Rotuma
Rotuma /roʊˈtuːmə/ is a Fijian dependency, consisting of Rotuma Island and nearby islets. The island group is home to a large and unique indigenous ethnic group which constitutes a recognisable minority within the population of Fiji, known as "Rotumans". Its population at the 2017 census was 1,594,[1] although many more Rotumans live on mainland Fijian islands, totaling 10,000.
Rotuma Island Rotuma | |
|---|---|
 Location of Rotuma in Polynesia. | |
 Schematic map of Rotuma indicating districts and main villages. | |
| Administrative center | Ahau 12°29.9′S 177°2.82′E |
| Official languages | |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Demonym(s) | Rotuman |
| Government | Dependency of Fiji |
• Gagaj Pure (District officer) | Niumaia Masere |
| Tarterani Rigamoto | |
| Independence from the United Kingdom as part of Fiji | |
• Date | October 10, 1970 |
| Area | |
• Total | 47 km2 (18 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2017 census | 1,594 |
| Currency | Fiji dollar (FJD) |
| Time zone | UTC+12 |
| Calling code | +679 |
Geography and geology
These volcanic islands are located 646 kilometres (401 mi) (Suva to Ahau) north of Fiji. Rotuma Island itself is 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) long and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide, with a land area of approximately 47 square kilometres (12,000 acres),[2] making it the 12th largest island of Fiji. The island is bisected into a larger eastern part, and a western peninsula, by a low narrow isthmus only 230 metres (750 ft) wide, the location of Motusa village (Ituʻtiʻu district). North of the isthmus is Maka Bay, and in the south Hapmafau Bay. There are a large population of coral reefs in these bays, through which there are boat passages.
Rotuma is a shield volcano made of alkali-olivine basalt and hawaiite, with many small cones, and reaches 256 metres (840 ft) above sea level at Mount Suelhof near the center of the island. Satarua Peak, 166 metres (540 ft) high, lies near the eastern end of the island.[3] While very secluded from much of Fiji proper, the large reef and untouched beaches are renowned as some of the most beautiful in all of Fiji.
There are some islands located at a distance between 50 metres (160 ft) and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the main island, but still within the fringing reef:
- Solnoho (south)
- Solkope and Sari'i (southeast)
- ʻAfgaha and Husia Rua (far southeast)
- Husia (Husiatiʻu) and Husiameaʻmeʻa (close southeast)
- Hạuameaʻmeʻa and Hạua (Hạuatiʻu) (close together northeast).
Additionally, there is a separate chain of islands between 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) northwest and west of the westernmost point of Rotuma Island. From northeast to southwest, are:
The geological features of this unique island contribute to its national significance as outlined in Fiji's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.[5]
Climate
| Climate data for Rotuma (Ahau) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34 (93) |
33 (91) |
34 (93) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
33 (91) |
32 (90) |
34 (93) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.8 (87.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29.9 (85.8) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.6 (81.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20 (68) |
21 (70) |
21 (70) |
22 (72) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
19 (66) |
17 (63) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
17 (63) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 345 (13.6) |
368 (14.5) |
348 (13.7) |
284 (11.2) |
295 (11.6) |
246 (9.7) |
213 (8.4) |
224 (8.8) |
236 (9.3) |
300 (11.8) |
318 (12.5) |
312 (12.3) |
3,489 (137.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 20 | 21 | 23 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 223 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 82 | 82 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 201.5 | 158.1 | 155.0 | 171.0 | 179.8 | 171.0 | 179.8 | 220.1 | 180.0 | 207.7 | 177.0 | 164.3 | 2,165.3 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.5 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 5.9 |
| Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[6] | |||||||||||||
Flora and fauna
A 4,200-hectare (10,000-acre) area covering the main island and its small satellite islets is the Rotuma Important Bird Area. The Important Bird Area area covers the entire range of the vulnerable Rotuma myzomela, and the Rotuman subspecies of Polynesian starling and lesser shrikebill. Rotuma also supports isolated outlying populations of Crimson-crowned fruit dove and Polynesian triller. The offshore islets of Haʻatana, Hofliua and Hatawa have nationally significant seabird colonies.[7]
History
Linguistic evidence
Linguistic evidence suggests an original settlement from Fiji. Linguists include the Rotuman language in a subgroup with the languages of western Fiji, but Rotuman also has a large number of Polynesian loanwords, indicating later contact with Samoa and Tonga.
Origins in oral history
Rotuman oral history indicates that the islands' first inhabitants came from Samoa, whence they were led by a man named Raho. Shortly thereafter, further settlers arrived from Tonga. Later, additional settlers came from Tonga and Kiribati. In the 1850s and 1860s, Tongan Prince Ma'afu claimed Rotuma and sent subordinates to administer the main island and islets.[8]
Ratzel[9] wrote about a legend relating to the Samoans and Rotuma as follows:
"Thus the Samoans relate that one of their chiefs fished up Rotuma and planted coco-palm on it. But in a later migration the chief Tokaniua came that way with a canoe full of men and quarrelled with him about the prior right of possession."
European contact
The first known European sighting of Rotuma was in 1791, when Captain Edward Edwards and the crew of HMS Pandora landed in search of sailors who had disappeared following the Mutiny on the Bounty. There has been some argument whether the island discovered by Quirós known as Tuamaco fits the description and location of Rotuma, but no claim has been fully substantiated.
Mid-19th century
A favorite of whaling ships in need of reprovisioning, in the mid-nineteenth century Rotuma became a haven for runaway sailors, some of whom were escaped convicts. Some of these deserters married local women and contributed their genes to an already heterogeneous pool; others met violent ends, reportedly at one another's hands. The first recorded whaler to visit was the Loper in 1825. The last known whaling visit was by the Charles W. Morgan in 1894.[10] Rotuma was visited as part of the United States Exploring Expedition in 1840.
Cession to Britain
Wesleyan teachers from Tonga arrived on Rotuma in June 1841, followed by Catholic Marists in 1847. The Roman Catholic missionaries withdrew in 1853 but returned in 1868. Conflicts between the two groups, fuelled by previous political rivalries among the chiefs of Rotuma's seven districts, resulted in hostilities that led the local chiefs in 1879 to ask Britain to annex the island group. On 13 May 1881, Rotuma was officially ceded to the United Kingdom, seven years after Fiji became a colony. The event is annually celebrated as Rotuma Day.
Demographics
Although the island has been politically part of Fiji since 1881, Rotuman culture more closely resembles that of the Polynesian islands to the east, most noticeably Tonga, Samoa, Futuna, and Uvea. Because of their Polynesian appearance and distinctive language, Rotumans now constitute a recognizable minority group within the Republic of Fiji. The great majority of Rotumans (9,984 according to the 2007 Fiji census) now live elsewhere in Fiji, with 1,953 Rotumans remaining on Rotuma. Rotumans are culturally conservative and maintain their customs in the face of changes brought about by increased contact with the outside world. As recently as 1985, some 85 percent of Rotumans voted against opening the island up to tourism, wary of the influence of Western tourists. P&O Cruises landed on the island twice in the 1980s.
Notable Rotumans and people of Rotuman descent
- Riamkau Sau, Last King of Rotuma
- Robin Everett Mitchell: President of Association of National Olympic Committees, President of Oceania National Olympic Committee, Olympic Solidarity.
- Paul Manueli a former Commander of the Royal Fiji Military Forces, Fiji Cabinet minister, Senator and successful businessman
- Jioji Konrote, President of Fiji since 2015 and former High Commissioner to Australia
- Former Information Minister Marieta Rigamoto
- Chief Justice Daniel Fatiaki
- Irish sportsmen brothers Seán Óg and Setanta Ó hAilpín
- NRL player John Sutton
- Vilsoni Hereniko, playwright and film director
- Sapeta Taito, actress (The Land Has Eyes)
- Jono Gibbes (maternal side), a New Zealand rugby union player
- Rocky Khan, (maternal side) New Zealand rugby union player[11]
- Graham Dewes, a Fiji rugby union player
- Daniel Rae Costello, a Fijian-born musician of Rotuman descent
- Rebecca Tavo, Australian Touch Rugby Player with Rotuman father[12]
- Selina Hornibrook, Former Australian Netball Player with Rotuman mother
- Ngaire Fuata, New Zealand Television producer and singer with Rotuman father[13]
- Pene Erenio, top Fiji soccer player (Savusavu)
- Ravai Fatiaki Fiji Rugby Union Player
- Sofia Tekela-Smith, New Zealand artist raised on Rotuma by her grandmother
- David Eggleton, Poet Laureate of New Zealand, of Rotuman descent on his maternal side
- Fred Fatiaki, coach
Politics and society
Rotuma was governed as an integral part of the Colony of Fiji after cession to the United Kingdom in 1881 when a group of Rotuman chiefs travelled to London to meet Queen Victoria. The Paramount chief was granted the name of Albert by the Queen in honour of her husband Prince Albert who had died twenty years earlier.
Following Fiji's independence in 1970 and the military coups of 1987, Rotuma remained with Fiji.
Social organization
Rotuma is divided into seven autonomous districts, each with its own headman or chief (Gagaj ʻes Ituʻu), with villages:
- Noaʻtau (extreme southeast): Fekeioko, Maragteʻu, Fafʻiasina, Matuʻea, ʻUtʻutu, Kalvaka
- Oinafa (east): Oinafa, Lopta, Paptea
- Ituʻtiʻu (west, but east of western peninsula): Savlei, Lạu, Feavại, Tuạʻkoi, Motusa, Hapmak, Losa, Fapufa, Ahạu (Government Station)
- Malhaʻa (north): Pepheua, ʻElseʻe, ʻElsio
- Juju (south): Tuại, Haga, Juju
- Pepjei (southeast): ʻUjia, Uạnheta, Avave
- Ituʻmuta (western peninsula): Maftoa, Lopo
The district chiefs and elected district representatives make up the Rotuma Island Council . The districts are divided into subgroupings of households (hoʻaga) that function as work groups under the leadership of a subchief (gagaj ʻes hoʻaga). All district headmen and the majority of hoʻaga headmen are titled. In addition, some men hold titles without headship (as tög), although they are expected to exercise leadership roles in support of the district headman. Titles, which are held for life, belong to specified house sites (fuạg ri). All the descendants of previous occupants of a fuạg ri have a right to participate in the selection of successors to titles.
On formal occasions titled men and dignitaries such as ministers and priests, government officials, and distinguished visitors occupy a place of honor. They are ceremonially served food from special baskets and kava. In the daily routine of Village life, however, they are not especially privileged. As yet no significant class distinctions based on wealth or control of resources have emerged, but investments in elaborate housing and motor vehicles by a few families have led to visible differences in standard of living.
Political organization
At the time of arrival by Europeans there were three pan-Rotuman political positions: the fakpure, the sạu, and the mua. The fakpure acted as convener and presiding officer over the council of district headmen and was responsible for appointing the sạu and ensuring that he was cared for properly. The fakpure was headman of the District that headed the alliance that had won the last war. The sạu's role was to take part in the ritual cycle, oriented toward ensuring prosperity, as an object of veneration. Early European visitors referred to the sạu as "king", but he actually had no secular power. The position of sạu was supposed to rotate between districts, and a breach of this custom was considered to be incitement to war. The role of mua is more obscure, but like the sạu, he was an active participant in the ritual cycle. According to some accounts the mua acted as a kind of high priest.
Following Christianization in the 1860s, the offices of sạu and mua were terminated. Colonial administration involved the appointment by the governor of Fiji of a Resident Commissioner (after 1935, a District Officer) to Rotuma. He was advised by a council composed of the district chiefs. In 1940 the council was expanded to include an elected representative from each district and the Assistant Medical Practitioner. Following Fiji's independence in 1970, the council assumed responsibility for the internal governance of Rotuma, with the District Officer assigned to an advisory role. Up until the first coup, Rotuma was represented in the Fiji legislature by a single senator.
Administratively, Rotuma is fully incorporated into Fiji, but with local government so tailored as to give the island a measure of autonomy greater than that enjoyed by other political subdivisions of Fiji. Rotuma has the status of a Dependency, and its administrative capital is ʻAhạu in the district of Ituʻtiʻu, where the "tariạgsạu" (traditionally the name of the sạu's palace) meeting house for the Council of Rotuma is based.
At the national level, Fijian citizens of Rotuman descent elect one representative to the Fijian House of Representatives, and the Council of Rotuma nominates one representative to the Fijian Senate. Rotuma is also represented in the influential Great Council of Chiefs by three representatives chosen by the Council of Rotuma. For electoral purposes, Rotumans were formerly classified as Fijians, but when the Constitution was revised in 1997–1998, they were granted separate representation at their own request. (The majority of seats in Fiji's House of Representatives are allocated on a communal basis to Fiji's various ethnic groups) In addition, Rotuma forms part (along with Taveuni and the Lau Islands) of the Lau Taveuni Rotuma Open Constituency, one of 25 constituencies whose representatives are chosen by universal suffrage.
Social control
The hoʻaga, a kinship community, was the basic residential unit in pre-contact Rotuma.[14] The basis for social control is a strong socialization emphasis on social responsibility and a sensitivity to shaming. Gossip serves as a mechanism for sanctioning deviation, but the most powerful deterrent to antisocial behavior is an abiding belief in imminent justice, that supernatural forces (the ʻatua or spirits of ancestors) will punish wrongdoing. Rotumans are a rather gentle people; violence is extremely rare and serious crimes nearly nonexistent.
Conflict
Prior to cession, warfare, though conducted on a modest scale, was endemic in Rotuma. During the colonial era political rivalries were muted, since power was concentrated in the offices of Resident Commissioner and District Officer. Following Fiji's independence, however, interdistrict rivalries were again given expression, now in the form of political contention. Following the second coup, when Fiji left the Commonwealth of Nations, a segment of the Rotuman population, known as the "Mölmahao Clan" of Noaʻtau rejected the council's decision to remain with the newly declared republic. Arguing that Rotuma had been ceded to the United Kingdom and not to Fiji, these rebels declared in 1987 independence of Republic of Rotuma and were charged with sedition. It did not have any substantive support, majority opinion appears to favor remaining with Fiji, but rumblings of discontent remain.
See also
References
- Islands of Fiji, Island Directory, United Nations Environment Programme
- "2017 Population and Housing Census - Release 1" (PDF). Fiji Bureau of Statistics. 2018-01-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
- Rotuma Island | island, Fiji
- http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub126/126sec03.pdf
- http://www.rotuma.net/os/lajereports/LRI2007turtlereport.pdf
- Ganilau, Bernadette Rounds (2007). Fiji Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PDF). Convention on Biological Diversity. pp. 107–112. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- "Klimatafel von Ahau / Insel Rotuma / Fidschi" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- "BirdLife Data Zone: Rotuma". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
- "The Rotuman People", p. 4, in Teʻo Tuvale, An Account of Samoan History up to 1918
- The History of Mankind by Professor Friedrich Ratzel, Book II, Section A, The Races of Oceania page 173, MacMillan and Co., Ltd., published 1896
- Langdon, Robert (1984), Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p.209. ISBN 086784471X
- Robson, Toby (30 January 2011). "Rocky Khan a sevens player with a difference". Fairfax Media. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
- http://www.rotuma.net/os/sports/sports2009/sports0901.htm
- http://tvnz.co.nz/view/tvone_minisite_story_skin/415110
- Howard, Alan (1964). "Land Tenure and Social Change in Rotuma". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 73: 26–52.
- A.M. Hocart, Notes on Rotuman Grammar, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 1919, 252.
External links
- Rotuma website - an exhaustive website on all things Rotuman by anthropologists Alan Howard and Jan Rensel
- The Land Has Eyes - an award-winning film set in Rotuma made by Rotumans.
- Rotuman Hafa - Rotuman dance (see also Tautoga)
- Amateur radio - Amateur radio operations from Rotuma, with information on Rotuman history, culture, flora, fauna, geography, etc.; lengthy bibliography.
- General information, energy supply
- The Vertebrates of Rotuma and Surrounding Waters, by George R. Zug, Victor G. Springer, Jeffrey T. Wiliams and G. David Johnson, Atoll Research Bulletin, No. 316
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