Tamil phonology

Tamil phonology is characterised by the presence of retroflex consonants and multiple rhotic consonants. It does not distinguish phonologically between voiced and unvoiced consonants; phonetically, voice is assigned depending on a consonant's position in a word.[1] Tamil phonology permits few consonant clusters, which can never be word initial. Native grammarians classify Tamil phonemes into vowels, consonants, and a "secondary character", the āytam.

Vowels

Monophthongs of Tamil, from Keane (2004:114)

The vowels are called உயிரெழுத்து uyireḻuttu ('life letter'). The vowels are classified into short and long (five of each type) and two diphthongs.

The long (nedil) vowels are about twice as long as the short (kuṟil) vowels. The diphthongs are usually pronounced about one and a half times as long as the short vowels, though most grammatical texts place them with the long vowels.

Monophthongs[2]
Front Central Back
long short long short long short
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Tamil has two diphthongs /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ , the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items.

Consonants

The consonants are known as மெய்யெழுத்து meyyeḻuttu ('body letters'). The consonants are classified into three categories with six in each category: vallinam ('hard'), mellinam ('soft' or nasal), and idayinam ('medium'). Tamil has very restricted consonant clusters (for example, there are no word-initial clusters) and does not have aspirated stops. Some scholars have suggested that in Chenthamil (the period of Tamil history before Sanskrit words were borrowed), stops were voiceless when at the start of a word and voiced allophonically otherwise.

A chart of the Tamil consonant phonemes in the International Phonetic Alphabet follows:

Tamil consonants[3]
LabialDentalAlveolarRetroflexAlveolo-palatalVelarGlottal
Nasal m ம் ந்n ன்ɳ ண்ɲ ஞ்(ŋ) ங்
Stop p ப்t த்ʈ ட்k க்
Affricate t͡ɕ ச்
Fricative f2s1 ஸ் (z)2ʂ2 ஷ்ɕ1 ஶ்x3ɦ3 ஹ்
Tap ɾ ர்
Trill r ற்
Approximant ʋ வ்ɻ ழ்j ய்
Lateral approximant l ல்ɭ ள்
  1. [s] and [ɕ] are allophones of /t͡ɕ/ in some dialects.
  2. /f/, /z/ and /ʂ/ are found only in loanwords and frequently replaced by native sounds.
  3. [ɦ] and [x] are allophones of /k/ in some dialects.

The voiceless consonants have multiple allophones, depending on position.

Tamil stop allophones
PlaceInitialGeminateIntervocalicPost-nasal
Velar kx~∅ɡ
Palatal tɕ~stːɕs
Retroflex ʈːɽɖ
Alveolar tːrr(d)r
Dental t ðd
Labial pβ~wb

Overview

Unlike Indo-Aryan languages spoken around it, Tamil does not have aspirated consonants. The Tamil script does not have distinct letters for voiced and unvoiced stop, although both are present in the spoken language as allophones—i.e., they are in complementary distribution and the places they can occur do not intersect. For example, the voiceless stop [p] occurs at the beginning of the words and the voiced stop [b] cannot. In the middle of words, voiceless stops commonly occur as a geminated pair like -pp-, while voiced stops usually do not. Only the voiced stops occur after a vowel, or after a corresponding nasal. Thus both the voiced and voiceless stops can be represented by the same script in Tamil without ambiguity, the script denoting only the place and broad manner of articulation (stop, nasal, etc.). The Tolkāppiyam cites detailed rules as to when a letter is to be pronounced with voice and when it is to be pronounced unvoiced. The rule is identical for all stops.

With the exception of one rule - the pronunciation of the letter c at the beginning of a word - these rules are largely followed even today in pronouncing centamiḻ. The position is, however, much more complex in relation to spoken koduntamil. The pronunciation of southern dialects and the dialects of Sri Lanka continues to reflect these rules to a large extent, though not completely. In northern dialects, however, sound shifts have changed many words so substantially that these rules no longer describe how words are pronounced. In addition many, but not all, Sanskrit loan words are pronounced in Tamil as they were in Sanskrit, even if this means that consonants which should be unvoiced according to the Tolkāppiyam are voiced.

The failure of written Tamil to provide different characters for voiced and unvoiced stops, unlike Indo-European languages and other Dravidian languages, attests that voice did not originally contrast in stops. Voiced stops may have been the result of rules of allophony, elision, or sandhi.

Elision

Elision is the reduction in the duration of sound of a phoneme when preceded by or followed by certain other sounds. There are well-defined rules for elision in Tamil. They are categorised into different classes based on the phoneme which undergoes elision.

1.Kutr iyal ukaram (short nature U)the vowel u
2.Kutr iyal ikaram (short nature I)the vowel i
3.Aiykaara k kurukkam ( AI shortening)the diphthong ai
4.Oukaara k kurukkam ( AU shortening)the diphthong au
5.Aaytha k kurukkam ( h shortening)the special character akh (aaytham)
6.Makara k kurukkam ( M shortening)the phoneme m
gollark: Actually, no.
gollark: no.
gollark: > credintals
gollark: > math.randomseed(sha(username .. "|/LAZYSALT-PJALS-1-4-1-2-SOQET-CHAT\\|" .. password))That doesn't even make sense.
gollark: ???

See also

References

  1. Schiffman, Harold F.; Arokianathan, S. (1986), "Diglossic variation in Tamil film and fiction", in Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju; Masica, Colin P. (eds.), South Asian languages: structure, convergence, and diglossia, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 371–382, ISBN 81-208-0033-8CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) at p. 371
  2. Keane (2004:114–115)
  3. Keane (2004:111)

Bibliography

  • Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.