Messier object

The Messier objects are a set of 110 astronomical objects catalogued by the French astronomer Charles Messier in his Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des Amas d'Étoiles ("Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters"). Because Messier was only interested in finding comets, he created a list of non-comet objects that frustrated his hunt for them. The compilation of this list, in collaboration with his assistant Pierre Méchain, is known as the Messier catalogue. This catalogue of objects is one of the most famous lists of astronomical objects, and many Messier objects are still referenced by their Messier number.[1] The catalogue includes astronomical objects (deep-sky objects) that can be observed from Earth's Northern Hemisphere; many Messier objects are extremely popular targets for amateur astronomers.[2]

Messier object

All Messier objects, taken and compiled by an amateur astronomer
Alternative names	Messier Catalogue
Survey type	astronomical catalogue
Target	nebula, planetary nebula, open cluster, globular cluster, galaxy
Named after	Charles Messier
Published	1771
Band	visual perception
Related media on Wikimedia Commons

A preliminary version first appeared in the Memoirs of the French Academy of Sciences in 1771.[3][4] The first version of Messier's catalogue contained 45 objects and was published in 1774 in the journal of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Eighteen of the objects were discovered by Messier, the rest being previously observed by other astronomers.[5] By 1780 the catalogue had increased to 80 objects. The final version of the catalogue containing 103 objects was published in 1781 in the Connaissance des Temps for the year 1784.[6] However, due to what was thought for a long time to be the incorrect addition of Messier 102, the total number remained 102. Other astronomers, using side notes in Messier's texts, eventually filled out the list up to 110 objects.[7]

The catalogue consists of a diverse range of astronomical objects, from star clusters and nebulae to galaxies. For example, Messier 1 is a supernova remnant, known as the Crab Nebula, and the great spiral Andromeda Galaxy is M31. Many further inclusions followed in the next century when the first addition came from Nicolas Camille Flammarion in 1921, who added Messier 104 after finding Messier's side note in his 1781 edition exemplar of the catalogue. M105 to M107 were added by Helen Sawyer Hogg in 1947, M108 and M109 by Owen Gingerich in 1960, and M110 by Kenneth Glyn Jones in 1967.[8]

Lists and editions

Charles Messier

The first edition of 1771 covered 45 objects numbered M1 to M45. The total list published by Messier in 1781 contained 103 objects, but the list was expanded through successive additions by other astronomers, motivated by notes in Messier's and Méchain's texts indicating that at least one of them knew of the additional objects. The first such addition came from Nicolas Camille Flammarion in 1921, who added Messier 104 after finding a note Messier made in a copy of the 1781 edition of the catalogue. M105 to M107 were added by Helen Sawyer Hogg in 1947, M108 and M109 by Owen Gingerich in 1960, and M110 by Kenneth Glyn Jones in 1967.[9] M102 was observed by Méchain, who communicated his notes to Messier. Méchain later concluded that this object was simply a re-observation of M101, though some sources suggest that the object Méchain observed was the galaxy NGC 5866 and identify that as M102.[10]

Messier's final catalogue was included in the Connaissance des Temps pour l'Année 1784 ("Knowledge of the Times for the Year 1784"), the French official yearly publication of astronomical ephemerides.[11][12]

Messier lived and did his astronomical work at the Hôtel de Cluny (now the Musée national du Moyen Âge), in Paris, France. The list he compiled contains only objects found in the sky area he could observe: from the north celestial pole to a celestial latitude of about −35.7°. He did not observe or list objects visible only from farther south, such as the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.[13]

Observations

The Messier catalogue comprises nearly all the most spectacular examples of the five types of deep-sky object – diffuse nebulae, planetary nebulae, open clusters, globular clusters, and galaxies – visible from European latitudes. Furthermore, almost all of the Messier objects are among the closest to Earth in their respective classes, which makes them heavily studied with professional class instruments that today can resolve very small and visually spectacular details in them. A summary of the astrophysics of each Messier object can be found in the Concise Catalog of Deep-sky Objects.[14]

Since these objects could be observed visually with the relatively small-aperture refracting telescope (approximately 100 mm, or 4 inches) used by Messier to study the sky, they are among the brightest and thus most attractive astronomical objects (popularly called deep-sky objects) observable from Earth, and are popular targets for visual study and astrophotography available to modern amateur astronomers using larger aperture equipment. In early spring, astronomers sometimes gather for "Messier marathons", when all of the objects can be viewed over a single night.[15][16]

Messier objects

Open cluster

Globular cluster

Diffuse nebula

Planetary nebula

Supernova remnant

Galaxy

Other

Messier number	NGC/IC number	Common name	Picture	Object type	Distance (kly)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude	Right ascension	Declination
M1[17]	NGC 1952	Crab Nebula		Supernova remnant	4.9–8.1	Taurus	8.4	05^h 34^m 31.94^s	+22° 00′ 52.2″
M2[18]	NGC 7089	–		Globular cluster	33	Aquarius	6.3	21^h 33^m 27.02^s	−00° 49′ 23.7″
M3[19]	NGC 5272	–		Globular cluster	33.9	Canes Venatici	6.2	13^h 42^m 11.62^s	+28° 22′ 38.2″
M4[20]	NGC 6121	–		Globular cluster	7.2	Scorpius	5.9	16^h 23^m 35.22^s	−26° 31′ 32.7″
M5[21]	NGC 5904	–		Globular cluster	24.5	Serpens	6.7	15^h 18^m 33.22^s	+02° 04′ 51.7″
M6[22]	NGC 6405	Butterfly Cluster		Open cluster	1.6	Scorpius	4.2	17^h 40.1^m	−32° 13′
M7[23]	NGC 6475	Ptolemy Cluster		Open cluster	0.65–1.31	Scorpius	3.3	17^h 53^m 51.2^s	−34° 47′ 34″
M8[24]	NGC 6523	Lagoon Nebula		Nebula with cluster	4.1	Sagittarius	6.0	18^h 03^m 37^s	−24° 23′ 12″
M9[25]	NGC 6333	–		Globular cluster	25.8	Ophiuchus	8.4	17^h 19^m 11.78^s	−18° 30′ 58.5″
M10[26]	NGC 6254	–		Globular cluster	14.3	Ophiuchus	6.4	16^h 57^m 8.92^s	−04° 05′ 58.07″
M11[27]	NGC 6705	Wild Duck Cluster		Open cluster	6.2	Scutum	6.3	18^h 51.1^m	−06° 16′
M12[28]	NGC 6218	–		Globular cluster	15.7	Ophiuchus	7.7	16^h 47^m 14.18^s	−01° 56′ 54.7″
M13[29]	NGC 6205	Great Globular Cluster in Hercules		Globular cluster	22.2	Hercules	5.8	16^h 41^m 41.24^s	+36° 27′ 35.5″
M14[30]	NGC 6402	–		Globular cluster	30.3	Ophiuchus	8.3	17^h 37^m 36.15^s	−03° 14′ 45.3″
M15[31]	NGC 7078	–		Globular cluster	33	Pegasus	6.2	21^h 29^m 58.33^s	+12° 10′ 01.2″
M16[32]	NGC 6611	Eagle Nebula		H II region nebula with cluster	7	Serpens	6.0	18^h 18^m 48^s	−13° 49′
M17[33]	NGC 6618	Omega, Swan, Horseshoe, or Lobster Nebula		H II region nebula with cluster	5–6	Sagittarius	6.0	18^h 20^m 26^s	−16° 10′ 36″
M18[34]	NGC 6613	–		Open cluster	4.9	Sagittarius	7.5	18^h 19.9^m	−17° 08′
M19[35]	NGC 6273	–		Globular cluster	28.7	Ophiuchus	7.5	17^h 02^m 37.69^s	−26° 16′ 04.6″
M20[36]	NGC 6514	Trifid Nebula		H II region nebula with cluster	5.2	Sagittarius	6.3	18^h 02^m 23^s	−23° 01′ 48″
M21[37]	NGC 6531	–		Open cluster	4.25	Sagittarius	6.5	18^h 04.6^m	−22° 30′
M22[38]	NGC 6656	Sagittarius Cluster		Globular cluster	9.6–11.6	Sagittarius	5.1	18^h 36^m 23.94^s	−23° 54′ 17.1″
M23[39]	NGC 6494	–		Open cluster	2.15	Sagittarius	6.9	17^h 56.8^m	−19° 01′
M24[40]	IC 4715	Sagittarius Star Cloud		Milky Way star cloud	~10	Sagittarius	4.6	18^h 17^m	−18° 29′
M25[41]	IC 4725	–		Open cluster	2.0	Sagittarius	4.6	18^h 31.6^m	−19° 15′
M26[42]	NGC 6694	–		Open cluster	5.0	Scutum	8.0	18^h 45.2^m	−09° 24′
M27[43]	NGC 6853	Dumbbell Nebula		Planetary nebula	1.148–1.52	Vulpecula	7.5	19^h 59^m 36.340^s	+22° 43′ 16.09″
M28[44]	NGC 6626	–		Globular cluster	17.9	Sagittarius	7.7	18^h 24^m 32.89^s	−24° 52′ 11.4″
M29[45]	NGC 6913	Cooling Tower		Open cluster	7.2	Cygnus	7.1	20^h 23^m 56^s	+38° 31′ 24″
M30[46]	NGC 7099	–		Globular cluster	27.8–31	Capricornus	7.7	21^h 40^m 22.12	−23° 10′ 47.5″
M31[47]	NGC 224	Andromeda Galaxy		Spiral galaxy	2,430–2,650	Andromeda	3.4	00^h 42^m 44.3^s	+41° 16′ 9″
M32[48]	NGC 221	–		Dwarf elliptical galaxy	2,410–2,570	Andromeda	8.1	00^h 42^m 41.8^s	+40° 51′ 55″
M33[49]	NGC 598	Triangulum Galaxy		Spiral galaxy	2,380–3,070	Triangulum	5.7	01^h 33^m 50.02^s	+30° 39′ 36.7″
M34[50]	NGC 1039	–		Open cluster	1.5	Perseus	5.5	02^h 42.1^m	+42° 46′
M35[51]	NGC 2168	–		Open cluster	2.8	Gemini	5.3	06^h 09.1^m	+24° 21′
M36[52]	NGC 1960	–		Open cluster	4.1	Auriga	6.3	05^h 36^m 12^s	+34° 08′ 4″
M37[53]	NGC 2099	–		Open cluster	4.511	Auriga	6.2	05^h 52^m 18^s	+32° 33′ 02″
M38[54]	NGC 1912	–		Open cluster	4.2	Auriga	7.4	05^h 28^m 42^s	+35° 51′ 18″
M39[55]	NGC 7092	–		Open cluster	0.8244	Cygnus	5.5	21^h 31^m 42^s	+48° 26′ 00″
M40[56]	–	Winnecke 4		Double star	0.51	Ursa Major	9.7	12^h 22^m 12.5^s	+58° 4′ 59″
M41[57]	NGC 2287	–		Open cluster	2.3	Canis Major	4.5	06^h 46.0^m	−20° 46′
M42[58]	NGC 1976	Orion Nebula		H II region nebula	1.324–1.364	Orion	4.0	05^h 35^m 17.3	−05° 23′ 28″
M43[59]	NGC 1982	De Mairan's Nebula		H II region nebula (part of the Orion Nebula)	1.6	Orion	9.0	05^h 35.6^m	−05° 16′
M44[60]	NGC 2632	Beehive Cluster		Open cluster	0.577	Cancer	3.7	08^h 40.4^m	+19° 59′
M45[61]	–	Pleiades		Open cluster	0.39–0.46	Taurus	1.6	03^h 47^m 24^s	+24° 07′ 00″
M46[62]	NGC 2437	–		Open cluster	5.4	Puppis	6.1	07^h 41.8^m	−14° 49′
M47[63]	NGC 2422	–		Open cluster	1.6	Puppis	4.2	07^h 36.6^m	−14° 30′
M48[64]	NGC 2548	–		Open cluster	1.5	Hydra	5.5	08^h 13.7^m	−05° 45′
M49[65]	NGC 4472	–		Elliptical galaxy	53,600–58,200	Virgo	9.4	12^h 29^m 46.7^s	+08° 00′ 02″
M50[66]	NGC 2323	–		Open cluster	3.2	Monoceros	5.9	07^h 03.2^m	−08° 20′
M51[67]	NGC 5194, NGC 5195	Whirlpool Galaxy		Spiral galaxy	19,000–27,000	Canes Venatici	8.4	13^h 29^m 52.7^s	+47° 11′ 43″
M52[68]	NGC 7654	–		Open cluster	5.0	Cassiopeia	5.0	23^h 24.2^m	+61° 35′
M53[69]	NGC 5024	–		Globular cluster	58	Coma Berenices	8.3	13^h 12^m 55.25^s	+18° 10′ 05.4″
M54[70]	NGC 6715	–		Globular cluster	87.4	Sagittarius	8.4	18^h 55^m 03.33^s	−30° 28′ 47.5″
M55[71]	NGC 6809	–		Globular cluster	17.6	Sagittarius	7.4	19^h 39^m 59.71^s	−30° 57′ 53.1″
M56[72]	NGC 6779	–		Globular cluster	32.9	Lyra	8.3	19^h 16^m 35.57^s	+30° 11′ 00.5″
M57[73]	NGC 6720	Ring Nebula		Planetary nebula	1.6–3.8	Lyra	8.8	18^h 53^m 35.079^s	+33° 01′ 45.03″
M58[74]	NGC 4579	–		Barred Spiral galaxy	~63,000	Virgo	10.5	12^h 37^m 43.5^s	+11° 49′ 05″
M59[75]	NGC 4621	–		Elliptical galaxy	55,000–65,000	Virgo	10.6	12^h 42^m 02.3^s	+11° 38′ 49″
M60[76]	NGC 4649	–		Elliptical galaxy	51,000–59,000	Virgo	9.8	12^h 43^m 39.6^s	+11° 33′ 09″
M61[77]	NGC 4303	–		Spiral galaxy	50,200–54,800	Virgo	10.2	12^h 21^m 54.9^s	+04° 28′ 25″
M62[78]	NGC 6266	–		Globular cluster	22.2	Ophiuchus	7.4	17^h 01^m 12.60^s	−30° 06′ 44.5″
M63[79]	NGC 5055	Sunflower Galaxy		Spiral galaxy	37,000	Canes Venatici	9.3	13^h 15^m 49.3^s	+42° 01′ 45″
M64[80]	NGC 4826	Black Eye Galaxy		Spiral galaxy	22,000–26,000	Coma Berenices	9.4	12^h 56^m 43.7^s	+21° 40′ 58″
M65[81]	NGC 3623	Leo Triplet		Barred Spiral galaxy	41,000–42,000	Leo	10.3	11^h 18^m 55.9^s	+13° 05′ 32″
M66[82]	NGC 3627	Leo Triplet		Barred Spiral galaxy	31,000–41,000	Leo	8.9	11^h 20^m 15.0^s	+12° 59′ 30″
M67[83]	NGC 2682	–		Open cluster	2.61–2.93	Cancer	6.1	08^h 51.3^m	+11° 49′
M68[84]	NGC 4590	–		Globular cluster	33.6	Hydra	9.7	12^h 39^m 27.98^s	−26° 44′ 38.6″
M69[85]	NGC 6637	–		Globular cluster	29.7	Sagittarius	8.3	18^h 31^m 23.10^s	−32° 20′ 53.1″
M70[86]	NGC 6681	–		Globular cluster	29.4	Sagittarius	9.1	18^h 43^m 12.76^s	−32° 17′ 31.6″
M71[87]	NGC 6838	–		Globular cluster	13.0	Sagitta	6.1	19^h 53^m 46.49^s	+18° 46′ 45.1″
M72[88]	NGC 6981	–		Globular cluster	53.40–55.74	Aquarius	9.4	20^h 53^m 27.70^s	−12° 32′ 14.3″
M73[89]	NGC 6994	–		Asterism	~2.5	Aquarius	9.0	20^h 58^m 54^s	−12° 38′
M74[90]	NGC 628	Phantom Galaxy[91]		Spiral galaxy	24,000–36,000	Pisces	10.0	01^h 36^m 41.8^s	+15° 47′ 01″
M75[92]	NGC 6864	–		Globular cluster	67.5	Sagittarius	9.2	20^h 06^m 04.75^s	−21° 55′ 16.2″
M76[93]	NGC 650, NGC 651	Little Dumbbell Nebula		Planetary nebula	2.5	Perseus	10.1	01^h 42.4^m	+51° 34′ 31″
M77[94]	NGC 1068	Cetus A		Spiral galaxy	47,000	Cetus	9.6	02^h 42^m 40.7^s	−00° 00′ 48″
M78[95]	NGC 2068	–		Diffuse nebula	1.6	Orion	8.3	05^h 46^m 46.7^s	+00° 00′ 50″
M79[96]	NGC 1904	–		Globular cluster	41	Lepus	8.6	05^h 24^m 10.59^s	−24° 31′ 27.3″
M80[97]	NGC 6093	–		Globular cluster	32.6	Scorpius	7.9	16^h 17^m 02.41^s	−22° 58′ 33.9″
M81[98]	NGC 3031	Bode's Galaxy		Spiral galaxy	11,400–12,200	Ursa Major	6.9	09^h 55^m 33.2^s	+69° 3′ 55″
M82[99]	NGC 3034	Cigar Galaxy		Starburst galaxy	10,700–12,300	Ursa Major	8.4	09^h 55^m 52.2^s	+69° 40′ 47″
M83[100]	NGC 5236	Southern Pinwheel Galaxy		Barred Spiral galaxy	14,700	Hydra	7.5	13^h 37^m 00.9^s	−29° 51′ 57″
M84[101]	NGC 4374	–		Lenticular galaxy	57,000–63,000	Virgo	10.1	12^h 25^m 03.7^s	+12° 53′ 13″
M85[102]	NGC 4382	–		Lenticular galaxy	56,000–64,000	Coma Berenices	10.0	12^h 25^m 24.0^s	+18° 11′ 28″
M86[103]	NGC 4406	–		Lenticular galaxy	49,000–55,000	Virgo	9.8	12^h 26^m 11.7^s	+12° 56′ 46″
M87[104]	NGC 4486	Virgo A		Elliptical galaxy	51,870–55,130	Virgo	9.6	12^h 30^m 49.42338^s	+12° 23′ 28.0439″
M88[105]	NGC 4501	–		Spiral galaxy	39,000–56,000	Coma Berenices	10.4	12^h 31^m 59.2^s	+14° 25′ 14″
M89[106]	NGC 4552	–		Elliptical galaxy	47,000–53,000	Virgo	10.7	12^h 35^m 39.8^s	+12° 33′ 23″
M90[107]	NGC 4569	–		Spiral galaxy	55,900–61,500	Virgo	10.3	12^h 36^m 49.8^s	+13° 09′ 46″
M91[108]	NGC 4548	–		Barred Spiral galaxy	47,000–79,000	Coma Berenices	11.0	12^h 35^m 26.4^s	+14° 29′ 47″
M92[109]	NGC 6341	–		Globular cluster	26.7	Hercules	6.3	17^h 17^m 07.39^s	+43° 08′ 09.4″
M93[110]	NGC 2447	–		Open cluster	3.6	Puppis	6.0	07^h 44.6^m	−23° 52′
M94[111]	NGC 4736	Croc's Eye or Cat's Eye		Spiral galaxy	14,700–17,300	Canes Venatici	9.0	12^h 50^m 53.1^s	+41° 07′ 14″
M95[112]	NGC 3351	–		Barred Spiral galaxy	31,200–34,000	Leo	11.4	10^h 43^m 57.7^s	+11° 42′ 14″
M96[113]	NGC 3368	–		Spiral galaxy	28,000–34,000	Leo	10.1	10^h 46^m 45.7^s	+11° 49′ 12″
M97[114]	NGC 3587	Owl Nebula		Planetary nebula	2.03	Ursa Major	9.9	11^h 14^m 47.734^s	+55° 01′ 08.50″
M98[115]	NGC 4192	–		Spiral galaxy	44,400	Coma Berenices	11.0	12^h 13^m 48.292^s	+14° 54′ 01.69″
M99[116]	NGC 4254	–		Spiral galaxy	44,700–55,700	Coma Berenices	10.4	12^h 18^m 49.6^s	+14° 24′ 59″
M100[117]	NGC 4321	–		Spiral galaxy	55,000	Coma Berenices	10.1	12^h 22^m 54.9^s	+15° 49′ 21″
M101[118]	NGC 5457	Pinwheel Galaxy		Spiral galaxy	19,100–22,400	Ursa Major	7.9	14^h 03^m 12.6^s	+54° 20′ 57″
M102[119]	NGC 5866	Spindle Galaxy		Lenticular galaxy	50,000	Draco	10.7	15^h 06^m 29.5^s	+55° 45′ 48″
M103[120]	NGC 581	–		Open cluster	10	Cassiopeia	7.4	01^h 33.2^m	+60° 42′
M104[121]	NGC 4594	Sombrero Galaxy		Spiral galaxy	28,700–30,900	Virgo	9.0	12^h 39^m 59.4^s	−11° 37′ 23″
M105[122]	NGC 3379	–		Elliptical galaxy	30,400–33,600	Leo	10.2	10^h 47^m 49.6^s	+12° 34′ 54″
M106[123]	NGC 4258	–		Spiral galaxy	22,200–25,200	Canes Venatici	9.1	12^h 18^m 57.5^s	+47° 18′ 14″
M107[124]	NGC 6171	–		Globular cluster	20.9	Ophiuchus	8.9	16^h 32^m 31.86^s	−13° 03′ 13.6″
M108[125]	NGC 3556	–		Barred Spiral galaxy	46,000	Ursa Major	10.7	11^h 11^m 31.0^s	+55° 40′ 27″
M109[126]	NGC 3992	–		Barred Spiral galaxy	59,500–107,500	Ursa Major	10.6	11^h 57^m 36.0^s	+53° 22′ 28″
M110[127]	NGC 205	–		Dwarf elliptical galaxy	2,600–2,780	Andromeda	9.0	00^h 40^m 22.1^s	+41° 41′ 07″

Star chart of Messier objects

NOTE: Messier 102 is missing from this chart.

Star chart depicting the Messier objects plotted on a rectangular grid representing right ascension and declination

See also

• Lists of astronomical objects
• Caldwell catalogue
• Deep-sky object
• Herschel 400 Catalogue
• New General Catalogue

References

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4. "Messier catalog". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
5. Gingerich, Owen (September 1953). "Messier and His Catalogue II". Sky & Telescope. No. 142.
6. Charles Messier, 1781. Catalogue des Nébuleuses & des amas d'Étoiles. Connoissance des Temps pour l'Année 1784 (published 1781), pp. 227–267 Bibcode: 1781CdT..1784..227M.
   "Original Messier Catalog of 1781". Retrieved 10 November 2007.
7. "SEDS Messier Database". The Messier Catalog. 27 May 2015.
8. Moore, Patrick (1979). The Guinness Book of Astronomy. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-900424-76-2.
9. Patrick Moore (1979). The Guinness Book of Astronomy. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 0-900424-76-1.
10. Frommert, Hartmut (10 May 1995). "Messier 102". MSFC X-Ray Astronomy's InterNetNews site. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
11. Charles Messier (1781). "Catalogue des Nébuleuses & des amas d'Étoiles". Connaissance des Temps pour l'Année 1784. pp. 227–267.
12. "Original Messier Catalog of 1781". Original Messier Catalog of 1781. SEDS. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
13. English, Neil (2018). Chronicling the golden age of astronomy : a history of visual observing from Harriot to Moore. Springer. p. 91. ISBN 3319977075. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
14. W.H. Finlay (2003). Concise Catalog of Deep-sky Objects: Astrophysical Information for 500 Galaxies. Springer. ISBN 1-85233-691-9.
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16. Stoyan, Ronald; Binnewies, Stefan; Friedrich, Susanne (2008). Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9783319977072.
17. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 1". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
18. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 2". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
19. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 3". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
20. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 4". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
21. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 5". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
22. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 6". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
23. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 7". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
24. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 8". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
25. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 9". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
26. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 10". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
27. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 11". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
28. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 12". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
29. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 13". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
30. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 14". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
31. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 15". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
32. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 16". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
33. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 17". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
34. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 18". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
35. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 19". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
36. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 20". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
37. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 21". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
38. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 22". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
39. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 23". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
40. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 24". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
41. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 25". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
42. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 26". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
43. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 27". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
44. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 28". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
45. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 29". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
46. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 30". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
47. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 31". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
48. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 32". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
49. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 33". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
50. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 34". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
51. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 35". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
52. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 36". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
53. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 37". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
54. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 38". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
55. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 39". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
56. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 40". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
57. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 41". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
58. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 42". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
59. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 43". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
60. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 44". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
61. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 45". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
62. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 46". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
63. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 47". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
64. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 48". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
65. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 49". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
66. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 50". Retrieved 17 March 2014.
67. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 51". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
68. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 52". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
69. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 53". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
70. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 54". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
71. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 55". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
72. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 56". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
73. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 57". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
74. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 58". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
75. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 59". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
76. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 60". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
77. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 61". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
78. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 62". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
79. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 63". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
80. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 64". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
81. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 65". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
82. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 66". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
83. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 67". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
84. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 68". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
85. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 69". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
86. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 70". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
87. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 71". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
88. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 72". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
89. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 73". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
90. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 74". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
91. "Messier 74 Phantom Galaxy". Retrieved 20 April 2020.
92. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 75". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
93. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 76". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
94. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 77". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
95. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 78". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
96. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 79". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
97. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 80". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
98. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 81". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
99. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 82". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
100. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 83". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
101. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 84". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
102. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 85". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
103. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 86". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
104. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 87". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
105. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 88". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
106. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 89". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
107. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 90". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
108. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 91". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
109. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 92". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
110. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 93". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
111. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 94". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
112. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 95". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
113. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 96". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
114. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 97". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
115. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 98". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
116. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 99". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
117. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 100". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
118. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 101". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
119. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 102". Retrieved 28 December 2016.
120. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 103". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
121. Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 104". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
122. Messier, Charles (1783). "Messier 105". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
123. Messier, Charles (1783). "Messier 106". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
124. Messier, Charles (1783). "Messier 107". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
125. Messier, Charles (1783). "Messier 108". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
126. Messier, Charles (1783). "Messier 109". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
127. Messier, Charles (1783). "Messier 110". Retrieved 18 March 2014.

External links

• SEDS Messier Database
• Messier gallery
• Deep Sky Videos Messier objects
• Messier objects at Constellation Guide