Olympic medal

An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal: gold, awarded to the winner; silver, awarded to the runner-up; and bronze, awarded to the third place. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols.

For Olympic medal tables, see All-time Olympic Games medal table.

Olympic medals
A silver medal awarded to the winner of an event at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896.
Given for	Given to successful competitors in various Olympic Sports
Presented by	International Olympic Committee
History
First award	1896
Website	www.olympic.org

Medal designs have varied considerably since the first Olympic Games in 1896, particularly in size and weight. A standard obverse (front) design of the medals for the Summer Olympic Games began in 1928 and remained for many years, until its replacement at the 2004 Games as the result of controversy surrounding the use of the Roman Colosseum rather than a building representing the Games' Greek roots. The medals of the Winter Olympic Games never had a common design, but regularly feature snowflakes and the event where the medal has been won.

In addition to generally supporting their Olympic athletes, some countries provide sums of money and gifts to medal winners, depending on the classes and number of medals won.

Total medals won are used to rank competitor nations in medal tables, these may be compiled for a specific discipline, for a particular Games, or over all time. These totals always total event placements rather than actual medals—a victory in a team event (such as relay race) equates to a single gold for such rankings even though each team member would receive a physical medal.

Introduction and early history

The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games. It was an olive branch, off the wild-olive tree that grew at Olympia,[1] intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. According to Pausanias it was introduced by Heracles as a prize for the winner of the running race to honour Zeus.[2]

When the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful olympian competitors. However, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece.[3] The winners were instead given a silver medal and an olive branch,[4] while runners-up received a laurel branch and a copper or bronze medal.[5] In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals.

The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games.[6][7] If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules.[8] Some combat sports (such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) award two bronze medals per competition, resulting in, overall, more bronze medals being awarded than the other colours.

Medals are not the only awards given to competitors; every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma. Also, at the main host stadium, the names of all medal winners are written onto a wall.[8] Finally, as noted below, all athletes receive a participation medal and diploma.

Production and design

A collection of medals won by Polish athletes, at the Museum of Sport and Tourism in Warsaw

The IOC dictates the physical properties of the medals and has the final decision about the finished design. Specifications for the medals are developed along with the National Olympic Committee (NOC) hosting the Games, though the IOC has brought in some set rules:[8][9]

• Recipients: The top three competitors receive medals
• Shape: Usually circular, featuring an attachment for a chain or ribbon
• Diameter: A minimum of 60 mm
• Thickness: A minimum of 3 mm
• Material:
  • First place (the Gold medal): It is composed at least 92.5% of silver, plated with 6 grams of gold.
  • Second place (the Silver medal): 92.5% silver.[10]
  • Third place (the Bronze medal): It is 97.0% copper with 0.5% tin and 2.5% zinc; the metal value was about US$3 in 2010.[11]
• Event details: The sport for which the medal has been awarded should be written on the medal

The first Olympic medals in 1896 were designed by French sculptor Jules-Clément Chaplain and depicted Zeus holding Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, on the obverse and the Acropolis on the reverse.[3] They were made by the Paris Mint, which also made the medals for the 1900 Olympic Games, hosted by Paris. This started the tradition of giving the responsibility of minting the medals to the host city. For the next few Olympiads the host city also chose the medal design. Until 1912 the gold medals were made of solid gold.[12]

Trionfo

The bronze medal from the 1980 Summer Olympics showing Cassioli's obverse design portraying Nike, the Greek goddess of victory

In 1923 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) launched a competition for sculptors to design the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. Giuseppe Cassioli's Trionfo design was chosen as the winner in 1928.[3][13][14] The obverse brought back Nike but this time as the main focus, holding a winner's crown and palm with a depiction of the Colosseum in the background.[13] In the top right section of the medal a space was left for the name of the Olympic host and the Games numeral. The reverse features a crowd of people carrying a triumphant athlete. His winning design was first presented at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The competition saw this design used for 40 years until the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich became the first Games with a different design for the reverse side of the medal.[3]

Cassioli's design continued to inspire the obverse of the medal for many more years, though recreated each time, with the Olympic host and numeral updated. The obverse remained true to the Trionfo design until the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, where the IOC allowed an updated version to be created. For the next few events they mandated the use of the Nike motif but allowed other aspects to change.[9]

The trend ended after 2000, due to the negative reaction to the medal design for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. The designer of the 2000 medal (Wojciech Pietranik) had originally featured the Sydney Opera House on the obverse instead of the traditional Roman Colosseum but the International Olympic Committee decided that the Colosseum should remain.[15] The Greek press criticised the design for ignorance of the birthplace of the Olympic Games, pointing out that the long-standing feature on the front of medals was mistakenly depicting the Roman Colosseum rather than the Greek Parthenon.[3][16] The Sydney Organising Committee decided to continue with the design as it was, noting that there was insufficient time to complete another version and that it would be too costly.[9] This long-standing error had remained for 76 years until a new style depicting the Panathenaic Stadium was introduced at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.[17] This new obverse design remains in use.

Custom reverse designs

The German Olympic Committee, Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland, were the first Summer Games organisers to elect to change the reverse of the medal. The 1972 design was created by Gerhard Marcks, an artist from the Bauhaus, and features mythological twins Castor and Pollux.[18] Since then the Organising Committee of the host city has been given the freedom of the design of the reverse, with the IOC giving final approval.

Comparison between Summer and Winter

The IOC has the final decision on the specifications of each design for all Olympic medals, including the Summer Games, Winter Games, and Paralympic Games. There has been a greater variety of design for the Winter Games; unlike with the Summer Games, the IOC never mandated one particular design. The medal at the inaugural 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France did not even feature the Olympic rings. Nike was featured on the medals of the 1932 and 1936 Games but has only appeared on one medal design since then. One regular motif is the use of the snowflake, while laurel leaves and crowns appear on several designs. The Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius features on four Winter Games medals but does not appear on any Summer Games medal.

For three events in a row, hosts of the Winter Games included different materials in the medals: glass (1992), sparagmite (1994), and lacquer (1998). It was not until the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China that a Summer Olympic host chose to use something different, in this case jade. While every Summer Olympic medal except for the 1900 Games has been circular, the shapes of the Winter Games have been considerably more varied. The Winter Games medals are also generally larger, thicker, and heavier than those for the Summer Games.

Individual design details

Summer Olympic medal designs

Details about the medals from each of the Summer Olympic Games:[18][19]

Games	Host	Details	Designer(s)	Mint	Diameter (mm)	Thickness (mm)	Weight (g)	image
1896	Athens, Greece	Obverse: Zeus holding Nike Reverse: The Acropolis	Jules-Clément Chaplain	Paris Mint	48	3.8	047
1900	Paris, France	Obverse: Winged goddess holding laurel branches; Paris in the background Reverse: A victorious athlete holding a laurel branch; the Acropolis in the background Note: The only Summer Olympic medal that is not circular	Frédérique Vernon	Paris Mint	59 x 41	3.2	053
1904	St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.	Obverse: Nike holding a laurel crown and a palm leaf Reverse: An athlete holding a laurel crown; Greek temple in the background	Dieges & Clust	Dieges & Clust	37.8	3.5	021
1908	London, Great Britain	Obverse: An athlete receiving a laurel crown from two female figures Reverse: Saint George atop a horse Edge: "Vaughton", event name and winner	Bertram Mackennal	Vaughton & Sons	33	4.4	021
1912	Stockholm, Sweden	Obverse: An athlete receiving a laurel crown from two female figures Reverse: A herald opening the Games with a statue of Pehr Henrik Ling behind him	Bertram Mackennal (obverse) Erik Lindberg (reverse)	C.C. Sporrong & Co	33.4	1.5	024
1920	Antwerp, Belgium	Obverse: An athlete holding a laurel crown and a palm leaf Reverse: Statue of Silvius Brabo Edge: Name, event, team, "Antwerp", and the date	Josué Dupon	Coosmans	59	4.4	079
1924	Paris, France	Obverse: An athlete helping another to stand Reverse: A harp and various items of sports equipment	André Rivaud	Paris Mint	55	4.8	079
1928	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Design: Trionfo Note: This obverse design, sometimes recreated, remains until 2004, the reverse design remained until 1972	Giuseppe Cassioli	Dutch State Mint	55	3	066
1932	Los Angeles, U.S.	Design: Trionfo	Giuseppe Cassioli	Whitehead & Hoag	55.3	5.7	096
1936	Berlin, Germany	Design: Trionfo "B.H MAYER PFORZHEIM 990"	Giuseppe Cassioli	B.H. Mayer	55	5	071
1948	London, Great Britain	Design: Trionfo	Giuseppe Cassioli	John Pinches	51.4	5.1	060
1952	Helsinki, Finland	Design: Trionfo Edge: 916 M / Y6 (Factory Stamp)	Giuseppe Cassioli	Kultakeskus Oy	51	4.8	046.5
1956	Melbourne, Australia	Design: Trionfo	Giuseppe Cassioli	K.G. Luke	51	4.8	068
1960	Rome, Italy	Design: Trionfo Surround: A bronze laurel wreath and laurel leaf chain	Giuseppe Cassioli	Artistice Fiorentini	68	6.5	211
1964	Tokyo, Japan	Design: Trionfo	Giuseppe Cassioli and Toshikaka Koshiba	Japan Mint	60	7.5	062
1968	Mexico City, Mexico	Design: Trionfo	Giuseppe Cassioli		60	6	130
1972	Munich, Germany	Obverse: Trionfo Reverse: Castor and Pollux, twin sons of Zeus and Leda Edge: Winner's name and sport	Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse) Gerhard Marcks (reverse)	Bavarian Mint	66	6.5	102
1976	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Obverse: Trionfo Reverse: A stylised laurel crown and the Montreal Games logo Edge: Name of the sport	Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse)	Royal Canadian Mint	60	5.8	154
1980	Moscow, Russia	Obverse: Trionfo Reverse: A stylised Olympic flame and the Moscow Games logo	Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse) Ilya Postol (reverse)	Moscow Mint	60	6.8	125
1984	Los Angeles, U.S.	Obverse: Trionfo Reverse:An Olympic champion held aloft by a crowd Note: The reverse returns to the Cassioli design	Giuseppe Cassioli	Jostens, Inc	60	7.9	141
1988	Seoul, South Korea	Obverse: Trionfo Reverse: An outline of a dove carrying a laurel branch and the Seoul Olympic logo	Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse)	Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation	60	7	152
1992	Barcelona, Spain	Obverse: Updated interpretation of Trionfo Reverse: Barcelona Games logo	Xavier Corbero	Royal Mint of Spain	70	9.8	231
1996	Atlanta, U.S.	Obverse: Updated interpretation of Trionfo Reverse: A stylised olive branch, the Atlanta Games logo, and "Centennial Olympic Games" Edge: "Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games"	Malcolm Grear Designers	Reed & Barton	70	5	181
2000	Sydney, Australia	Obverse: Updated interpretation of Trionfo Reverse: The Sydney Opera House, Olympic Flame, and Olympic rings Edge: Event name	Wojciech Pietranik	Royal Australian Mint	68	5	180
2004	Athens, Greece	Obverse: Nike with Panathinaiko Stadium in the background Reverse: The Olympic Flame, the opening lines of Pindar's Eighth Olympic Ode, and the Athens Games logo	Elena Votsi		60	5	135
2008	Beijing, China	Obverse: Nike with Panathinaiko Stadium in the background Reverse: a jade ring with the Beijing Games logo in the centre and the event details on the outer edge	Xiao Yong[20]	China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation	70	6	200
2012	London, United Kingdom	Obverse: Nike with Panathinaiko Stadium in the background Reverse: The River Thames and the London Games logo with angled lines in the background	David Watkins	Royal Mint	85	8–10	357–412[21]
2016	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	Obverse: Nike with Panathinaiko Stadium in the background Reverse: The Rio 2016 logo and name, surrounded by a laurel leaf design in the form of the wreaths Edge: The name of the event for which the medal was won is engraved by laser along the outside edge. Note: For the first time, the medals are slightly thicker at their central point compared with their edges.[22]		Casa da Moeda do Brasil	85	6-11[23]	500[24]
2020	Tokyo, Japan	Obverse: Nike with Panathinaiko Stadium in the background Reverse: The Tokyo 2020 logo and name, surrounded rays of sun.

Winter Olympic medal designs

Details about the medals from each of the Winter Olympic Games:[3][25]

Games	Host	Details	Designer(s)	Mint[8]	Diameter (mm)	Thickness (mm)	Weight (g)	Image
1924	Chamonix, France	Obverse: A skier holding skates and skis and the designer's name Reverse: Written information about the Games	Raoul Bernard	Paris Mint	055	04	075
1928	St. Moritz, Switzerland	Obverse: A skater surrounded by snowflakes Reverse: Olive branches and host details	Arnold Hunerwadel	Huguenin Frères	050.4	03	051
1932	Lake Placid, U.S.	Obverse: Nike with the Adirondack Mountains in the background Reverse: Laurel leaves and written host details Shape: Circular but not with a straight edge		Robbins Company	055	03	051
1936	Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany	Obverse: Nike atop a horse-drawn chariot traversing an arch over winter sporting equipment Reverse: Large Olympic rings	Richard Klein	Deschler & Sohn	100	04	324
1948	St. Moritz, Switzerland	Obverse: The Olympic torch with snowflakes in the background and the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius Reverse: A snowflake and written host details	Paul Andre Droz	Huguenin Frères	060.2	03.8	103
1952	Oslo, Norway	Obverse: The Olympic torch and the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius Reverse: A pictogram of Oslo City Hall with three snowflakes and written host details	Vasos Falireus and Knut Yvan	Th. Marthinsen	070	03	137.5
1956	Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy	Obverse: An "ideal woman" and written host details Reverse: A large snowflake with Pomagagnon in the background, the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius, and further host details	Costanttino Affer	Lorioli Bros.	060.2	03	120.5
1960	Squaw Valley, U.S.	Obverse: The head of a male and female with host details written around them Reverse: Large Olympic rings, the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius, and the name of the sport	Herff Jones	Herff Jones Company	055.3	04.3	095
1964	Innsbruck, Austria	Obverse: Torlauf Mountains, "Innsbruck 1964", and "Torlauf" Reverse: The Olympic rings above the emblem of Innsbruck with host details around them	Martha Coufal (obverse) Arthur Zegler (reverse)	Austrian Mint	072	04	110
1968	Grenoble, France	Obverse: Three snowflakes and the red rose emblem of Grenoble surrounded by host details Reverse: A stylised image of each sport	Roger Excoffon	Paris Mint	061	03.3	124
1972	Sapporo, Japan	Obverse: Pictogram of lines in the snow Reverse: A snowflake, the Sun, and the Olympic rings Shape: Square with rounded, wavy lines	Yagi Kazumi (obverse) Ikko Tanaka (reverse)	Mint Bureau of the Finance Ministry	057.3 x 61.3	05	130
1976	Innsbruck, Austria	Obverse: The Olympic rings above the emblem of Innsbruck with host details around them Reverse: The Alps, Bergisel, and the Olympic flame	Martha Coufal (obverse) Arthur Zegler (reverse)	Austrian Mint	070	05.4	164
1980	Lake Placid, U.S.	Obverse: The Olympic torch held in front of the Adirondack Mountains Reverse: A pine cone sprig and the Lake Placid logo	Gladys Gunzer	Medallic Art Company	081	06.1	205
1984	Sarajevo, Yugoslavia	Obverse: Event logo with host details surrounding it Reverse: An athletes head wearing a laurel crown Shape: Circular but set in a large rounded rectangular shape	Nebojša Mitrić	Zlatara Majdanpek and Zavod za izradu novčanica	71.1 x 65.1	03.1	164
1988	Calgary, Alberta, Canada	Obverse: Event logo with host details surrounding it Reverse: Two people, one wearing a laurel and the other wearing a headdress made up of winter sports equipment	Fridrich Peter	Jostens	069	05	193
1992	Albertville, France	Obverse: Glass set into the metal, showing the Olympic rings in front of mountains Reverse: Rear side of glass section	René Lalique	René Lalique	092	09.1	169
1994	Lillehammer, Norway	Sparagmite partially covered in gold, one side showing the Olympic rings and host details, the other depicting the sport in which the medal was won and the Games emblem	Ingjerd Hanevold	Th. Marthinsen	080	08.5	131
1998	Nagano, Japan	Obverse: Partly lacquered, shows the Games emblem Reverse: Mainly lacquer, containing the Games emblem over the Shinshu mountains	Takeshi Ito	Kiso Kurashi Craft Center	080	08	261
2002	Salt Lake City, U.S.	Obverse: An athlete carrying the Olympic torch steps out of flames Reverse: Nike holding a victory leaf surrounded by event details Shape: Irregular circle, like the rocks in Utah's rivers	Scott Given, Axiom Design	O.C. Tanner	085	10	567
2006	Turin, Italy	Obverse: Graphic elements of the Games Reverse: Pictogram of the specific event Shape: Circular with a hole representing a piazza	Dario Quatrini	Ottaviani	107	10	469
2010	Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada	Obverse: An individually cropped section of a large First Nations artwork (orca or raven), making each medal unique Reverse: Emblem of the Games and event details Shape: Circular but with undulations stopping it from being flat	Corrine Hunt and Omer Arbel	Royal Canadian Mint	100	06	500–576
2014	Sochi, Russian Federation	Obverse: "Patchwork quilt" design representing different regions of Russia Reverse: Name of the competition in English and the Sochi logo Shape: Circular	ADAMAS	ADAMAS[26]	100	10	460, 525, 531
2018	Pyeongchang County, South Korea	Hangul "symbolising the effort of athletes from around the world"[27]	Lee Suk-woo		92.5		586, 580, 493

Participation medals

Since the beginning of the modern Olympics the athletes and their support staffs, event officials, and certain volunteers involved in planning and managing the games have received commemorative medals and diplomas. Like the winners' medals, these are changed for each Olympiad, with different ones issued for the summer and winter games.[28]

Gallery

• 
  Reverse of the plaque from the 1900 Olympic Games in France
• 
  James Graves wearing a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the last version of the Trionfo design
• 
  Vincent Hancock with his gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, the heaviest Summer Olympics medal prior to the 2016 Rio Olympics[29]

Presentation

Jim Thorpe receives his medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics

The presentation of the medals and awards changed significantly until the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles brought in what has now become standard. Before 1932 all the medals were awarded at the closing ceremony, with the athletes wearing evening dress for the first few Games. Originally the presenting dignitary was stationary while the athletes filed past to receive their medals. The victory podium was introduced upon the personal instruction in 1931 of Henri de Baillet-Latour, who had seen one used at the 1930 British Empire Games.[30] The winner is in the middle at a higher elevation, with the silver medallist to the right and the bronze to the left.[30] At the 1932 Winter Olympics, medals were awarded in the closing ceremony, with athletes for each event in turn mounting the first-ever podium. At the Summer Olympics, competitors in the Coliseum received their medals immediately after each event for the first time; competitors at other venues came to the Coliseum next day to receive their medals.[8][30] Later Games have had a victory podium at each competition venue.

The 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy were the first in which the medals were placed around the neck of the athletes. The medals hung from a chain of laurel leaves, while they are now hung from a coloured ribbon.[18] When Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics the competitors on the podium also received an olive wreath crown. In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, each medalist received a wooden statuette of the Olympic logo.[31]

See also

•  Olympics portal
• Summer Olympic coins
• Winter Olympic coins
• Lists of Olympic medalists
• James Brendan Connolly, recipient of the first winner's medal
• Pierre de Coubertin medal, a special medal awarded by the International Olympic Committee for sportsmanship or exceptional service to the Olympic movement

References

1. Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, IV.13.2: 'the wild-olive [kotinos] at Olympia near the temple of zeus, from which the wreaths for the games are made".
2. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.7.7
3. London 2012: Olympic medals timeline, BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
4. De Coubertin, Pierre; Timoleon J. Philemon; N.G. Politis; Charalambos Anninos (1897). The Olympic Games: BC 776–AD 1896 (PDF). The Olympic Games in 1896 - Second Part. Athens: Charles Beck. pp. 232–4.
5. “After this followed the distribution of the second prizes. The King presented each winner a bronze medal and a laurel branch.” (English version) But: “Darauf treten die zweiten Sieger einzeln heran und empfangen aus den Händen des Königs einen Lorbeerzweig und eine kupferne Medaille” (German version) Pierre de Coubertin and others, The Olympic Games In 1 8 9 6, Athens, London, Leipzig 1897, p.114 and p. 115. In: The Olympic Games B.C. 776. — A. D. 1896. Part II
6. "Athens 1896–Medal Table". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
7. Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 0-7864-0378-0.
8. Report 268. International Olympic Committee. 31 January 2002. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
9. The fine art of victory, Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
10. http://www.dendritics.com/scales/metal-calc.asp
11. Rigel Celeste (2 May 2010). "How Much is a Gold Medal Really Worth?". Luxist. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
12. "Olympics 2016: Everything You Need to Know About Gold Medals". ABC News. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
13. Winner's medal for the 1948 Olympic Games in London, Olympic.org. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
14. Olympic Summer Games Medals, Athens Info Guide. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
15. The fine art of victory, Powerhouse Museum. Accessed 11 September 2011.
16. Greek anger at Olympic medal design, The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
17. Athens' New Olympic Medal Design Win IOC's Nod, People Daily. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
18. Olympic Summer Games Medals From Athens 1896 to Beijing 2008. International Olympic Committee. April 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
19. Magnay, Jacquelin. London 2012 Olympics: medal designs unveiled. The Telegraph. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
20. Xiao Yong Archived 27 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. icograda. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
21. The Making of the London 2012 Victory Medals Archived 13 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Royal Mint. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
22. Rio 2016 reveals Olympic medals, celebrating nature and sustainability Archived 15 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Rio 2016. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
23. Medalhas Olímpicas e Paralímpicas são as mais sustentáveis da história dos Jogos. Casa da Moeda do Brasil. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
24. Innovative Medal Design Unveiled for Rio 2016. International Olympic Committee. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
25. Olympic Winter Games Medals from Chamonix 1924 to Vancouver 2010. International Olympic Committee. April 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
26. The Sochi Olympic medals introduced by the ADAMAS jewellery company on YouTube
27. https://www.olympic.org/pyeongchang-2018-medals
28. Olympic Museum
29. https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2012/07/26/a-closer-look-at-the-olympic-gold-medal/
30. Barney, Robert K. (1998). "A Research Note on the Origins of the Olympic Victory Podium" (PDF). International Symposium for Olympic Research. Fourth: Global and Cultural Critique: Problematizing the Olympic Games: 219–226. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
31. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-17/rio-2016-what-is-the-figurine-athletes-are-receiving-with-medal/7749814

External links