Oroqen language
Oroqen (also known as Orochon, Oronchon, Olunchun, Elunchun, Ulunchun) is a Northern Tungusic language spoken in the People's Republic of China. Dialects are Gankui and Heilongjiang. Gankui is the standard dialect.[3] It is spoken by the Oroqen people of Inner Mongolia (predominantly the Oroqin Autonomous Banner) and Heilongjiang in Northeast China.
| Oroqen | |
|---|---|
| Native to | China |
| Region | Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang |
Native speakers | 1,200 (2009)[1] |
Tungusic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | orh |
| Glottolog | oroq1238[2] |
Since the 1980s, Oroqen-language materials were produced by teachers in Oroqen-speaking areas. They based the language's orthography either on IPA or Pinyin. A majority of Oroqen speakers use Chinese as a literary language and some also speak Daur.
Geographic distribution
Oroqen is spoken in the following counties of China (Ethnologue).
- Heilongjiang province
- Da Hinggan Ling: Huma County and Tahe County
- Heihe: Xunke County
- Yichun: Jiayin County and Heihe City
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Dialects
- Birarchen
- Kumarchen
- Orochen
- Selpechen (in Heilongjiang)
- Gankui (in Inner Mongolia)
The Gankui dialect is used as the standard dialect for the Oroqen language.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡ʃ | ||||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | |||||
| Fricative | ɸ | ʃ | x [ɣ] | [h] | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||
- Allophones of /x/ are heard as [ɣ], [h].
- A bilabial /ɸ/ can also be heard as a labio-dental [f].
- A rhotic trill /r/ tends to sound as a tap [ɾ], when occurring word-finally.
Notes
- "Oroqen". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Oroqen". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005, Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Hu, Zengyi (1986). Elunchun-yu jianzhi [Concise grammar of Oroqen]. Beijing: National Minorities Publ. pp. 3–19.
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External links
- Oroqen Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
- Oroqen Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
- Oroqen alphabet from Omniglot
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