind the Silicon Valley and ahead of the Boston metropolitan area.[35] Fueling the metropolitan area's ranking was the reported 241,264 tech jobs in the region, a total eclipsed only by New York, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area, as well as the highest master's or doctoral degree attainment among the 100 ranked metropolitan areas.[35] A Dice.com report showed that the Washington–Baltimore area had the second-highest number of tech jobs listed: 8,289, after the New York metro area with 9,195 jobs.[36]

Real estate and housing market

Changes in house prices for the D.C. area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the U.S. residential real estate market.

McLean ZIP code 22102 had the highest median home prices among ZIP codes within the Washington metropolitan area as of 2013.[37]

Net worth, wealth disparities, and business ownership

The economy of the Washington metropolitan region is characterized by significant wealth disparities, which were heightened by the Great Recession and the 2007–09 housing crisis, which adversely affected black and Hispanic households more than other households.[38][39]

A 2016 Urban Institute report found that the median net worth (i.e., assets minus debt) for white households in the D.C. region was $284,000, while the median net worth for Hispanic/Latino households was $13,000, and for African American households as $3,500.[38][39] Asian Americans had the highest median net worth in the Washington area ($220,000 for Chinese American households, $430,000 for Vietnamese American households, $496,000 for Korean American households, and $573,000 for Indian American households).[38][39]

Although the median net worth for white D.C.-area households was 81 times that of black D.C.-area households, the two groups had comparable rates of business ownership (about 9%). The Urban Institute report suggests that this "may be driven by the presence of a large federal government and a local district government whose membership and constituents have been largely Black, coupled with government policies designed to increase contracting opportunities for minority-owned businesses."[38][39]

Primary industries
NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda.
See also: List of federal installations in Maryland and List of federal agencies in Northern Virginia

Biotechnology

The Washington metropolitan area has a significant biotechnology industry; companies with a major presence in the region as of 2011 include Merck, Pfizer, Human Genome Sciences, Martek Biosciences, and Qiagen.[40] Additionally, many biotechnology companies such as United Therapeutics, Novavax, Emergent BioSolutions, and MedImmune have headquarters in the region. The area's medical research is also driven by government and non-profit health institutions, such as the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the National Institutes of Health.

Defense contracting

Many defense contractors are based in the region to be close to the Pentagon in Arlington. Local defense contractors include Lockheed Martin, the largest, as well as General Dynamics, BAE Systems, Northrup Grumman,[41] Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), CACI, ManTech International, DynCorp, and Leidos.

Hospitality

The Washington D.C. area contains the headquarters of numerous companies in the hospitality and hotel industries. Major companies with headquarters in the region include Marriott International, The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, Hilton Worldwide, Park Hotels and Resorts, Choice Hotels, Host Hotels and Resorts, and HMSHost.

Telecommunications

Anchored by the Dulles Technology Corridor, the telecommunications and tech industry in DC spans a diverse range of players across internet infrastructure, broadcasting, satellite communications, and datacenters. Firms headquartered in the area include Cogent Communications, GTT Communications, Hughes Network Systems, iCore Networks, Iridium Communications, Intelsat, Ligado Networks, NII Holdings, Oceus Networks, OneWeb, Tegna Inc., Transaction Network Services, Verisign, WorldCell, XO Communications, and XTAR.

Tourism

Tourism is a significant industry in the Washington metropolitan region. In 2015, more than 74,000 tourism-sector jobs existed in the District of Columbia, a record-setting 19.3 million domestic tourists visited the city, and domestic and international tourists combined spent $7.1 billion.[42][43] The convention industry is also significant; in 2016, D.C. hosted fifteen "city-wide conventions" with an estimated total economic impact of $277.9 million.[42]

Tourism is also significant outside the District of Columbia; in 2015, a record-setting $3.06 billion in tourism spending was reported in Arlington, Virginia, and $2.9 billion in Fairfax County, Virginia.[44] A 2016 National Park Service report estimated that there were 56 million visitors to national parks in the National Capital Region, sustaining 16,917 and generating close to $1.6 billion in economy impact.[45]

Largest companies
See also: List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia
Capital One Tower in Tysons, the tallest building in the region and centerpiece of the 5,000,000 sq ft (464,500 m2) headquarter campus for Capital One.[46]
Largest public companies (Fortune 500 2018)[47]
Company Industry Headquarters National rank
AES Corporation Energy Arlington, Virginia 214
Booz Allen Hamilton Consulting McLean, Virginia 482
Capital One Finance McLean, Virginia 101
Danaher Corporation Conglomerate Washington, D.C. 162
DXC Technology Information technology Tysons, Virginia 374
Discovery Communications Mass media Silver Spring, Maryland 409
Fannie Mae Finance Washington, D.C. 21
Freddie Mac Finance McLean, Virginia 38
General Dynamics Defense Falls Church, Virginia 99
Hilton Hotels Corporation Hospitality McLean, Virginia 324
Leidos Defense Reston, Virginia 292
Lockheed Martin Defense Bethesda, Maryland 59
Marriott International Hospitality Bethesda, Maryland 127
Northrop Grumman Defense Falls Church, Virginia 118
NVR, Inc. Construction Reston, Virginia 444
Largest private companies (Forbes America's Largest Private Companies 2016)[48]
Company Industry Headquarters National rank
BrightView Landscaping Rockville, Maryland 220
Carahsoft Defense Reston, Virginia 161
Clark Construction Construction Bethesda, Maryland 102
Mars, Incorporated Food processing McLean, Virginia 7

History
NGA headquarters in Fort Belvoir.

The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure resulted in a significant shuffling of military, civilian, and defense contractor employees in the Washington, D.C., area. The largest individual site impacts of the time are as follows:[49]

BRAC 2005 was the largest infrastructure expansion by the Army Corps of Engineers since World War II, resulting in the Mark Center, tallest building they have ever constructed, as well as National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Campus East, which at 2.4 million square feet is the largest building the Corps have constructed since the Pentagon.[50]

Transportation
Main article: Transportation in Washington, D.C.
Washington Dulles International Airport
The Metro Center station on the Washington Metro

'WMATA'-indicated systems are run by Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority and always accept Washington Metro fare cards, others may or may not.

Major airports

Rail transit systems

Bus transit systems

Major roads

Interstates

U.S. Highways

Bicycle sharing

Culture

Sports teams
Further information: Sports in Washington, D.C.

Listing of the professional sports teams in the Washington metropolitan area:

Media
Main article: Media in Washington, D.C.

The Washington metropolitan area is home to USA Today, C-SPAN, PBS, NPR, POLITICO, BET, TV One and Discovery Communications. The two main newspapers are The Washington Post and The Washington Times. Local television channels include WRC-TV 4 (NBC), WTTG 5 (FOX), WJLA 7 (ABC), WUSA 9 (CBS), WDCA 20 (MyNetworkTV), WETA-TV 26 (PBS), WDCW 50 (CW), and WPXW 66 (Ion). WJLA 24/7 News is a local news provider available only to cable subscribers. Radio stations serving the area include: WETA-FM, WIHT, WSBN, and WTOP.

Area codes
  • 202 – Washington, D.C.
  • 571/703 – Northern Virginia including the cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, and Falls Church as well as Arlington, Fairfax, Stafford, Prince William, and Loudoun counties (571 created March 1, 2000; 703 in October 1947).
  • 240/301 – portions of Maryland in the Greater Washington, D.C., metro area, southern Maryland, and western Maryland
  • 540 – Fredericksburg/Spotsylvania/Warrenton
  • 304/681 – Jefferson County, West Virginia

Sister cities
City Country Year
Washington, D.C.
Bangkok  Thailand 1962, renewed 2002
Dakar  Senegal 1980, renewed 2006
Beijing China 1984, renewed 2004
Brussels  Belgium 1985, renewed 2012
Athens  Greece 2000
Paris[Note 1]  France 2000, renewed 2005
Pretoria  South Africa 2002, renewed 2008
Seoul  South Korea 2006
Accra  Ghana 2006
Sunderland  United Kingdom 2006
Rome Italy (2011, renewed 2013)[51]
Ankara Turkey (2011)
Brasília Brazil (2013)
Addis Ababa Ethiopia (2013)[52]
San Salvador El Salvador (2018)
Alexandria, Virginia[53]
Gyumri  Armenia
Helsingborg  Sweden
Dundee[Note 2]  United Kingdom
Caen  France
Arlington County, Virginia[54]
Aachen  Germany
Reims  France
San Miguel  El Salvador
Coyoacán  Mexico
Ivano-Frankivsk[Note 3]  Ukraine
Herndon, Virginia
Runnymede[Note 4]  United Kingdom
Fairfax County, Virginia
Harbin[Note 5] China 2009
Songpa-gu[Note 6]  South Korea 2009
Falls Church, Virginia
Kokolopori[55]  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2006
District Heights, Maryland
Mbuji-Mayi[56]  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2008
Frederick, Maryland
Aquiraz  Brazil
Moerzheim  Germany
Schifferstadt  Germany
La Plata, Maryland
Jogeva County  Estonia
Walldorf  Germany
Rockville, Maryland
Pinneberg  Germany
  1. Paris is a "Partner City" due to the one Sister City policy of that commune.
  2. "Historic Alexandria | City of Alexandria, VA". Oha.alexandriava.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  3. Exploration phase
  4. Town twin Archived February 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  5. Rejected by Washington due to not being a national capital.
  6. "Sisterhood Partnerships". Fairfaxcounty.gov. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
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See also

References
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  3. https://www.ncpc.gov/maps/national-capital-region/
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  9. "Four Texas Metro Areas Collectively Add More Than 400,000 People in the Last Year, Census Bureau Reports". United States Census Bureau.
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  12. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  14. Cohen, Matt. "The Answers Issue 2017". Washington City Paper. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  15. https://www.mders.org/
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  18. "About Us". MWCOG.org. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  19. "– Transportation – TPB". Mwcog.org. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  20. "AUC Partners with Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area | The American University in Cairo". The American University in Cairo. June 9, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  21. "– Consortium – CUWMA". consortium.org. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  22. "Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority". Legislative Information System. Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
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