William I of Sicily

William I (1120 or 1121 – May 7, 1166), called the Bad or the Wicked (Sicilian: Gugghiermu lu Malu), was the second King of Sicily, ruling from his father's death in 1154 to his own in 1166. He was the fourth son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile.

William I
King of Sicily
Reign	26 February 1154 – 7 May 1166
Predecessor	Roger II
Successor	William II
Born	1120 or 1121 Palermo, Kingdom of Sicily
Died	May 7, 1166 Palermo, Kingdom of Sicily
Burial	Monreale Cathedral, Sicily
Spouse	Margaret of Navarre
House	Hauteville
Father	Roger II of Sicily
Mother	Elvira of Castile

William's title "the Bad" seems little merited and expresses the bias of the historian Hugo Falcandus and the baronial class against the king and the official class by whom he was guided.[1]

Early life

William was the son of King Roger II of Sicily, grandson of Roger I of Sicily and great-grandson of Tancred of Hauteville.[2] He grew up with little expectation of ruling. The deaths of his three older brothers Roger, Tancred, and Alfonso between 1138 and 1148 changed matters, though when his father died William was still not well-prepared to take his place.

Kingship

The Kingdom of Sicily as it existed at the ascension of William I of Sicily in 1154. The borders would remain virtually unchanged for 700 years.

On assuming power, William kept the administration which had guided his father's rule for his final years. Only the Englishman Thomas Brun was removed, and the chancellor Maio of Bari was promoted. The real power in the kingdom was at first exercised by Maio, a man of low birth, whose title ammiratus ammiratorum was the highest in the realm. Maio continued Roger's policy of excluding the nobles from the administration, and sought also to curtail the liberties of the towns. The barons, always chafing against the royal power, were encouraged to revolt by Pope Adrian IV, whose recognition William had not yet sought, by the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.[1]

At the end of 1155, Greek troops recovered Bari, Trani, Giovinazzo, Andria, Taranto and began to besiege Brindisi. William and his army landed on the peninsula and destroyed the Greek fleet (4 ships) and army at Brindisi on May 28, 1156 and recovered Bari.[1] Adrian came to terms at Benevento on June 18, 1156 where he and William signed the Treaty of Benevento, abandoning the rebels and confirming William as king. During the summer of 1157, William sent a fleet of 164 ships carrying 10,000 men to sack Euboea and Almira. In 1158 William made peace with the Greeks.

These diplomatic successes were probably due to Maio; on the other hand, the African dominions were lost to the Almohads, and it is possible that he advised their abandonment in face of the dangers threatening the kingdom from the north.[1] In 1156, a revolt began in Sfax and quickly spread and nothing was done to put it down. In 1159, the admiral Peter led a raiding expedition against the Saracen-held Balearic Islands with 160 ships. He tried to relieve besieged Mahdia with the same fleet, but turned around just after engaging in battle. Peter did not fall out of favour, but no further assistance was sent to the Christians holding out in Mahdia and the city surrendered on 11 January 1160, ending the "African empire".

The policy of Maio led to a general conspiracy, and in November 1160 Maio was murdered in Palermo by Matthew Bonello, leader of the Sicilian nobles. The barons, however, had long been plotting to overthrow the king. Desiring a weak power on the throne, they had been eyeing the king's eldest son, Roger IV, Duke of Apulia, as a possible replacement for his father.

After the assassination of Maio, the royal palace was stormed by two of the king's own relatives: his illegitimate half-brother Simon, whom he had dispossessed of Taranto early in his reign and his bastard nephew Tancred, the count of Lecce. The king was captured along with his whole family, his life being barely spared by one Richard of Mandra. Roger was then paraded through the streets and it was announced that he would be crowned in the cathedral three days thence.

William's sarcophagus

For a while the king remained in the hands of the conspirators who purposed murdering or just deposing him, but the people and the army rallied round him; he recovered power, crushed the Sicilian rebels, had Bonello blinded, and in a short campaign reduced the rest of the Regno,[1] avenging the rebel burning of Butera. During the initial assault on the palace, to release the captive king, the king's son Roger was killed by a wayward arrow (though the historian Falcandus, seemingly ever-ready to impugn the royal character, has the king kicking his "faithless" son dead).

Later years

Thus freed from feudal revolts, William confided the government to men trained in Maio's school, creating a triumvirate: the grand protonotary, Matthew of Ajello; Count Sylvester of Marsico, who had inherited Maio's property; and the Bishop Palmer of Syracuse, elect, but not consecrated. His latter years were peaceful; he became the champion of the true pope against the Holy Roman Emperor, and Alexander III was installed in the Lateran Palace in November 1165 by a guard of Normans.[1]

William died on May 7, 1166 and was interred in Palermo Cathedral, although he was later moved to Monreale Cathedral[3] by his son and heir William II of Sicily when that building was completed. By his wife, Margaret of Navarre,[2] daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre, he had four sons:

1. Roger IV, Duke of Apulia (1152–1161)[4]
2. Robert III, Prince of Capua (1153–c. 1160)[4]
3. William II of Sicily (1153–1189)[2]
4. Henry, Prince of Capua (1158–1172)[4]

Controversial accounts

De Mulieribus Claris by Boccaccio said the at the birth of Princess Constance daughter of William, a Calabrian abbot named Joachim told William that his daughter would cause the destruction of Sicily. William believed the prediction and shut young Constance up in a monastery and forced her to become a nun to prevent her having husband or children. This apparently contradicted the fact that Constance was indeed the posthumous daughter of Roger II and half-sister of William. Giovanni Villani said William I sought to put her to death due to the prediction until Tancred, a bastard son of Roger I, Count of Sicily, persuaded him to send her to a convent instead.

Joachim Camerarius argued that Constance was simply sent to the convent during the coup against William I for her safety and stayed there until her betrothal without ever being a nun. Hugo Falcandus and Richard of San Germano argued Constance was brought up and educated in royal palace rather than a monastery. François Eudes de Mézeray said Constance had never become a nun.

References

1. Curtis 1911.
2. Luscombe & Riley-Smith 2004, p. 760.
3. Herbermann 1913.
4. Loud & Metcalfe 2002, p. xxi.

Sources

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Curtis, Edmund (1911). "William I. of Sicily". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 671.
• Alio, Jacqueline (2017). Margaret, Queen of Sicily. Trinacria.
• Loud, Graham A.; Metcalfe, Alex, eds. (2002). The Society of Norman Italy. Brill.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, C. 1024–c. 1198, Part II. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194. Longman: London, 1970.
• History of the Tyrants of Sicily at Patrologia Latina.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Naples". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Preceded by Tancred	Prince of Taranto 1138–1144	Succeeded by Simon
Preceded by Roger III	Duke of Apulia and Calabria 1149–1151	Succeeded by Roger IV
Preceded by Roger II	King of Sicily 1154–1166	Succeeded by William II