4

4 (four) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the natural number following 3 and preceding 5. It is the smallest composite number, and is considered unlucky in many East Asian cultures.

This article is about the number. For the year, see AD 4. For other uses, see 4 (disambiguation), IV (disambiguation), Number Four (disambiguation), and No. 4 (disambiguation).

← 3 4 5 →
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Cardinal	four
Ordinal	4th (fourth)
Numeral system	quaternary
Factorization	2^2
Divisors	1, 2, 4
Greek numeral	Δ´
Roman numeral	IV, iv
Greek prefix	tetra-
Latin prefix	quadri-/quadr-
Binary	1002
Ternary	113
Octal	48
Duodecimal	412
Hexadecimal	416
Arabic, Kurdish	٤
Persian, Sindhi	۴
Shahmukhi, Urdu	۴
Ge'ez	፬
Bengali, Assamese	৪
Chinese numeral	四，亖，肆
Devanagari	४
Telugu	౪
Malayalam	൪
Tamil	௪
Hebrew	ד
Khmer	៤
Thai	๔
Kannada	೪
Burmese	၄

In mathematics

Four is the smallest composite number, its proper divisors being 1 and 2.[1]

4 is the smallest squared prime (p²) and the only even number in this form. 4 is also the only square one more than a prime number.

A number is a multiple of 4 if its last two digits are a multiple of 4.[2] For example, 1092 is a multiple of 4 because 92 = 4 × 23.

In addition, 2 + 2 = 2 × 2 = 2² = 4. Continuing the pattern in Knuth's up-arrow notation, 2 ↑↑ 2 = 2 ↑↑↑ 2 = 4, and so on, for any number of up arrows.[3] (That is, 2 [n] 2 = 4 for every positive integer n, where a [n] b is the hyperoperation.)

A four-sided plane figure is a quadrilateral (quadrangle) which include kites, rhombi, rectangles and squares, sometimes also called a tetragon. A circle divided by 4 makes right angles and four quadrants. Because of it, four (4) is the base number of the plane (mathematics).

A solid figure with four faces as well as four vertices is a tetrahedron,[4] and 4 is the smallest possible number of faces (as well as vertices) of a polyhedron.[5] The regular tetrahedron is the simplest Platonic solid.[6] A tetrahedron, which can also be called a 3-simplex, has four triangular faces and four vertices. It is the only self-dual regular polyhedron.[7]

Four-dimensional space is the highest-dimensional space featuring more than three convex regular figures:

• Two-dimensional: infinitely many convex regular polygons.
• Three-dimensional: five convex regular polyhedra (the five Platonic solids).
• Four-dimensional: six convex regular polychora.
• Five-dimensional and every higher-dimensional: three regular convex polytopes (regular simplexes, hypercubes, cross-polytopes).

Four-dimensional differential manifolds have some unique properties. There is only one differential structure on ℝⁿ except when n = 4, in which case there are uncountably many.

The smallest non-cyclic group has four elements; it is the Klein four-group.[8] Four is also the order of the smallest non-trivial groups that are not simple.

Four is the only integer n for which the (non trivial) alternating group A_n is not simple.

Four is the maximum number of dimensions of a real associative division algebra (the quaternions), by a theorem of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius.

The four-color theorem states that a planar graph (or, equivalently, a flat map of two-dimensional regions such as countries) can be colored using four colors, so that adjacent vertices (or regions) are always different colors.[9] Three colors are not, in general, sufficient to guarantee this.[10] The largest planar complete graph has four vertices.[11]

Lagrange's four-square theorem states that every positive integer can be written as the sum of at most four square numbers.[12] Three are not always sufficient; 7 for instance cannot be written as the sum of three squares.[13]

Each natural number divisible by 4 is a difference of squares of two natural numbers, i.e. 4x = y² − z².

Four is the highest degree general polynomial equation for which there is a solution in radicals.[14]

List of basic calculations

Multiplication	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10		11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20		21	22	23	24	25		50	100	1000
4 × x	4	8	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40		44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80		84	88	92	96	100		200	400	4000

Division	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10		11	12	13	14	15	16
4 ÷ x	4	2	1.3	1	0.8	0.6	0.571428	0.5	0.4	0.4		0.36	0.3	0.307692	0.285714	0.26	0.25
x ÷ 4	0.25	0.5	0.75	1	1.25	1.5	1.75	2	2.25	2.5		2.75	3	3.25	3.5	3.75	4

Exponentiation	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10		11	12	13
4^x	4	16	64	256	1024	4096	16384	65536	262144	1048576		4194304	16777216	67108864
x^4	1	16	81	256	625	1296	2401	4096	6561	10000		14641	20736	28561

Evolution of the glyph

Two modern handwritten fours

Representing 1, 2 and 3 in as many lines as the number represented worked well. The Brahmin Indians simplified 4 by joining its four lines into a cross that looks like the modern plus sign. The Shunga would add a horizontal line on top of the numeral, and the Kshatrapa and Pallava evolved the numeral to a point where the speed of writing was a secondary concern. The Arabs' 4 still had the early concept of the cross, but for the sake of efficiency, was made in one stroke by connecting the "western" end to the "northern" end; the "eastern" end was finished off with a curve. The Europeans dropped the finishing curve and gradually made the numeral less cursive, ending up with a glyph very close to the original Brahmin cross.[15]

While the shape of the 4 character has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a descender, as, for example, in .

On the seven-segment displays of pocket calculators and digital watches, as well as certain optical character recognition fonts, 4 is seen with an open top.[16]

Television stations that operate on channel 4 have occasionally made use of another variation of the "open 4", with the open portion being on the side, rather than the top. This version resembles the Canadian Aboriginal syllabics letter ᔦ. The magnetic ink character recognition "CMC-7" font also uses this variety of "4".[17]

In religion

Buddhism

• Four Noble Truths – Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Magga[18]
• Four sights – observations which affected Prince Siddhartha deeply and made him realize the sufferings of all beings, and compelled him to begin his spiritual journey—an old man, a sick man, a dead man, and an ascetic[19]
• Four Great Elements – earth, water, fire, and wind[20]
• Four Heavenly Kings[21]
• Four Foundations of Mindfulness – contemplation of the body, contemplation of feelings, contemplation of mind, contemplation of mental objects[18]
• Four Right Exertions[22]
• Four Bases of Power[23]
• Four jhānas[24]
• Four arūpajhānas[25]
• Four Divine Abidings – loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity[26]
• Four stages of enlightenment – stream-enterer, once-returner, non-returner, and arahant[27]
• Four main pilgrimage sites – Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Kusinara[18]

Judeo-Christian symbolism

• The Tetragrammaton is the four-letter name of God.[28]
• Ezekiel has a vision of four living creatures: a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle.[29]
• The four Matriarchs (foremothers) of Judaism are Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, and Rachel.[30]
• The Four Species (lulav, hadass, aravah and etrog) are taken as one of the mitzvot on the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. (Judaism)[31]
• The Four Cups of Wine to drink on the Jewish holiday of Passover. (Judaism)[32]
• The Four Questions to be asked on the Jewish holiday of Passover. (Judaism)[32]
• The Four Sons to be dealt with on the Jewish holiday of Passover. (Judaism)[32]
• The Four Expressions of Redemption to be said on the Jewish holiday of Passover. (Judaism)[33]
• The four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. (Christianity)[34]
• The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse ride in the Book of Revelation. (Christianity)[35]
• The Four Holy Cities of Judaism: Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed, and Tiberius[36]

Hinduism

• There are four Vedas: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.[37]
• In Puruṣārtha, there are four aims of human life: Dharma, Artha, Kāma, Moksha.[38]
• The four stages of life Brahmacharya (student life), Grihastha (household life), Vanaprastha (retired life) and Sannyasa (renunciation).[39]
• The four primary castes or strata of society: Brahmana (priest/teacher), Kshatriya (warrior/politician), Vaishya (landowner/entrepreneur) and Shudra (servant/manual laborer).[40]
• The swastika symbol is traditionally used in Hindu religions as a sign of good luck and signifies good from all four directions.[41]
• The god Brahma has four faces.[42]
• There are four Yugas: Satya, Dwapara, Treta and Kali[43]

Islam

• Eid al-Adha lasts for four days, from the 10th to the 14th of Dhul Hijja.[44]
• There are four Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib.[45]
• The Four Arch Angels in Islam are: Jibraeel (Gabriel), Mikaeel (Michael), Izraeel (Azrael), and Israfil (Raphael)[46]
• There are four months in which war is not permitted: Muharram, Rajab, Dhu al-Qi'dah and Dhu al-Hijjah.[47]
• There are four Sunni schools of fiqh: Hanafi, Shafi`i, Maliki and Hanbali.
• There are four major Sunni Imams: Abū Ḥanīfa, Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i, Malik ibn Anas and Ahmad ibn Hanbal.
• There are four books in Islam: Torah, Zaboor, Injeel, Quran.[48]
• Waiting for four months is ordained for those who take an oath for abstention from their wives.[49]
• The waiting period of the woman whose husband dies, is four months and ten days.[50]
• When Abraham said: “My Lord, show me how You give life to the dead,” Allah said: “Why! Do you have no faith?” Abraham replied: “Yes, but in order that my heart be at rest.” He said: “Then take four birds, and tame them to yourself, then put a part of them on every hill, and summon them; they will come to you flying. [Al-Baqara 2:260][51]
• The respite of four months was granted to give time to the mushriks in Surah At-Tawba so that they should consider their position carefully and decide whether to make preparation for war or to emigrate from the country or to accept Islam.[52]
• Those who accuse honorable women (of unchastity) but do not produce four witnesses, flog them with eighty lashes, and do not admit their testimony ever after. They are indeed transgressors. [An-Noor 24:4][53]

Taoism

• Four Symbols of I Ching[54]

Other

• In a more general sense, numerous mythological and cosmogonical systems consider Four corners of the world as essentially corresponding to the four points of the compass.[55]
• Four is the sacred number of the Zia, an indigenous tribe located in the U.S. state of New Mexico.[56]
• The Chinese, the Koreans, and the Japanese are superstitious about the number four because it is a homonym for "death" in their languages.[57]
• In Slavic mythology, the god Svetovid has four heads.[58]

In politics

• Four Freedoms: four fundamental freedoms that Franklin D. Roosevelt declared ought to be enjoyed by everyone in the world: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom from Want, Freedom from Fear.[59]
• Gang of Four: Popular name for four Chinese Communist Party leaders who rose to prominence during China's Cultural Revolution, but were ousted in 1976 following the death of Chairman Mao Zedong. Among the four was Mao's widow, Jiang Qing. Since then, many other political factions headed by four people have been called "Gangs of Four".[60]

In computing

• Four bits (half a byte) are sometimes called a nibble[61]

In science

• A tetramer is an oligomer formed out of four sub-units.[62]

In astronomy

• Four terrestrial (or rocky) planets in the Solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.[63]
• Four giant gas/ice planets in the Solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.[64]
• Four of Jupiter's moons (the Galilean moons) are readily visible from Earth with a hobby telescope.[65]
• Messier object M4, a magnitude 7.5 globular cluster in the constellation Scorpius.[66]
• The Roman numeral IV stands for subgiant in the Yerkes spectral classification scheme.[67]

In biology

• Four is the number of nucleobase types in DNA and RNA – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (uracil in RNA).[68]
• Many chordates have four feet, legs or leglike appendages (tetrapods).
• The mammalian heart consists of four chambers.[69]
• Many mammals (Carnivora, Ungulata) use four fingers for movement.
• All insects with wings except flies and mosquitos and some others have four wings.[70]
• Insects of the superorder Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, such as butterflies, ants, bees, beetles, fleas, flies, moths, and wasps, undergo holometabolism—complete metamorphism in four stages—from (1) embryo (ovum, egg), to (2) larva (such as grub, caterpillar), then (3) pupa (such as the chrysalis), and finally (4) the imago.[71]
• In the common ABO blood group system, there are 4 blood types (A, B, O, AB).[72]
• Humans have four canines and four wisdom teeth.[73]
• The cow's stomach is divided in four digestive compartments: reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum.[74]

In chemistry

• Valency of carbon (that is basis of life on the Earth) is four. Also because of its tetrahedral crystal bond structure, diamond (one of the natural allotropes of carbon) is the hardest known naturally occurring material. It is also the valence of silicon, whose compounds form the majority of the mass of the Earth's crust.[75]
• The atomic number of beryllium[76]
• There are four basic states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.[77]

In physics

• Special relativity and general relativity treat nature as four-dimensional: 3D regular space and one-dimensional time are treated together and called spacetime.[78] Also, any event E has a light cone composed of four zones of possible communication and cause and effect (outside the light cone is strictly incommunicado).
• There are four fundamental forces (electromagnetism, gravitation, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force).[79]
• In statistical mechanics, the four functions inequality is an inequality for four functions on a finite distributive lattice.[80]

In logic and philosophy

• The symbolic meanings of the number four are linked to those of the cross and the square. "Almost from prehistoric times, the number four was employed to signify what was solid, what could be touched and felt. Its relationship to the cross (four points) made it an outstanding symbol of wholeness and universality, a symbol which drew all to itself". Where lines of latitude and longitude intersect, they divide the earth into four proportions. Throughout the world kings and chieftains have been called "lord of the four suns" or "lord of the four quarters of the earth",[81] which is understood to refer to the extent of their powers both territorially and in terms of total control of their subjects' doings.
• The Square of Opposition, in both its Aristotelian version and its Boolean version, consists of four forms: A ("All S is R"), I ("Some S is R"), E ("No S is R"), and O ("Some S is not R").
• In regard to whether two given propositions can have the same truth value, there are four separate logical possibilities: the propositions are subalterns (possibly both are true, and possibly both are false); subcontraries (it is possible that both are true, but not that both are false); contraries (it is possible that both are false, but not that both are true); or contradictories (it is not possible that both are true, and it is not possible that both are false).
• Aristotle held that there are basically four causes in nature: the material, the formal, the efficient,and the final.[82]
• The Stoics held with four basic categories, all viewed as bodies (substantial and insubstantial): (1) substance in the sense of substrate, primary formless matter; (2) quality, matter's organization to differentiate and individualize something, and coming down to a physical ingredient such as pneuma, breath; (3) somehow holding (or disposed), as in a posture, state, shape, size, action, and (4) somehow holding (or disposed) toward something, as in relative location, familial relation, and so forth.
• Immanuel Kant expounded a table of judgments involving four three-way alternatives, in regard to (1) Quantity, (2) Quality, (3) Relation, (4) Modality, and, based thereupon, a table of four categories, named by the terms just listed, and each with three subcategories.
• Arthur Schopenhauer's doctoral thesis was On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.
• Franz Brentano held that any major philosophical period has four phases: (1) Creative and rapidly progressing with scientific interest and results; then declining through the remaining phases, (2) practical, (3) increasingly skeptical, and (4) literary, mystical, and scientifically worthless—until philosophy is renewed through a new period's first phase. (See Brentano's essay "The Four Phases of Philosophy and Its Current State" 1895, tr. by Mezei and Smith 1998.)
• C. S. Peirce, usually a trichotomist, discussed four methods for overcoming troublesome uncertainties and achieving secure beliefs: (1) the method of tenacity (policy of sticking to initial belief), (2) the method of authority, (3) the method of congruity (following a fashionable paradigm), and (4) the fallibilistic, self-correcting method of science (see "The Fixation of Belief", 1877); and four barriers to inquiry, barriers refused by the fallibilist: (1) assertion of absolute certainty; (2) maintaining that something is absolutely unknowable; (3) maintaining that something is absolutely inexplicable because absolutely basic or ultimate; (4) holding that perfect exactitude is possible, especially such as to quite preclude unusual and anomalous phenomena (see "F.R.L." [First Rule of Logic], 1899).
• Paul Weiss built a system involving four modes of being: Actualities (substances in the sense of substantial, spatio-temporally finite beings), Ideality or Possibility (pure normative form), Existence (the dynamic field), and God (unity). (See Weiss's Modes of Being, 1958).
• Karl Popper outlined a tetradic schema to describe the growth of theories and, via generalization, also the emergence of new behaviors and living organisms: (1) problem, (2) tentative theory, (3) (attempted) error-elimination (especially by way of critical discussion), and (4) new problem(s). (See Popper's Objective Knowledge, 1972, revised 1979.)
• John Boyd (military strategist) made his key concept the decision cycle or OODA loop, consisting of four stages: (1) observation (data intake through the senses), (2) orientation (analysis and synthesis of data), (3) decision, and (4) action.[83] Boyd held that his decision cycle has philosophical generality, though for strategists the point remains that, through swift decisions, one can disrupt an opponent's decision cycle.
• Richard McKeon outlined four classes (each with four subclasses) of modes of philosophical inquiry: (1) Modes of Being (Being); (2) Modes of Thought (That which is); (3) Modes of Fact (Existence); (4) Modes of Simplicity (Experience)—and, corresponding to them, four classes (each with four subclasses) of philosophical semantics: Principles, Methods, Interpretations, and Selections. (See McKeon's "Philosophic Semantics and Philosophic Inquiry" in Freedom and History and Other Essays, 1989.)
• Jonathan Lowe (E.J. Lowe) argues in The Four-Category Ontology, 2006, for four categories: kinds (substantial universals), attributes (relational universals and property-universals), objects (substantial particulars), and modes (relational particulars and property-particulars, also known as "tropes"). (See Lowe's "Recent Advances in Metaphysics," 2001, Eprint)
• Four opposed camps of the morality and nature of evil: moral absolutism, amoralism, moral relativism, and moral universalism.

In technology

4 as a resin identification code, used in recycling.

• The resin identification code used in recycling to identify low-density polyethylene.[84]
• Most furniture has four legs – tables, chairs, etc.
• The four color process (CMYK) is used for printing.[85]
• Wide use of rectangles (with four angles and four sides) because they have effective form and capability for close adjacency to each other (houses, rooms, tables, bricks, sheets of paper, screens, film frames).
• In the Rich Text Format specification, language code 4 is for the Chinese language. Codes for regional variants of Chinese are congruent to 4 mod 256.
• Credit card machines have four-twelve function keys.
• On most phones, the 4 key is associated with the letters G, H, and I,[86] but on the BlackBerry cellular phone, it is the key for D and F.
• On many computer keyboards, the "4" key may also be used to type the dollar sign ($) if the shift key is held down.
• It is the number of bits in a nibble, equivalent to half a byte[87]
• In internet slang, "4" can replace the word "for" (as "four" and "for" are pronounced similarly). For example, typing "4u" instead of "for you".
• In Leetspeak, "4" may be used to replace the letter "A".
• The TCP/IP stack consists of four layers.[88]

In transport

• Many internal combustion engines are called four-stroke engines because they complete one thermodynamic cycle in four distinct steps: Intake, compression, power, and exhaust.
• Most vehicles, including motor vehicles, and particularly cars/automobiles and light commercial vehicles have four road wheels.
• "Quattro", meaning four in the Italian language, is used by Audi as a trademark to indicate that all-wheel drive (AWD) technologies are used on Audi-branded cars.[89] The word "Quattro" was initially used by Audi in 1980 in its original 4WD coupé, the Audi Quattro. Audi also has a privately held subsidiary company called quattro GmbH.
• List of highways numbered 4

In sports

• In the Australian Football League, the top level of Australian rules football, each team is allowed 4 "interchanges" (substitute players), who can be freely substituted at any time, subject to a limit on the total number of substitutions.
• In baseball:
  • There are four bases in the game: first base, second base, third base, and home plate; to score a run, an offensive player must complete, in the sequence shown, a circuit of those four bases.
  • When a batter receives four pitches that the umpire declares to be "balls" in a single at-bat, a base on balls, informally known as a "walk", is awarded, with the batter sent to first base.
  • For scoring, number 4 is assigned to the second baseman.
  • Four is the most runs that can be scored on any single at bat, whereby all three baserunners and the batter score (the most common being via a grand slam).
• In basketball, the number four is used to designate the power forward position, often referred to as "the four spot" or "the four".[90]
• In cricket, a four is a specific type of scoring event, whereby the ball crosses the boundary after touching the ground at least one time, scoring four runs. Taking four wickets in four consecutive balls is typically referred to as a double hat trick (two consecutive, overlapping hat tricks).
• In rowing, a four refers to a boat for four rowers, with or without coxswain. In rowing nomenclature, 4− represents a coxless four and 4+ represents a coxed four.
• In rugby league:
  • A try is worth 4 points.
  • One of the two starting centres wears the jersey number 4. (An exception to this rule is the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.)
• In rugby union:
  • One of the two starting locks wears the jersey number 4.
  • In the standard bonus points system, a point is awarded in the league standings to a team that scores at least 4 tries in a match, regardless of the match result.

In other fields

See also: 4 (disambiguation)

International maritime signal flag for 4

• The phrase "four-letter word" is used to describe many swear words in the English language.[91]

• Four is the only number whose name in English has the same number of letters as its value.
• Four (四, formal writing: 肆, pinyin sì) is considered an unlucky number in Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese and Japanese cultures mostly in Eastern Asia because it sounds like the word "death" (死, pinyin sǐ). To avoid complaints from people with tetraphobia, many numbered product lines skip the "four": e.g. Nokia cell phones (there is no series beginning with a 4), Palm PDAs, etc. Some buildings skip floor 4 or replace the number with the letter "F", particularly in heavily Asian areas. See tetraphobia and Numbers in Chinese culture.
• The number of characters in a canonical four-character idiom.
• In the NATO phonetic alphabet, the digit 4 is called "fower".[92]
• In Astrology, Cancer is the 4th astrological sign of the Zodiac.[93]

playing cards for 4

• In Tarot, The Emperor is the fourth trump or Major Arcana card.[94]
• In Tetris, a game named for the Greek word for 4, every shape in the game is formed of 4 blocks each.[95][96]
• 4 represents the number of Justices on the Supreme Court of the United States necessary to grant a writ of certiorari (i.e., agree to hear a case; it is one less than the number necessary to render a majority decision).[97]
• Number Four is a character in the book series Lorien Legacies[98]

In music

• In written music, common time is constructed of four beats per measure and a quarter note receives one beat.[99]
• In popular or modern music, the most common time signature is also founded on four beats, i.e., 4/4 having four quarter note beats.
• The common major scale is built on two sets of four notes (e.g., CDEF, GABC), where the first and last notes create an octave interval (a pair-of-four relationship).
• The interval of a perfect fourth is a foundational element of many genres of music, represented in music theory as the tonic and subdominant relationship. Four is also embodied within the circle of fifths (also known as circle of fourths), which reveals the interval of four in more active harmonic contexts.
• The typical number of movements in a symphony.[100]
• The number of completed, numbered symphonies by Johannes Brahms.[101]
• The number of strings on a violin, a viola, a cello, double bass, a cuatro and a ukulele, and the number of string pairs on a mandolin.
• "Four calling birds" is the gift on the fourth day of Christmas in the carol "The Twelve Days of Christmas".[102]

Albums

• Four, British rock band Bloc Party's fourth full-length album.[103]
• Four, British-Irish boy band One Direction's fourth full-length album.[104]
• 4, American artist Beyoncé's fourth album.[105]
• 4, British–American band Foreigner's fourth studio album.[106]

Groups of four

• Big Four (disambiguation)
• Four basic operations of arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.[107]
• Greek classical elements (fire, air, water, earth).[108]
• Four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter.
• The Four Seasons (disambiguation)
• A leap year generally occurs every four years.[109]
• Approximately four weeks (4 times 7 days) to a lunar month (synodic month = 29.53 days). Thus the number four is universally an integral part of primitive sacred calendars.
• Four weeks of Advent (and four Advent candles on the Advent wreath).
• Four cardinal directions: north, south, east, west.[110]
• Four Temperaments: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic.
• Four Humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm.[111]
• Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
• Four-corner method.
• Cardinal principles.
• Four cardinal virtues: justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude.
• Four suits of playing cards: hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades.[112]
• Four nations of the United Kingdom: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland.
• Four provinces of Ireland: Munster, Ulster, Leinster, Connacht.
• Four estates: politics, administration, judiciary, journalism. Especially in the expression "Fourth Estate", which means journalism.
• Four Corners is the only location in the United States where four states come together at a single point: Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
• Four Evangelists – Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
• Four Doctors of Western Church – Saint Gregory the Great, Saint Ambrose, Saint Augustine, and Saint Jerome
• Four Doctors of Eastern Church – Saint John Chrysostom, Saint Basil the Great, and Gregory of Nazianzus and Saint Athanasius
• Four Galilean moons of Jupiter – Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto
• The Gang of Four was a Chinese communist political faction.
• The Fantastic Four: Mr. Fantastic, The Invisible Woman, The Human Torch, The Thing.
• The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael
• The Interesting Four: Seiko, The Human Stapler, Weather Woman, and Mr. Wonderful. Parody superhero team featured on NBC's Saturday Night Live.
• The Beatles were also known as the "Fab Four": John Lennon, Ringo Starr, George Harrison, Paul McCartney.
• Gang of Four is a British post-punk rock band formed in the late 1970s.
• Four rivers in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:10–14): Pishon (perhaps the Jaxartes or Syr Darya), Gihon (perhaps the Oxus or Amu Darya), Hiddekel (Tigris), and P'rat (Euphrates).
• There are also four years in a single Olympiad (duration between the Olympic Games). Many major international sports competitions follow this cycle, among them the FIFA World Cup and its women's version, the FIBA World Championships for men and women, and the Rugby World Cup.
• There are four limbs on the human body.
• Four Houses of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter series: Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, Slytherin.[113]
• Four known continents of the world in the A Song of Ice and Fire series: Westeros, Essos, Sothoryos, Ulthos.
• Each Grand Prix in Nintendo's Mario Kart series is divided into four cups and each cup is divided into four courses. The Mushroom Cup, Flower Cup, Star Cup, and Special Cup make up the Nitro Grand Prix, while the Shell Cup, Banana Cup, Leaf Cup, and the Lightning Cup make up the Retro Grand Prix.

References

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2. Prep, Kaplan Test (2017-01-03). SAT Subject Test Mathematics Level 1. Simon and Schuster. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-5062-0922-7. An integer is divisible by 4 if the last two digits form a multiple of 4.
3. Hodges, Andrew (2008-05-17). One to Nine: The Inner Life of Numbers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-393-06863-4. 2 ↑↑ ... ↑↑ 2 is always 4
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5. Grossnickle, Foster Earl; Reckzeh, John (1968). Discovering Meanings in Elementary School Mathematics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 337. ...the smallest possible number of faces that a polyhedron may have is four
6. Grossnickle, Foster Earl; Reckzeh, John (1968). Discovering Meanings in Elementary School Mathematics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 337. ...face of the platonic solid. The simplest of these shapes is the tetrahedron...
7. Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1999). Geometry and the Imagination. American Mathematical Soc. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8218-1998-2. ...the tetrahedron plays an anomalous role in that it is self-dual, whereas the four remaining polyhedra are mutually dual in pairs...
8. Jeremy, Horne (2017-05-19). Philosophical Perceptions on Logic and Order. IGI Global. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-5225-2444-1. The Klein four-group is the smallest noncyclic group,...
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11. Molitierno, Jason J. (2016-04-19). Applications of Combinatorial Matrix Theory to Laplacian Matrices of Graphs. CRC Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4398-6339-8. … The complete graph on the largest number of vertices that is planar is K4 and that a(K4) equals 4.
12. Spencer, Joel (1996), Chudnovsky, David V.; Chudnovsky, Gregory V.; Nathanson, Melvyn B. (eds.), "Four Squares with Few Squares", Number Theory: New York Seminar 1991–1995, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 295–297, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2418-1_22, ISBN 978-1-4612-2418-1, retrieved 2020-07-28
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19. Voorst, Robert Van (2012-01-01). RELG: World. Cengage Learning. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-111-72620-1. He first observed the suffering of the world in the Four Passing Sites
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21. Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar (2003). Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan. Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-7936-009-5. The Buddhists adopted him as one of the four Devarajas or Heavenly Kings
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23. Mistry, Freny (2011-05-02). Nietzsche and Buddhism: Prolegomenon to a Comparative Study. Walter de Gruyter. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-11-083724-7. these four bases of psychic power
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25. Jayatilleke, K. N. (2013-10-16). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54294-9. ...the states of the four arupajhanas.
26. Gorkom, Nina van. The Perfections Leading to Enlightenment. Рипол Классик. p. 171. ISBN 978-5-88139-786-9. There are four of them: loving-kindness, metta, compassion, karuna, sympathetic joy, mudita and equanimity, upekkha.
27. Rinpoche, Khenchen Konchog Gyaltshen; Milarepa; Sumgon, Jigten (2013-10-08). Opening the Treasure of the Profound: Teachings on the Songs of Jigten Sumgon and Milarepa. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-8348-2896-4. ...four types of shravaka (stream enterer, oncereturner, nonreturner, and arhat)
28. Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Lochman, Jan Milic; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav (2008-02-14). The Encyclodedia of Christianity, Vol. 5. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 823. ISBN 978-0-8028-2417-2.
29. Stevenson, Kenneth; Glerup, Michael (2014-03-19). Ezekiel, Daniel. InterVarsity Press. pp. xlv. ISBN 978-0-8308-9738-4. We have already mentioned the four living creatures—the man, the lion, the ox and the eagle
30. Butnick, Stephanie; Leibovitz, Liel; Oppenheimer, Mark (2019-10-01). The Newish Jewish Encyclopedia: From Abraham to Zabar’s and Everything in Between. Artisan Books. ISBN 978-1-57965-893-9. ...be like Sarah, Rachel, Rebecca, and Leah, the foremothers of Judaism
31. Kaplan, Aryeh (1990). Innerspace: Introduction to Kabbalah, Meditation and Prophecy. Moznaim. p. 109. ...as well as to the palm ( lulav ) , myrtle ( hadas ) , willow ( aravah ) and citron ( etrog ) , the four species of plants
32. Dennis, Geoffrey W. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7387-0905-5. The Passover Seder is particularly structured around fours: the Four Questions, the Four Sons, and four cups of wine.
33. "Four Expressions of Redemption to be said on the Jewish holiday of Passover - Google Search". www.google.com. p. 46. Retrieved 2020-07-29. There are four expressions of redemption in the Torah
34. Charles, Templeton (1973). Jesus: the four Gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, combined in one narrative and rendered in modern English. Simon and Schuster.
35. Wagner, Richard; Helyer, Larry R. (2011-01-31). The Book of Revelation For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-118-05086-6. The four horsemen of the Apocalypse are one of the most familiar images of Revelation
36. Turfe, Tallal Alie (2013-07-19). Children of Abraham: United We Prevail, Divided We Fail. iUniverse. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4759-9047-8. The four holy cities of Judaism are Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed, and Tiberius.
37. Frawley, David (2014-10-07). Vedic Yoga: The Path of the Rishi. Lotus Press. ISBN 978-0-940676-25-1. There are four Vedas
38. Fritz, Stephen Martin (2019-05-14). Our Human Herds: The Theory of Dual Morality (Second Edition, Unabridged). Dog Ear Publishing. p. 491. ISBN 978-1-4575-6755-1. that these four proper aims and objects
39. Maanas - Individual and Society. Rapid Publications. ISBN 978-1-937192-06-8. The Four Stages of Life
40. Chwalkowski, Farrin (2016-12-14). Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4438-5728-4. The four primary castes or strata of society:...
41. Kulendiren, Pon (2012-10-11). Hinduism a Scientific Religion: & Some Temples in Sri Lanka. iUniverse. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4759-3675-9.
42. Jansen, Eva Rudy (1993). The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning. Binkey Kok Publications. p. 87. ISBN 978-90-74597-07-4. Brahma has four faces,...
43. "Definition of yuga | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
44. Çakmak, Cenap (2017-05-18). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-61069-217-5. ...Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice) lasts four days ...
45. Leonard, Timothy; Willis, Peter (2008-06-11). Pedagogies of the Imagination: Mythopoetic Curriculum in Educational Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4020-8350-1. ... four Rightly Guided Caliphs, Abu-Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib,...
46. Chwalkowski, Farrin (2016-12-14). Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4438-5728-4. According to Islam, the Four Arch Angels are: Jibraeel (Gabriel), Mikaeel (Michael), Izraeel (Azrael), and Israfil (Raphael).
47. Ph.D, Assad Nimer Busool (2010-12-28). The Wise Qur'an: These are the Verses of the Wise Book: These are the verses of the Wise Book. Xlibris Corporation. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-4535-2526-5. The sacred months are four, Rajab, Dhu al-Qi'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and al-Muharram. During those four sacred months there were no war...
48. Shabazz, Hassan (2020-01-06). Al Islaam, and the Transformation of Society. Lulu.com. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-7948-3337-1. There are four books in Islam: Torah, Zaboor, Injeel and Holy Qur'an...
49. BUKHARI, MUOHAMMAD BEN ISMAIL AL (2007-01-01). THE CORRECT TRADITIONS OF AL'BUKHARI 1-4 VOL 3: صحيح البخاري 1/4 [عربي/انكليزي] ج3. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 840. For those who take an oath for abstention from their wives, awaiting for four months is ordained;
50. Ahmad, Yusuf Al-Hajj. The Book Of Nikkah: Encyclopaedia of Islamic Law. Darussalam Publishers. ...for four months and ten days.
51. Mawdudi, Sayyid Abul A'la (2016-12-15). Towards Understanding the Qur'an: English Only Edition. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-86037-613-2. Then take four birds, ...
52. Maudoodi, Syed Abul ʻAla (2000). Sūrah al-Aʻarāf to Sūrah bani Isrāel. Islamic Publications. p. 177. The respite of four months...
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55. Terry, Milton Spenser (1883). Biblical Hermenutics: A Treatise on the Interpretation of the Old and New Testaments. Phillips & Hunt. p. 382. the four corners or extremities of the earth (Isa. xi, 12; Ezek. vii, 2.; Rev. vii, 1 ; xx, 8), corresponding, doubtless, with the four points of the compass
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65. Pidwirny, Michael (2020-05-07). Chapter 3: Matter, Energy and the Universe: Single chapter from the eBook Understanding Physical Geography. Our Planet Earth Publishing. p. 10. including the four large Galilean moons that are easily visible from a hobby telescope
66. Pugh, Philip (2011-11-02). Observing the Messier Objects with a Small Telescope: In the Footsteps of a Great Observer. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-387-85357-4. M4 is a globular star cluster near Antares in Scorpius.
67. Bok, Bart Jan; Bok, Priscilla Fairfield (1981). The Milky Way. Harvard University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-674-57503-5. IV , subgiants
68. Encyclopedia of Cell Biology. Academic Press. 2015-08-07. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-12-394796-3.
69. Chien, Shu; Chen, Peter C. Y.; Fung, Yuan-cheng (2008). An Introductory Text to Bioengineering. World Scientific. p. 54. ISBN 978-981-270-793-2. The mammalian heart consists of four chambers,...
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71. Pittenger, Dennis (2014-12-15). California Master Gardener Handbook, 2nd Edition. UCANR Publications. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-60107-857-5. metamorphosis is marked by four distinct stages
72. Darpan, Pratiyogita (2008). Pratiyogita Darpan. Pratiyogita Darpan. p. 85. In the 'ABO' system, all blood belongs one of four major groups — A, B, AB or O
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74. Woodward, Thompson Elwyn; Nystrom, Amer Benjamin (1930). Feeding Dairy Cows. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 4. The cow's stomach is divided into four compartments.
75. Lucas, Jerry (1993). Great unsolved mysteries of science. F & W Pubns Inc. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-55870-291-2. Of course, carbon is not the only chemical element with a valence of +4 or -4
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82. Hennig, Boris (2018-12-05). Aristotle's Four Causes. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-5929-9. This book examines Aristotle's four causes (material, formal, efficient, and final)
83. Wilkinson, Amy (2015-02-17). The Creator's Code: The Six Essential Skills of Extraordinary Entrepreneurs. Simon and Schuster. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4516-6609-0. The OODA loop consists of four steps.
84. Howard, Brian Clark; Abdelrahman, Amina Lake; Institute, Good Housekeeping (2020-02-26). "You Might Be Recycling Wrong — Here's Everything You Need to Know About Recycling Symbols". Good Housekeeping. Retrieved 2020-07-28. Plastic Recycling Symbol #4: LDPE
85. Conover, Charles (2011-11-08). Designing for Print. John Wiley & Sons. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-118-13088-9. CMYK is the standard four-color model used for all full-color print jobs that will be output on an offset printing press
86. Vermaat, Misty E.; Sebok, Susan L.; Freund, Steven M.; Campbell, Jennifer T.; Frydenberg, Mark (2015-01-01). Discovering Computers, Essentials ©2016. Cengage Learning. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-305-53402-5. ...the 4 key (labeled with the letters g,h and i)...
87. Bunting, Steve; Wei, William (2006-03-06). EnCase Computer Forensics: The Official EnCE: EnCase?Certified Examiner Study Guide. John Wiley & Sons. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-7821-4435-2. A byte also contains two 4-bit nibbles...
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90. Schaller, Bob; Harnish, Dave (2009-09-18). The Everything Kids' Basketball Book: The all-time greats, legendary teams, today's superstars - and tips on playing like a pro. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4405-0177-7. Power forward Referred to as the number 4 spot
91. "Definition of FOUR-LETTER WORD". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
92. Wells, J. C. (2014-09-25). Sounds Interesting: Observations on English and General Phonetics. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-316-12385-0. But one confused re-spelling is fower for 'four'.
93. Guttman, Ariel; Guttman, Gail; Johnson, Kenneth (1993). Mythic Astrology: Archetypal Powers in the Horoscope. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-87542-248-0. Sign: Cancer, the fourth Zodiacal Sign
94. Curtiss, Harriette A. (1996). The Key to the Universe. Health Research Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-7873-1233-6. The 4th Tarot Card is called “The Emperor.”
95. Weller, David; Lobao, Alexandre Santos; Hatton, Ellen (2004-09-20). Beginning .NET Game Programming in VB .NET. Apress. p. 383. ISBN 978-1-4302-0724-5. ...tetraminos (the shapes used in Tetris) are all just a collection of four blocks
96. Jozefowicz, Chris (2009-08-07). Video Games. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4339-4406-2. Tetra means "four" in Greek. Blocks in the game are made of four squares
97. Bardes, Barbara; Shelley, Mack; Schmidt, Steffen (2008-12-16). American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials 2009 - 2010 Edition. Cengage Learning. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-495-57170-4. The court will not issue a writ unless at least four justices approve of it. This is called the rule of four.
98. "Movie Projector: 'I Am Number Four' to be No. 1 at holiday weekend box office [Updated]". LA Times Blogs - Company Town. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
99. Roberts, Gareth E. (2016-02-15). From Music to Mathematics: Exploring the Connections. JHU Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4214-1918-3. … called common time and denoted by C, which has four beats per measure
100. Bonds, Mark Evan (2009-01-10). Music as Thought: Listening to the Symphony in the Age of Beethoven. Princeton University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4008-2739-8. The number, character and sequence of movements in the symphony, moreover, did not stabilize until the 1770s when the familiar format of four movements...
101. Frisch, Walter (2003). Brahms: The Four Symphonies. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09965-2.
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110. Touche, Fred; Price, Anne (2005). Wilderness Navigation Handbook. Touche Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-9732527-0-5. Each of the familiar cardinal directions is equivalent to a particular true bearing:north (0°), east (90°), south (180°),and west (270°)
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• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 55–58

External links

• Marijn.Org on Why is everything four?
• A few thoughts on the number four, by Penelope Merritt at samuel-beckett.net
• The Number 4
• The Positive Integer 4
• Prime curiosities: 4