I

I or i is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.[1] Its name in English is i (pronounced /ˈaɪ/), plural ies.[2]

This article is about the Latin/Roman letter. For the English word, see I (pronoun). For the number, see Imaginary unit. For other uses, see I (disambiguation).

I
I i İ ı
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[i] [iː] [j] [ɪ] [ɯ] /aɪ/ (English variations)
Unicode value	U+0049, U+0069
Alphabetical position	9
History
Development	Ιι 𐌉 I i İ ı
Time period	~-700 to present
Descendants	• Î  • J  • Ɉ  • İ ı  • Tittle  • ꟾ  • ꟷ  • ᛁ  • ᴉ
Sisters	Ukrainian I י ي ܝ ی ࠉ 𐎊 ዪ Ⴢ ⴢ ჲ ☞ ☚
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	i(x), ij, i(x)(y)

History

Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ	Phoenician Yodh	Etruscan I	Greek Iota

In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/) in Egyptian, but was reassigned to /j/ (as in English "yes") by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent /i/, the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.

The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician yodh as their letter iota (⟨Ι, ι⟩) to represent /i/, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent /j/ and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century.[3] The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a tittle. In the Turkish alphabet, dotted and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.

Use in writing systems

English

In Modern English spelling, ⟨i⟩ represents several different sounds, either the diphthong /aɪ/ ("long" ⟨i⟩) as in kite, the short /ɪ/ as in bill, or the ⟨ee⟩ sound /iː/ in the last syllable of machine. The diphthong /aɪ/ developed from Middle English /iː/ through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English /iː/ changed to Early Modern English /ei/, which later changed to /əi/ and finally to the Modern English diphthong /aɪ/ in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong /aɪ/ developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" ⟨i⟩ in traditional English grammar.

The letter ⟨i⟩ is the fifth most common letter in the English language.[4]

The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced /aɪ/ and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase ⟨i⟩ acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:

The capitalized “I” first showed up about 1250 in the northern and midland dialects of England, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology.

Chambers notes, however, that the capitalized form didn't become established in the south of England “until the 1700s (although it appears sporadically before that time).

Capitalizing the pronoun, Chambers explains, made it more distinct, thus “avoiding misreading handwritten manuscripts.”[5]

Other languages

In many languages' orthographies, ⟨i⟩ is used to represent the sound /i/ or, more rarely, /ɪ/.

Language	Pronunciation in IPA	Notes
French	/i/	See French orthography.
German	/ɪ/, /iː/, /i/	See German orthography.
Italian	/i/	Pronounced as long [iː] in stressed and open syllables, [i] when in a closed stressed syllable or unstressed. See Italian orthography.

Other uses

The Roman numeral Ⅰ represents the number 1.[6][7] In mathematics, the lowercase "i" represents the unit imaginary number.[8]

Forms and variants

See also: History of the Latin alphabet and Dotted and dotless I

In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase letter I, 'I' may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap-height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.

The uppercase I does not have a dot (tittle) while the lowercase i has one in most Latin-derived alphabets. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted (İi) and dotless (Iı).

The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs () and without serifs (). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.

Computing codes

Character information

Preview	I		i
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I		LATIN SMALL LETTER I
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	73	U+0049	105	U+0069
UTF-8	73	49	105	69
Numeric character reference	I	I	i	i
EBCDIC family	201	C9	137	89
ASCII^1	73	49	105	69

¹Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings

Other representations

NATO phonetic	Morse code
India	▄▄▄▄▄▄

Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-24 Unified English Braille

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• I with diacritics: Ị ị Ĭ ĭ Î î Ǐ ǐ Ɨ ɨ Ï ï Ḯ ḯ Í í Ì ì Ȉ ȉ Į į Į́ Į̃ Ī ī Ī̀ ī̀ ᶖ[9] Ỉ ỉ Ȋ ȋ Ĩ ĩ Ḭ ḭ ᶤ[9]
• İ i and I ı : Latin dotted and dotless letter i i̇̀ i̇́ i̇̃ į̇́ į̇̃
• IPA-specific symbols related to I: ɪ ɨ
• The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of the letter I:[10]
  • U+1D35 ᴵ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL I
  • U+1D62 ᵢ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER I
  • U+1D09 ᴉ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED I
  • U+1D4E ᵎ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED I
• Other variations used in phonetic transcription:[9] ᵻ ᶤ ᶦ ᶧ
• ⁱ : Superscript small i is used for Computer terminal graphics[11]
• Ꞽ ꞽ : Glottal I, used for Egyptological yod[12]
• Ɪ ɪ : Small capital I
• ꟾ : Long I
• ꟷ : Sideways I

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive
    • Ⲓ ⲓ : Coptic letter Yota
    • І і : Cyrillic letter soft-dotted I
    • 𐌉 : Old Italic I, which is the ancestor of modern Latin I
      • ᛁ : Runic letter isaz, which probably derives from old Italic I
    • 𐌹 : Gothic letter iiz

See also

• I (disambiguation)
• Tittle

References

1. Not counting marginal use of 'h' to write vowel sounds.
2. Brown & Kiddle (1870) The institutes of English grammar, p. 19.
   Ies is the plural of the English name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered I's, Is, i's, or is.
3. "The Latin Alphabet". du.edu.
4. "Frequency Table". cornell.edu. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
5. O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2011-08-10). "Is capitalizing "I" an ego thing?". Grammarphobia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
6. Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015. roman numerals.
7. King, David A. (2001). The Ciphers of the Monks. p. 282. ISBN 9783515076401. In the course of time, I, V and X became identical with three letters of the alphabet; originally, however, they bore no relation to these letters.
8. Svetunkov, Sergey (2012-12-14). Complex-Valued Modeling in Economics and Finance. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461458760.
9. Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
10. Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
11. Cruz, Frank da (2000-03-31). "L2/00-159: Supplemental Terminal Graphics for Unicode".
12. Suignard, Michel (2017-05-09). "L2/17-076R2: Revised proposal for the encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic characters" (PDF).

External links

• Media related to I at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of I at Wiktionary