12th century

The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and is sometimes called the Age of the Cistercians. The Golden Age of Islam kept experiencing significant developments, particularly in Islamic Spain, Seljuk and Ghurid territories. Most of the Crusader states including the Kingdom of Jerusalem fell to the Ayyubid dynasty founded by Saladin, who overtook the Fatimids. In Song dynasty of China faced an invasion by Jurchens, which caused a political schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century. Following the expansions of the Ghaznavids and Ghurid Empire, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent till Bengal began to place in the end of the century.

See also: Renaissance of the 12th century
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Timelines:
State leaders:
Decades:
Categories: Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 12th century.
The Ghurid Empire converted to Islam from Buddhism.
Saladin Ayyubi and Guy of Lusignan after Battle of Hattin.
Averroes in a 14th-century painting by Andrea di Bonaiuto
A Black and White Photo of the 12th century Cuenca Cathedral (built from 1182 to 1270) in Cuenca, Spain

Ongoing events
The temple complex of Angkor Wat, built during the reign of Suryavarman II in Cambodia of the Khmer Era.

Inventions, discoveries and introductions by year
The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, 1165

Political events by year
Richard I of England, or Richard the Lionheart.
Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 12th century
  • 1186: On January 27, the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI marries Constance of Sicily, the heiress to the Sicilian throne.
  • 1187: On July 4, in the Battle of Hattin, Saladin defeats the king of Jerusalem.
  • 1187: In August, the Swedish royal and commercial center Sigtuna is attacked by raiders from Karelia, Couronia and/or Estonia.[6]
  • 1188: The Riah were introduced into the Habt and south of Tetouan by the Almohad caliph, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, and Jochem and Acem were introduced in Tamesna.[7]
  • 1189: On September 3, Richard I is crowned King of England at Westminster.
  • 1189: On November 11, William II of Sicily dies and is succeeded by his illegitimate cousin Tancred, Count of Lecce instead of Constance.
  • 1189–1192: The Third Crusade is an attempt by European leaders to wrest the Holy Land from Saladin.
  • 1190: On June 10, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of England, which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the army.
  • 1191: Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI attacked Kingdom of Sicily from May to August but fails and withdraws, with Empress Constance captured (released 1192).
  • 1191: On September 7, Saladin is defeated by Richard I of England at the Battle of Arsuf.
  • 1192: In April, Isabella I of Jerusalem Christian Queen of Jerusalem
  • 1192: In the Battle of Jaffa, King Richard the Lionheart defeats Saladin.
  • 1192: In June, the Treaty of Ramla is signed by Saladin and Richard Lionheart. Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem will remain under Muslim control. However, the city will be open to Christian pilgrims. The Latin Kingdom is reduced to a coastal strip that extends from Tyre to Jaffa.
  • 1192: Minamoto Yoritomo is appointed Sei-i Taishōgun, "barbarian-subduing great general, shōgun for short, the first military dictator to bear this title.
  • 1193: Nalanda, the great Indian Buddhist educational centre, is destroyed.
  • 1193: Sultan Shahābuddin Muhammad Ghori, establishes the first Muslim empire in India by defeating Prithviraj Chauhan
  • 1193: the first known merchant guild is established.
  • 1194: Emperor Henry VI conquers Kingdom of Sicily.
  • 1195: On June 16, the struggle of Shamqori. Georgian forces annihilate the army of Abu Baqar.
  • 1198: The brethren of the Crusader hospital in Acre are raised to a military order of knights, the Teutonic Knights, formally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem.
  • 1199: Pope Innocent III writes to Kaloyan, inviting him to unite the Bulgarian Church with the Roman Catholic Church.

Significant people
A 15th-century depiction of Saladin
Illumination from the Liber Scivias showing Hildegard von Bingen receiving a vision and dictating to her scribe and secretary
gollark: Research of what?
gollark: Also, we need to make the giant lasers somehow nonthreatening...
gollark: We should probably ask the other probes first.
gollark: So do we just get a mineral income which goes up periodically or something?
gollark: Can we do self-replicating asteroid miners? How big is a universal constructor-type thing?

References
  1. Warren 1961, p. 129.
  2. Warren 1961, p. 159.
  3. Warren 1961, p. 60-61.
  4. Le Goff, Jacques (1986). The Birth of Purgatory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226470822.
  5. Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
  6. Enn Tarvel (2007). Sigtuna hukkumine. Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41
  7. Notice sur les Arabes hilaliens. Ismaël Hamet. p. 248.

Bibliography
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