Tropical cyclones in 2017

During 2017, tropical cyclones formed within seven different tropical cyclone basins, located within various parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the year, a total of 146 tropical cyclones had formed this year to date. 88 tropical cyclones had been named by either a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) or a Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (TCWC). The most active basin in the year was the Western Pacific, which documented 27 named systems, the season was a slightly below-average season and the first since 1977 season saw no Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. The Eastern Pacific, despite only amounting to 18 named systems, also was a was significantly less active than the previous three Pacific hurricane seasons (2014, 2015 and 2016). However, the North Atlantic hurricane features 17 named storms, which was costliest tropical cyclone season on record. It also had the fifth-most named storms since reliable records began in 1851 – tied with 1936 – and the most major hurricanes since 2005. The Australian region season experienced the average number of cyclones reaching tropical storm intensity, numbering 11, respectively. Activity across the southern hemisphere's three basins—South-West Indian, Australian, and South Pacific—was spread evenly, with each region recording seven named storms apiece.

Tropical cyclones in 2017
Year summary map
Year boundaries
First system06F
FormedJanuary 2, 2017 (2017-01-02)
Last systemAva
DissipatedJanuary 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
Strongest system
NameMaria
Lowest pressure908 mbar/hPa; 26.81 inHg
Longest lasting system
Name19F & Noru
Duration20 days
Year statistics
Total systems146
Named systems88
Total fatalities5,645 total
Total damage$321.44 billion (2017 USD)
Related articles
Three simultaneous hurricanes active on September 8, 2017 – with Katia (left), Irma (center), and Jose (right). All three were threatening land at the time.

The strongest tropical cyclone was Hurricane Maria with a minimum barometric pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg). The costliest tropical cyclone of the year was Hurricane Harvey in the Atlantic, which struck Houston metropolitan area in August causing US$125 billion in damage, tying with Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone worldwide. The deadliest tropical cyclone of the year was Hurricane Maria in the North Atlantic which killed 3,000 people in Puerto Rico and Dominica.

Global atmospheric and hydrological conditions

For the majority of the year, the tropics were dominated by neutral El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions, before La Niña conditions set in later in the year.[1] As the year opened, sea surface temperatures anomalies across the central and east-central equatorial Pacific were cooler than average, while the impacts of La Niña lingered within the atmospheric circulation, following an abrupt end to the 2016 La Niña episode. Over the next few months, these anomalies warmed and nearly reached the thresholds needed for an El Niño event to be declared, however, they subsequently cooled throughout the rest of the year and the 2017–18 La Niña event was declared to be underway.

North Atlantic

The map above shows sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico on September 5, 2017

Scientists pointed out that the increase of CO
2
emissions
contributes to warmer ocean waters and more moist air for rain.[2] Because of sea level rise it is assumed that the storm surge of Hurricane Irma and other storms will cause greater flooding to vulnerable areas.[3][2] Data collected by NASA showed that ocean surface temperatures in the path of Irma were above 30 °C (86 °F), capable of sustaining a Category 5 hurricane.[4] Prior to affecting the U.S. mainland, Miami’s mayor Tomás Regalado noted on Hurricane Irma, "This is the time to talk about climate change. This is the time that the president and the EPA and whoever makes decisions needs to talk about climate change."[5] A day later the head of the EPA, Scott Pruitt said, "..to discuss the cause and effect of these storms, there’s the… place (and time) to do that, it’s not now."[6] Following Irma's landfall, Donald Trump was asked about the connection between hurricanes and climate change, and stated that "We’ve had bigger storms than this."[7] Richard Branson who was directly impacted by hurricane Irma noted, "..hurricanes are the start of things to come. Look, climate change is real. Ninety-nine per cent of scientists know it's real. The whole world knows it's real except for maybe one person in the White House."[8]

United Nations secretary general António Guterres citing the devastation from hurricanes noted in September, "The catastrophic Atlantic hurricane season has been made worse by climate change. Cutting carbon emissions must clearly be part of our response to the disaster. The rise in the surface temperature of the ocean has had an impact on weather patterns and we must do everything possible to bring it down."[9]

The Associated Press looked at the yearly average Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE), which accounts for wind speed and storm duration to assess hurricane power of the past 30 years and found it to be 41 percent higher than the previous 30 years. They asked several experts about their opinion, James Kossin from NOAA “There’s no question that the storms are stronger than they were 30 years ago.” Climate scientist Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, “The only caveat being that the increase might be exaggerated somewhat because of undercounting early storms.” Meteorologist Philip Klotzbach noted, “What’s happening with hurricanes — the frequency, the duration, and the energy — is probably a combination of factors caused by both nature and man, a mish-mosh of everything.”[10] Kerry Emanuel who studies hurricanes, told the BBC, "The warming of the climate has increased the underlying probabilities of very heavy rain events like happened in Harvey and very high category hurricanes like Irma. It is just not sensible to say either storm was caused by climate change, but the underlying probabilities are going up."[11]

Summary

Tropical Storm Bolaven (2018)Cyclone OckhiTropical Storm Haikui (2017)Typhoon Damrey (2017)Tropical Storm Selma (2017)Typhoon LanHurricane Ophelia (2017)October 2017 Vietnam tropical depressionHurricane NateHurricane MariaHurricane Max (2017)Typhoon Doksuri (2017)Hurricane Katia (2017)Hurricane Jose (2017)Tropical Storm Lidia (2017)Hurricane IrmaTropical Storm Pakhar (2017)Hurricane HarveyHurricane Gert (2017)Hurricane FranklinTropical Storm Emily (2017)Typhoon Nesat (2017)Tropical Storm Sonca (2017)Typhoon Noru (2017)Tropical Storm Talas (2017)Tropical Storm Nanmadol (2017)Tropical Storm Cindy (2017)Tropical Storm Bret (2017)Cyclone MoraCyclone DonnaCyclone MaaruthaCyclone ErnieCyclone DebbieCyclone Enawo

Systems

January

Tropical Low 14U
Tropical cyclones formed in January 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
06F January 2–6 Unspecified 1002 None None None
08U January 3–7 Unspecified 994 Northern Territory, Western Australia None None
09U January 3–15 Unspecified 1003 Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island None None
10U January 7–12 Unspecified 1001 Northern Territory None None
11U January 7–8 Unspecified 1000 Queensland None None
01W (Auring) January 7–16 55 (35) 1002 Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia $140 thousand 11 [12][13]
07F January 10–20 Unspecified 998 None None None
08F January 10–11 Unspecified 1009 None None None
12U January 18–19 Unspecified Unspecified None None None
13U January 21–25 Unspecified 1009 None None None
14U January 23–31 85 (50) 988 Northern Territory, Western Australia None None
03 January 27–28 55 (35) 1005 None None None

February

Tropical cyclones formed in February 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Carlos February 2–10 130 (80) 965 None None None
Bising February 3–7 55 (35) 1000 None None None
09F February 5–11 Unspecified 999 Fiji None None
10F February 7–11 Unspecified 993 Fiji, Vanuatu None None
15U February 7–11 Unspecified 984 Western Australia Unknown 2
16U February 9–10 Unspecified Unspecified New Caledonia None None
11F February 9–12 Unspecified 1002 Vanuatu, Fiji None None
17U February 11–12 Unspecified 1004 Northern Territory None None
Dineo February 13–17 140 (85) 955 Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi $217 million 280 [14][15][16]
12F February 15–24 Unspecified 1002 Fiji None None
13F February 15–18 Unspecified 998 None None None
14F February 16–22 55 (35) 997 Fiji None None
18U February 16–22 Unspecified Unspecified None None None
Alfred February 16–22 85 (50) 994 Northern Territory, Queensland Unknown Unknown
Bart February 19–22 75 (45) 994 Southern Cook Islands None None
16F February 23–26 Unspecified 1005 None None None

March

Tropical cyclones formed in March 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Blanche March 2–7 100 (65) 984 Northern Territory, Western Australia None None
Enawo March 2–7 205 (125) 932 Madagascar, Réunion $20 million 99 [17][18][16]
17F March 4–5 Unspecified 1006 None None None
Fernando March 6–14 70 (45) 992 Rodriques None None
21U March 14–18 Unspecified Unspecified None None None
TD March 19–21 Unspecified 1008 Philippines None None
18F March 19–21 Unspecified 1007 None None None
22U March 20–24 95 (60) 985 Western Australia None None
Caleb March 23–27 85 (50) 989 Cocos (Keeling) Islands None None
Debbie March 23–30 175 (110) 949 Queensland, New South Wales, New Zealand $2.67 billion 14 [19][20]
25U March 23–26 Unspecified Unspecified None None None

April

Tropical cyclones formed in April 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
19F April 1–20 Unspecified 988 Samoa, Niue None None
Ernie April 5–10 220 (140) 922 None None None
27U April 6–16 55 (35) 998 Northern Territory, Western Australia None None
Cook April 6–10 155 (100) 961 Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand Moderate 1 [21]
02W (Crising) April 13–20 55 (35) 1006 Philippines, Taiwan $1.7 million 10 [22][23]
Maarutha April 15–17 75 (45)3 996 Myanmar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Yunnan $23.4 thousand 4 [24][25][26]
Arlene April 19–21 85 (50)4 990 None None None
Frances April 21 – May 1 120 (75) 980 New Guinea, Maluku, Northern Territory, Timor, Western Australia None None
Muifa (Dante) April 22–29 65 (40) 1002 None None None
Greg April 29 – May 3 65 (40) 997 None None None

May

Tropical cyclones formed in May 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Donna May 1–10 205 (125) 935 Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand Significant 2 [27]
Ella May 7–14 110 (70) 977 Samoan Islands, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna None None
Adrian May 9–10 75 (45)4 1004 None None None
Mora May 28–31 110 (70)3 978 Sri Lanka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, East India, Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan, Tibet $1.36 billion 135 [28][29][30][31]
Beatriz May 31 – June 2 75 (45)4 1001 Southwestern Mexico $3.7 million 7

June

Hurricane Dora
Tropical cyclones formed in June 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Merbok June 10–13 100 (65) 985 Philippines, South China $90.8 million None
Calvin June 11–13 75 (45)4 1004 Southwestern Mexico, Guatemala Unknown None
BOB 03 June 11–13 55 (35)3 988 Northeast India, Bangladesh $223 million 170 [32]
Bret June 19–20 85 (50)4 1007 Guyana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Windward Islands ≥$3 million 2
Cindy June 20–23 95 (60)4 991 Honduras, Belize, Cayman Islands, Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southern United States, Eastern United States $25 million 2 [33]
Dora June 25–28 165 (105)4 974 Southwestern Mexico Minimum None
TD June 29 – July 1 Unspecified 1008 Japan None None

July

Tropical cyclones formed in July 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Nanmadol (Emong) July 1–4 100 (65) 985 Japan $1.99 billion 41 [34][35][36][37]
TD July 4–7 55 (35) 1010 Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands None None
Four July 5–7 45 (30)4 1009 None None None
Eugene July 7–12 185 (115)4 966 Baja California Peninsula, California None None
Fernanda July 12–22 230 (145)4 948 Hawaii None None
TD July 13–16 55 (35) 1006 None None None
Talas July 14–17 95 (60) 985 Hainan, Indochina $80.1 million 14 [38][39]
Don July 17–18 85 (50)4 1005 Windward Islands, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago None None
Eight-E July 17–20 55 (35)4 1007 None None None
Greg July 17–26 95 (60)4 1000 None None None
BOB 04 July 18–19 45 (30)3 992 Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh $34.3 million 7 [40]
Noru July 19 – August 8 175 (110) 935 Japan $100 million 2 [41][42]
Kulap July 20–28 75 (45) 1002 None None None
Hilary July 21–30 175 (110)4 969 Southwestern Mexico None None
Sonca July 21–29 65 (40) 994 Hainan, Indochina $306 million 37 [43][44][45]
Roke (Fabian) July 21–23 65 (40) 1002 Philippines, Taiwan, South China None None
Irwin July 22 – August 1 150 (90)4 970 None None None
Nesat (Gorio) July 25–30 150 (90) 960 Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China $281 million 3 [46]
TD July 25–29 55 (35) 1006 None None None
LAND 01 July 26–27 45 (30)3 992 West Bengal, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh $2.19 billion 152 [47][48]
Haitang (Huaning) July 27 – August 2 85 (50) 985 Taiwan, East China $3.77 million None
Emily July 30 – August 1 95 (60)4 1001 Florida $10 million None [49]
Nalgae July 31 – August 5 85 (50) 990 None None None

August

Tropical cyclones formed in August 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Eleven-E August 4–5 55 (35)4 1006 None None None
Franklin August 7–10 140 (85)4 981 Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Cayman Islands, Belize, Yucatán Peninsula, Central Mexico $15 million None
01U August 8 35 (25) 1005 None None None
Banyan August 10–17 150 (90) 955 None None None
Jova August 12–14 65 (40)4 955 Western Mexico None None
Gert August 12–17 175 (110)4 962 Bermuda, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada None 2
Harvey August 17 – September 1 215 (120)4 937 Barbados, Suriname, Guyana, Windward Islands, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Nicaragua, Belize, Yucatán Peninsula, Northeastern Mexico, Southern United States (Texas, Louisiana), Eastern United States $125 billion 107
Hato (Isang) August 19–24 140 (85) 965 Philippines, Taiwan, South China, Vietnam $6.4 billion 24
Pakhar (Jolina) August 24–27 100 (65) 985 Philippines, South China, Vietnam, Thailand $115 million 13
TD August 25–26 Unspecified 1002 Vietnam None None
Sanvu August 27 – September 3 150 (90) 955 Mariana Islands, Ogasawara Islands Unknown 1
TD August 28–29 55 (35) 1002 Philippines Unknown None
Mawar August 30 – September 4 95 (60) 990 Philippines, South China $1.53 million None
Irma August 30 – September 12 285 (180)4 914 Cape Verde, Leeward Islands (Barbuda, Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy, U.S. Virgin Islands), Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Cuba, Southeastern United States (Florida and Georgia), Northeastern United States $64.76 billion 134
Lidia August 31 – September 3 100 (65)4 986 Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Arizona, California $36.1 million 20

September

Tropical cyclones formed in September 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Guchol (Kiko) September 3–7 65 (40) 1000 Philippines, Taiwan, East China None None
Jose September 5–22 250 (155) 938 Leeward Islands, East Coast of the United States $2.84 million 0 (1)
Katia September 5–9 165 (105) 972 Eastern Mexico Unknown 3 (0)
Talim (Lannie) September 8–17 175 (110) 935 Mariana Islands, Taiwan, East China, Japan $750 million 5
Doksuri (Maring) September 10–16 150 (90) 955 Philippines, Hainan, Indochina, Bangladesh $819 million 45
Otis September 11–19 185 (115) 965 None None None
Max September 13–15 150 (90) 980 Southern Mexico $19.8 million 1
Norma September 14–20 120 (75) 985 Baja California Peninsula None None
Lee September 14–30 185 (115) 962 None None None
Maria September 16–30 280 (175) 908 Lesser Antilles (British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Croix), Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain $91.606 billion 3,057
22W (Nando) September 23–25 55 (35) 1002 Philippines, South China, Vietnam Minimal None
Pilar September 23–25 85 (50) 1000 Western Mexico Minimal None

October

Tropical cyclones formed in October 2017
Storm aame Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Ramon October 3-4 75 (45) 1002 Southern Mexico None None
Nate October 4-9 150 (90) 981 Central America, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama), East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada $787 Million 48
23W October 7-10 45 (35) 1000 Philippines, Hainan, Indochina $602 Million 109
LAND 02 October 9-10 45 (35) 996 Bangladesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh Unknown 7
Ophelia October 9-16 185 (115) 959 Azores, Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, and Russia > $87.7 million 3
Khanun (Odette) October 11-16 175 (110) 955 Philippines, Taiwan, South China, Vietnam $373 million 1
Lan (Paolo) October 15-23 250 (155) 915 Caroline Islands, Philippines, Japan, South Korea $2 Billion 17
26W October 18-19 45 (30) 1002 Philippines Minimal 14
BOB 05 October 19-22 45 (30) 997 Odisha, West Bengal, Northeastern India, Bangladesh Unknown 1
Saola (Quedan) October 22-29 120 (75) 975 Caroline Islands, Japan $250 Million None
Selma October 27-28 65 (40) 1004 El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua Unknown 17
Philippe October 28-29 65 (40) 1000 Central America, Cayman Islands, Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Florida Minimal None
29W October 30-November 7 55 (35) 1004 Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia Minimal 7
Damrey (Ramil) October 31-November 4 165 (105) 970 Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand $1.03 Billion 151

November

Tropical cyclones formed in November 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Rina November 5-9 95 (60) 991 None None None
Haikui (Salome) November 7-13 75 (45) 998 Philippines, South China, Central Vietnam $4.26 Million None
BOB 06 November 15-17 45 (35) 1000 Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh Unknown 20
Kirogi (Tino) November 16-19 75 (45) 1000 Philippines, Malaysia, Indochina $10 Million 10
Numa November 16-20 100 (65) 995 United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Italy, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey $100 Million 22
Cempaka November 22-29 65 (40) 998 Central Java, Special Region of Yogyakarta, East Java, Bali, Banten, West Java $74 Million 41
Dahlia November 26-December 4 100 (65) 985 Sumatra, Java None None
Ockhi November 29-December 6 185 (115) 976 Sri Lanka, India, Maldives $920 Million 318

December

Tropical cyclones formed in December 2017
Storm name Dates active Max wind km/h (mph) Min pressure (mbar) Areas affected Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
05U December 1—2 Unspecified Not specified None None None
BOB 08 December 6—9 55 (35) 1002 Southern Thailand, Northern Malaysia, Aceh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Odisha Unknown 20
Guará December 9—11 75 (45) 996 Brazil None None
Kai-tak (Urduja) December 13—23 75 (45) 995 Caroline Islands, Philippines, Malaysia >74.3 million 83
02F December 16—18 Not Specified 1003 None None None
03F December 17—19 Not Specified 1000 None None None
04F December 20—26 Not Specified 998 Fiji None None
Tembin (Vinta) December 20—26 130 (80) 970 Caroline Islands,

Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam

>42 million 266
Hilda December 26—29 100 (65) 980 Western Australia Minimal None

Global effects

Season name Areas affected Systems formed Named systems Damage (USD) Deaths
2017 Atlantic hurricane season Guyana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Windward Islands, Honduras, Belize, Cayman Islands, Mexico, Cuba, United States, Barbados, Nicaragua, Bermuda, Suriname, Jamaica, Atlantic Canada, Cape Verde, Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos, The Bahamas, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama, Azores, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Russia 18 17 ≥$294.92 billion 3,364
2017 Mediterranean tropical cyclone season United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Italy, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey 1 1 $100 million 22
2017 South Atlantic tropical cyclone Brazil 1 1 $0 None
2017 Pacific hurricane season Mexico, Guatemala, Baja California Peninsula, California, Arizona, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras 20 18 $375.28 million 45
2017 Pacific typhoon season1 Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan, China, Ryukyu Islands, Mariana Islands, Bangladesh, Ogasawara Islands, Caroline Islands, Thailand 41 28 $14.3 billion 860
2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Myanmar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Malaysia, Aceh, China, Bangladesh, Bhutan 10 3 >$3.65 billion 834
2016–17 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season1 Réunion, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi, Madagascar, Rodrigues 5 4 $236.5 million 376
2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season2 Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, Mozambique 2 1 $4.62 million 73
2016–17 Australian region cyclone season1 Northern Territory, Western Australia, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Queensland, New Caledonia, New South Wales, New Zealand, New Guinea, Maluku, Timor 22 8 $2.82 billion 16
2017–18 Australian region cyclone season2 Java, Sumatra, Indonesia, Western Australia 6 3 $83.6 million 41
2016–17 South Pacific cyclone season1 Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Southern Cook Islands, Tonga, Samoa, American Samoa, Wallis and Futuna 17 4 $43 million 3
2017–18 South Pacific cyclone season2 Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Wallis and Futuna, Samoan Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Rotuma 3 0 $285 million 11
Worldwide (See above) 146 88 > $321.44 billion 5,645

Notes

1 Only systems that formed either on or after January 1, 2017 are counted in the seasonal totals.
2 Only systems that formed either before or on December 31, 2017 are counted in the seasonal totals.
3 The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone are based on the IMD Scale which uses 3-minute sustained winds.
4 The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone are based on the Saffir Simpson Scale which uses 1-minute sustained winds.

gollark: Added to your... quakological profile?
gollark: Um. What even is that?
gollark: That seems impractical and poorly defined.
gollark: Also redundancy.
gollark: I support having multiple nations or something similar around to provide choice of governance system.

See also

References

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