List of stripped Olympic medals

The following is a list of stripped Olympic medals. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the governing body of the Olympic Games, and as such, can rule athletes to have violated regulations of the Games, for which athletes' Olympic medals can be stripped (i.e. rescinded). Stripped medals must be returned to the IOC by the offending athlete.

Record

In the case of team events, the rule was revised in March 2003 so that the IOC can strip medals from a team based on infractions by a single team member.[1] In the table below, for stripped team medals, the athlete in violation is shown in parentheses. The international governing body of each Olympic sport can also strip athletes of medals for infractions of the rules of the sport.

From October 1968 to February 2020, a total of 148 medals have been stripped, with 9 medals declared vacant (rather than being reallocated) after being stripped. The vast majority of these have occurred since 2000 due to improved drug testing methods.

The majority of medals have been stripped in athletics (50, including 19 gold medals) and weightlifting (48, including 14 gold medals). The country with the most stripped medals is Russia (and Russian associated teams), with 47, four times the number of the next highest, and more than 30% of the total. The Post-Soviet states account for more than 60% of the overall total.

Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been claimed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".

A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.[2] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.[3]

Among particular Olympic Games, the 2008 Summer Olympics has the most stripped medals, at 50. Among Winter Olympics, the 2002 Winter Olympics has the most medals stripped with 13.

All but seven of the stripped medals involve infractions stemming from doping and drug testing:

  • Jim Thorpe was stripped of his two gold medals by the International Olympic Committee in 1913, after the IOC learned that Thorpe had taken expense money for playing baseball before the 1912 Games, violating Olympic amateurism rules that had been in place at the time. In 1982, 29 years after his death, the IOC was convinced that the disqualification had been improper, as no protest against Thorpe's eligibility had been brought within the required 30 days, and reinstated Thorpe's medals, with replicas presented to his children.
  • Marika Kilius and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler were stripped of their 1964 silver medal in figure skating for similar reasons to Thorpe, but had them reinstated in 1987.
  • Ingemar Johansson was disqualified from the gold medal fight in the 1952 heavyweight boxing competition after the referee deemed that he was "failing to show fight" to win the three-round match, and was subsequently deemed to have forfeited the minimum silver medal he would have won. Johansson said that he did not throw any punches at his opponent in the first two rounds to tire him out before releasing a barrage of punches in the third. He was eventually presented with his silver medal in 1982.[4]
  • Ibragim Samadov of the 1992 Unified Team was stripped of his bronze medal after he "hurled his bronze medal to the floor" and "stormed off the stage during the awards ceremony."[5]
  • Ara Abrahamian of Sweden was stripped of his bronze medal in 2008 for similar reasons.[6]
  • China was stripped of a team gymnastics bronze medal from 2000 in 2010 after Dong Fangxiao was found to have been underage at the time of the competition.

Some athletes have had medals taken away from them for different methods of cheating before physically getting on to the medal podium, such as American marathon runner Frederick Lorz at the 1904 Olympics and Swedish horse rider Bertil Sandström at the 1932 Olympics. These athletes are not included in the list as they were disqualified before physically receiving their medals, and in any case were never guaranteed to win them going in to the final round of competition.[7]

Russian wrestler Besik Kudukhov failed a drug test in 2016 from a sample taken when he competed in the 60 kg freestyle wrestling event at the 2012 Olympics. However, as Kudukhov had died in a car accident three years earlier, his medal was retained.

In a few cases, the IOC has reversed earlier rulings that stripped athletes of medals. In the case of Rick DeMont, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) recognized his gold medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics in 2001,[8] but only the IOC has the power to restore his medal, and it has, as of 2019, refused to do so. Rick DeMont originally won the gold medal. Following the race, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) stripped DeMont of his gold medal[9] after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication, Marax. The positive test following the 400-meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was not permitted to swim in any other events at the 1972 Olympics, including the 1,500-meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder. Before the Olympics, DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) had not cleared them with the IOC's medical committee.[10] The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) has recognized his gold medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics in 2001.[8][8][8]

List of stripped Olympic medals
  • This is the list of Olympic medals stripped by the IOC, the governing body of the Olympics.
  • (X) medal declared vacant
  • (Y) medal yet to be reallocated or declared vacant
  • (Z) not due to doping; all others were due to doping offenses
Olympics Athlete Country Medal Event Ref
1968 Summer Olympics Modern Pentathlon team (Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall)  Sweden Modern pentathlon, Team [11]
1972 Summer Olympics Bakhvain Buyadaa  Mongolia Judo, Men's 63 kg (X) [12]
Cycling team (Aad van den Hoek)  Netherlands Cycling, Men's team time trial (X) [13]
Jaime Huélamo  Spain Cycling, Men's individual road race (X) [13]
Rick DeMont  United States Swimming, Men's 400 m freestyle [8]
1976 Winter Olympics Galina Kulakova  Soviet Union Cross-Country Skiing, Women's 5 km [14]
1976 Summer Olympics Valentin Khristov  Bulgaria Weightlifting, Men's 110 kg [15]
Blagoy Blagoev Weightlifting, Men's 82.5 kg [16]
Zbigniew Kaczmarek  Poland Weightlifting, Men's 67.5 kg [17]
1984 Summer Olympics Martti Vainio  Finland Athletics, Men's 10,000 m [18]
Tomas Johansson  Sweden Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman +100 kg [19]
1988 Summer Olympics Mitko Grablev  Bulgaria Weightlifting, Men's 56 kg [20]
Angel Guenchev Weightlifting, Men's 67.5 kg [20]
Ben Johnson  Canada Athletics, Men's 100 m [21]
Andor Szanyi  Hungary Weightlifting, Men's 100 kg [22]
1992 Summer Olympics Ibragim Samadov  Unified Team Weightlifting, Men's 82.5 kg (X, Z) [5]
2000 Summer Olympics Ashot Danielyan  Armenia Weightlifting, Men's +105 kg [23]
Izabela Dragneva  Bulgaria Weightlifting, Women's 48 kg [24]
Ivan Ivanov Weightlifting, Men's 56 kg [24]
Sevdalin Minchev Weightlifting, Men's 62 kg [24]
Gymnastics team (Dong Fangxiao)  China Gymnastics, Women's artistic team all-around (Z) [25]
Alexander Leipold  Germany Wrestling, Men's freestyle 76 kg [26]
Andreea Răducan  Romania Gymnastics, Women's artistic individual all-around [27]
Marion Jones  United States Athletics, Women's 100 m (X) [28]
Athletics, Women's 200 m [28]
Athletics, Women's long jump [28]
Relay team (Antonio Pettigrew, Jerome Young) Athletics, Men's 4 × 400 m relay [29]
Lance Armstrong Cycling, Men's road time trial (X) [30]
2002 Winter Olympics Alain Baxter  Great Britain Alpine Skiing, Men's slalom [31]
Olga Danilova  Russia Cross-Country Skiing, Women's 5 km + 5 km combined pursuit [32]
Cross-Country Skiing, Women's 10 km classical [32]
Larisa Lazutina Cross-Country Skiing, Women's 30 km classical [32][33]
Cross-Country Skiing, Women's 15 km freestyle mass start [34]
Cross-Country Skiing, Women's 5 km + 5 km combined pursuit [34]
Johann Mühlegg  Spain Cross-Country Skiing, Men's 50 km classical [32]
Cross-Country Skiing, Men's 30 km freestyle [35]
Cross-Country Skiing, Men's 10 km + 10 km combined pursuit [35]
2004 Summer Olympics Ivan Tsikhan  Belarus Athletics, Men's hammer throw (X) [36]
Iryna Yatchenko Athletics, Women's discus throw [36]
Equestrian team[nb 1]
(Goldfever horse; Ludger Beerbaum rider)		  Germany Equestrian, Team show jumping [37]
Leonidas Sabanis  Greece Weightlifting, Men's 62 kg [38]
Adrián Annus  Hungary Athletics, Men's hammer throw [39]
Róbert Fazekas Athletics, Men's discus throw [40]
Ferenc Gyurkovics Weightlifting, Men's 105 kg [41]
Waterford Crystal (horse; Cian O'Connor rider)  Ireland Equestrian, Individual show jumping [42]
Irina Korzhanenko  Russia Athletics, Women's shot put [43]
Svetlana Krivelyova Athletics, Women's shot put (X) [36]
Oleg Perepetchenov Weightlifting, Men's 77 kg [44]
Yuriy Bilonoh  Ukraine Athletics, Men's shot put [36]
Rowing team (Olena Olefirenko) Rowing, Women's quadruple sculls [45]
Tyler Hamilton  United States Cycling, Men's road time trial [46]
2006 Winter Olympics Olga Pyleva  Russia Biathlon, Women's individual [47]
2008 Summer Olympics Tigran Gevorg Martirosyan  Armenia Weightlifting, Men's 69 kg [48]
Vitaliy Rahimov  Azerbaijan Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg [49]
Rashid Ramzi  Bahrain Athletics, Men's 1500 m [50]
Aksana Miankova  Belarus Athletics, Women's hammer throw [51]
Natallia Mikhnevich Athletics, Women's shot put [51]
Andrei Rybakou Weightlifting, Men's 85 kg [53]
Andrei Mikhnevich Athletics, Men's shot put [54]
Nastassia Novikava Weightlifting, Women's 53 kg [53]
Nadzeya Ostapchuk Athletics, Women's shot put [55]
Liu Chunhong  China Weightlifting, Women's 69 kg [55]
Cao Lei Weightlifting, Women's 75 kg [55]
Chen Xiexia Weightlifting, Women's 48 kg [55]
Yarelys Barrios  Cuba Athletics, Women's discus throw [56]
Hrysopiyi Devetzi  Greece Athletics, Women's triple jump [49]
Davide Rebellin  Italy Cycling, Men's road race [57]
Relay team (Nesta Carter)  Jamaica Athletics, Men's 4 × 100 m relay [58]
Ilya Ilyin  Kazakhstan Weightlifting, Men's 94 kg [51]
Irina Nekrassova Weightlifting, Women's 63 kg [49]
Taimuraz Tigiyev Wrestling, Men's freestyle 96 kg [53]
Mariya Grabovetskaya Weightlifting, Women's +75 kg [49]
Asset Mambetov Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman 96 kg [49]
Kim Jong-su  North Korea Shooting, Men's 50 m air pistol [59]
Shooting, Men's 10 m air pistol [59][60]
Equestrian team[nb 2]
(Camiro horse; Tony André Hansen rider)		  Norway Equestrian, team show jumping [61]
Relay team (Yuliya Chermoshanskaya)  Russia Athletics, Women's 4 × 100 m relay [62]
Maria Abakumova Athletics, Women's javelin throw [63]
Khasan Baroev Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman 120 kg [49]
Tatyana Lebedeva Athletics, Women's triple jump [58]
Athletics, Women's long jump [58]
Relay team (Anastasiya Kapachinskaya, Tatyana Firova) Athletics, Women's 4 × 400 m relay [48]
Marina Shainova Weightlifting, Women's 58 kg [48]
Khadzhimurat Akkayev Weightlifting, Men's 94 kg [49]
Anna Chicherova Athletics, Women's high jump [66]
Nadezhda Evstyukhina Weightlifting, Women's 75 kg [48]
Dmitry Lapikov Weightlifting, Men's 105 kg [49]
Tatyana Chernova Athletics, Women's heptathlon [67]
Relay team (Denis Alexeev) Athletics, Men's 4 × 400 m relay [63]
Yekaterina Volkova Athletics, Women's 3000 m steeplechase [53]
Ara Abrahamian  Sweden Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman 84 kg (X, Z) [68]
Elvan Abeylegesse  Turkey Athletics, Women's 5000 metres [69]
Athletics, Women's 10000 metres [69]
Sibel Özkan Weightlifting, Women's 48 kg [70]
Lyudmyla Blonska  Ukraine Athletics, Women's heptathlon [71]
Vasyl Fedoryshyn Wrestling, Men's freestyle 60 kg [72]
Olha Korobka Weightlifting, Women's +75 kg [53]
Nataliya Davydova Weightlifting, Women's 69 kg [49]
Victoria Tereshchuk Modern pentathlon, Women's modern pentathlon [73]
Denys Yurchenko Athletics, Men's pole vault [49]
Artur Taymazov  Uzbekistan Wrestling, Men's freestyle 120 kg [72]
Soslan Tigiev Wrestling, Men's freestyle 74 kg [53]
2012 Summer Olympics Hripsime Khurshudyan  Armenia Weightlifting, Women's +75 kg [74]
Valentin Hristov  Azerbaijan Weightlifting, Men's 56 kg (Y) [75]
Nadzeya Ostapchuk  Belarus Athletics, Women's shot put [76]
Iryna Kulesha Weightlifting, Women's 75 kg [74]
Maryna Shkermankova Weightlifting, Women's 69 kg [78]
Davit Modzmanashvili  Georgia Wrestling, Men's freestyle 120 kg [79]
Zulfiya Chinshanlo  Kazakhstan Weightlifting, Women's 53 kg [78]
Ilya Ilyin Weightlifting, Men's 94 kg [51]
Maiya Maneza Weightlifting, Women's 63 kg [78]
Svetlana Podobedova Weightlifting, Women's 75 kg [78]
Jevgenij Shuklin  Lithuania Canoeing, Men's C-1 200 m [80]
Anatolie Cîrîcu  Moldova Weightlifting, Men's 94 kg [74]
Cristina Iovu Weightlifting, Women's 53 kg [74]
Sergey Kirdyapkin  Russia Athletics, Men's 50 km walk [81]
Ivan Ukhov Athletics, Men's high jump (Y) [82]
Tatyana Lysenko Athletics, Women's hammer throw [83]
Mariya Savinova Athletics, Women's 800 m [84]
Yuliya Zaripova Athletics, Women's 3000 m steeplechase [85][74]
Apti Aukhadov Weightlifting, Men's 85 kg [86]
Aleksandr Ivanov Weightlifting, Men's 94 kg [74]
Olga Kaniskina Athletics, Women's 20 km walk [87]
Yevgeniya Kolodko Athletics, Women's shot put [88]
Darya Pishchalnikova Athletics, Women's discus throw [89]
Relay team (Antonina Krivoshapka, Yulia Gushchina, Tatyana Firova) Athletics, Women's 4 × 400 m relay [90][91][92]
Svetlana Tsarukayeva Weightlifting, Women's 63 kg [72]
Natalia Zabolotnaya Weightlifting, Women's 75 kg [74]
Tatyana Chernova Athletics, Women's heptathlon [93]
Svetlana Shkolina Athletics, Women's high jump (Y) [94]
Asli Cakir Alptekin  Turkey Athletics, Women's 1500 m [95]
Gamze Bulut Athletics, Women's 1500 m [69]
Relay team (Tyson Gay)  United States Athletics, Men's 4 × 100 m relay [96]
Oleksiy Torokhtiy  Ukraine Weightlifting, Men's 105 kg [97]
Oleksandr Pyatnytsya Athletics, Men's javelin throw [98]
Yuliya Kalina Weightlifting, Women's 58 kg [99]
Artur Taymazov  Uzbekistan Wrestling, Men's freestyle 120 kg [100]
Soslan Tigiev Wrestling, Men's freestyle 74 kg [101]
2014 Winter Olympics Two-man (Alexandr Zubkov, Alexey Voyevoda)  Russia Bobsleigh, Two-man [102][103][104]
Four-man (Alexandr Zubkov, Alexey Voyevoda) Bobsleigh, Four-man
Relay team (Evgeny Ustyugov) Biathlon, Men's relay [105]
Olga Vilukhina Biathlon, Women's sprint [103]
Relay team (Olga Vilukhina, Yana Romanova, Olga Zaitseva) Biathlon, Women's relay (Y) [103]
2016 Summer Olympics Izzat Artykov  Kyrgyzstan Weightlifting, Men's 69 kg [106]
Serghei Tarnovschi  Moldova Canoeing, Men's C-1 1000 m [107]
Gabriel Sîncrăian  Romania Weightlifting, Men's 85 kg [108]
Mikhail Aloyan  Russia Boxing, Men's flyweight [108]
2018 Winter Olympics Curling team (Aleksandr Krushelnitckii)  Olympic Athletes from Russia Curling, Mixed doubles [109]

Notes:

  1. The German team was not disqualified, but with Beerbaum's score excluded, it dropped from gold medalist to bronze medalist.
  2. The Norwegian team was not disqualified, but with Hansen's score excluded, it dropped from bronze medalist to tenth.

List of Olympic medals stripped and later returned

Here is the list of Olympic medals that were stripped by the IOC and later returned by the IOC.

Olympics Athlete Country Medal Event Ref
1912 Summer Olympics Jim Thorpe  United States Athletics, Men's pentathlon [110]
Athletics, Men's decathlon [110]
1952 Summer Olympics Ingemar Johansson  Sweden Boxing, Men's heavyweight [111]
1964 Winter Olympics Marika Kilius, Hans-Jürgen Bäumler Germany Figure skating, Pairs [112]
1998 Winter Olympics Ross Rebagliati  Canada Snowboarding, Men's giant slalom [113]
2000 Summer Olympics Relay team (except Marion Jones)  United States Athletics, Women's 4 × 400 m relay [114]
Relay team (except Marion Jones) Athletics, Women's 4 × 100 m relay [114]
2004 Summer Olympics María Luisa Calle  Colombia Cycling, Women's points race [115]
2008 Summer Olympics Vadim Devyatovskiy  Belarus Athletics, Men's hammer throw [116]
Ivan Tsikhan Athletics, Men's hammer throw [116]
2014 Winter Olympics Alexander Legkov  Russia Cross-Country Skiing, Men's 50 km freestyle [117]
Aleksandr Tretyakov Skeleton, Men's individual [117]
Relay team (Alexander Legkov, Maxim Vylegzhanin, Alexander Bessmertnykh) Cross-Country Skiing, Men's 4 x 10 km relay [117]
Maksim Vylegzhanin Cross-Country Skiing, Men's 50 km freestyle [117]
Relay team (Maxim Vylegzhanin, Nikita Kryukov) Cross-Country Skiing, Men's team sprint [117]
Olga Fatkulina Speed Skating, Women's 500 m [117]
Albert Demchenko Luge, Men's singles [117]
Relay team (Albert Demchenko, Tatiana Ivanova) Luge, Team relay [117]
Elena Nikitina Skeleton, Women's individual [117]
Nicklas Bäckström  Sweden Ice hockey, Men's tournament [118]

Stripped, returned, and stripped

Gold medals for the 2000 Olympic men's 4 × 400 metres relay were awarded to the U.S. squad of Jerome Young, Michael Johnson, Antonio Pettigrew, Angelo Taylor, Alvin Harrison and Calvin Harrison. In 2004, after Young (who ran in the heats) was retroactively banned from 1999 to 2001, all six were stripped of their medals.

In 2005, the Court of Arbitration for Sport restored the medals of the remaining five due to the fact that, according to the rules of the time, a team should not be disqualified because of a doping offense of an athlete who did not compete in the finals, but in 2008, Pettigrew admitted to the use of doping from 1997 to 2003, meaning that the team was disqualified.[119]

Medals stripped by country

A total of 37 different countries/teams have had medals stripped including the former Soviet Union, the Unified Team of 1992 and the Olympic Athletes from Russia team of 2018. In total, 63% of all medals stripped are from former Soviet states.

Stripped medals by country
Country Total
 Russia (RUS) 12 21 11 44
 Ukraine (UKR) 2 4 5 11
 Belarus (BLR) 2 3 6 11
 Kazakhstan (KAZ) 5 2 2 9
 United States (USA) 5 1 2 8
 Bulgaria (BUL) 4 2 1 7
 Turkey (TUR) 1 4 0 5
 China (CHN) 3 0 1 4
 Spain (ESP) 3 0 1 4
 Hungary (HUN) 2 2 0 4
 Uzbekistan (UZB) 2 1 1 4
 Sweden (SWE) 0 1 2 3
 Armenia (ARM) 0 0 3 3
 Moldova (MDA) 0 0 3 3
 Germany (GER) 2 0 0 2
 Romania (ROM) 1 0 1 2
 Azerbaijan (AZE) 0 1 1 2
 North Korea (PRK) 0 1 1 2
 Greece (GRE) 0 0 2 2
 Bahrain (BRN) 1 0 0 1
 Canada (CAN) 1 0 0 1
 Ireland (IRL) 1 0 0 1
 Jamaica (JAM) 1 0 0 1
 Poland (POL) 1 0 0 1
 Cuba (CUB) 0 1 0 1
 Finland (FIN) 0 1 0 1
 Georgia (GEO) 0 1 0 1
 Italy (ITA) 0 1 0 1
 Lithuania (LTU) 0 1 0 1
 Mongolia (MGL) 0 1 0 1
 Great Britain (GBR) 0 0 1 1
 Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) 0 0 1 1
 Netherlands (NED) 0 0 1 1
 Norway (NOR) 0 0 1 1
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 0 0 1 1
 Soviet Union (URS) 0 0 1 1
 Unified Team (EUN) 0 0 1 1
Total494950148

Medals stripped by gender

Men have had more medals stripped overall. Men have also had more gold and bronze medals stripped, but women have had more silver medals stripped.

Mixed events will be classed in the table below on which gender caused the medal to be stripped. If both genders contribute to the medal being stripped, then it should be added to both tallies. Note that Marion Jones' stripped relay medals are not counted.

Stripped medals by gender
Gender Total Percentage
Male 29 23 27 79 53.3%
Female 20 26 23 69 46.7%
Total494950148100%

Medals stripped by sport

A total of 18 different sports have had medals stripped: 13 from the Summer Olympics and 5 from the Winter Olympics. Athletics and Weightlifting have had by far the greatest numbers of medals stripped compared to any other sport.

Stripped medals by sport
Sport Total
Athletics 19 18 13 50
Weightlifting 14 13 21 48
Wrestling 3 7 3 13
Cross-Country Skiing 5 3 1 9
Cycling 1 1 3 5
Biathlon 1 3 0 4
Equestrian 2 0 1 3
Bobsleigh 2 0 0 2
Gymnastics 1 0 1 2
Canoeing 0 1 1 2
Shooting 0 1 1 2
Modern Pentathlon 0 0 2 2
Swimming 1 0 0 1
Boxing 0 1 0 1
Judo 0 1 0 1
Alpine Skiing 0 0 1 1
Curling 0 0 1 1
Rowing 0 0 1 1
Total494950148
gollark: What do you mean "bargain with it"?
gollark: I was talking about your entry and 7.4 days.
gollark: Yes.
gollark: What *was* coltrans thinking?
gollark: Yes, imagine rapidly.

See also

References
  1. "CAS reverses IOC decision on U.S. relay medals". Reuters. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2019-06-29.
  2. Wilson, Wayne (Ph.D.); Derse, Ed (2001). Doping in Élite Sport: The Politics of Drugs in the Olympic Movement. Human Kinetics. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-0-7360-0329-2. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  3. Sytkowski, Arthur J. (May 2006). Erythropoietin: Blood, Brain and Beyond. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-3-527-60543-9. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  4. "Ingemar Johansson: Boxer who beat Floyd Patterson to win the world title". The Independent. 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
  5. Bondy, Filip (August 3, 1992). "Barcelona: Weight Lifting – Medalist's Ban Is A Tangled Tale". New York Times.
  6. Longman, Jere (August 17, 2008). "Swede Stripped of His Medal After His Angry Reaction". New York Times.
  7. "Tarnished gold: Some of the 'great' Olympics cheats". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  8. "Better late than never". sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Associated Press. January 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 7, 2001.
  9. Neil Amdur, "Of Gold and Drugs," The New York Times (September 4, 1972). Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  10. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "List of stripped Olympic medals". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011.
  11. The Olympics Most Wanted by Floyd Conner. 2001.
  12. Black Belt magazine January 1973
  13. Historical Dictionary of Cycling By Bill Mallon, Jeroen Heijmans. Scarecrow Press. 2011. p. xxiv
  14. Temple, Wick. "Russian star stripped of medal after use of drug". The Day. February 9, 1976.
  15. "Valentin Khristov Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  16. "Blagoy Blagoev Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  17. "Zbigniew Kaczmarek Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  18. "SPORTS PEOPLE; Finn Admits Drug Use". The New York Times. July 10, 1985.
  19. "Swede Loses Silver For Using Steroids". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 6, 1984.
  20. Johnson, William Oscar; Moore, Kenny (October 3, 1988). "The Loser". Sports Illustrated.
  21. "1988: Johnson stripped of Olympic gold". BBC News. September 27, 1988.
  22. "The Seoul Olympics – Weight Lifter Used Drug". The New York Times. September 29, 1988.
  23. CNNSI.com (September 30, 2000). "More busts". CNN. Archived from the original on June 22, 2001.
  24. "Bulgarian lifters sent home". BBC News. September 22, 2000.
  25. "China 'pained' by loss of medal". BBC News. April 29, 2010.
  26. "Wrestler Leipold given ban". BBC News. November 3, 2000.
  27. "Plus: Gymnastics – Romanian Loses Gold-Medal Appeal". The New York Times. December 13, 2000.
  28. "IOC strips Jones of all 5 Olympic medals". MSNBC.com. Associated Press. December 12, 2007. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
  29. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Commissions_PDFfiles/Executive_Board/2012-06-07-IOC_EB_Decision_Regarding_the_Reallocation_of_the_Medals_and_Diplomas_in_the_mens-4x400m_Relay_Team_2000_Sydney_Games.pdf
  30. "IOC Statement on Lance Armstrong". IOC. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
  31. "Wayback Machine" (PDF). 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  32. "Muehlegg, Lazutina test positive, stripped of golds". ESPN.com. Associated Press. February 24, 2002.
  33. "Drugs test denies Lazutina gold". BBC News. February 24, 2002.
  34. "Lazutina loses Olympic medals". BBC News. June 29, 2003.
  35. "Danilova, Muehlegg stripped of Olympic golds". USA Today. December 18, 2003.
  36. "Four Athens competitors stripped of medals". Al Jazeera. December 5, 2012.
  37. "Germany stripped of show jumping gold". CBC News. January 8, 2005.
  38. "Greek weightlifter stripped of bronze". The Guardian. London. August 22, 2004.
  39. "Hammer throw champ's gold taken". USA Today. August 29, 2004.
  40. "Gold medalist stripped after test tampering". ESPN.com. Associated Press. August 24, 2004.
  41. "Positive drug tests lead to another stripped medal, expulsion". USAToday.com. Associated Press. August 28, 2004.
  42. "O'Connor loses Olympic gold medal". RTÉ News. March 27, 2005.
  43. "Shot-put champion will lose gold". CNN. August 22, 2004.
  44. "Russian weightlifter, Oleg Perepetchenov, stripped of Athens bronze medal". Reuters. February 12, 2013.
  45. "Ukrainian rowers stripped of bronze for drug violation; Hungarian weightlifter expelled". The China Post. Associated Press. August 27, 2004. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008.
  46. "US cyclist Tyler Hamilton stripped of Athens gold for doping". BBC. August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  47. "Russian Woman Stripped of Biathlon Medal". NBCSports.com. Associated Press. February 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  48. "IOC sanctions six athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008". International Olympic Committee. 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  49. "IOC sanctions 16 athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008". International Olympic Committee. 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  50. Wilson, Stephen (November 18, 2009). "Ramzi stripped of Olympic 1,500-meter gold medal". Associated Press.
  51. "IOC sanctions seven athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008 and London 2012". International Olympic Committee. 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
  52. "9 Olympians, including 6 medallists, caught for Beijing doping". cbc.ca. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  53. "IOC sanctions nine athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008". International Olympic Committee. 2016-10-26. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  54. "Medal received after six years". Reuters. August 22, 2014.
  55. "IOC sanctions eight athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008 and London 2012". International Olympic Committee. 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  56. "IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008". 24 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  57. Young, Chris (2009-11-19). "Young: Olympians lose medals after retroactive doping test". Toronto Star.
  58. "IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008". International Olympic Committee. 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
  59. "Two more athletes fail dope tests". BBC Sport. August 15, 2008.
  60. Scott, Matt (August 15, 2008). "Olympics: Korean double medallist expelled for drug use". The Guardian.
  61. Norwegian stripped of Olympic equestrian bronze December 22, 2008. USA Today.
  62. "IOC sanctions Yulia Chermoshanskaya for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008". 25 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  63. "IOC sanctions four athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008 and London 2012". International Olympic Committee. 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
  64. "IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008". International Olympic Committee. 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  65. "Russian Chicherova stripped of 2008 Olympics high jump medal". reuters.com. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  66. "IOC sanctions Anna Chicherova for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008". 25 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  67. "IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008 and London 2012". 18 May 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  68. Longman, Jeré (August 17, 2008). "Swede Stripped of His Medal After His Angry Reaction". The New York Times.
  69. "Turkish duo Bulut and Abeylegesse to officially be stripped of medals". Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  70. "IOC sanctions Turkish weightlifter for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008". IOC. July 22, 2016.
  71. "Ukrainian Blonska stripped of silver medal in heptathlon". ESPN.com. Associated Press. August 22, 2008.
  72. "IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008 and London 2012". 29 May 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  73. "IOC sanctions one athlete for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008". 30 May 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  74. "IOC sanctions 12 athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012". International Olympic Committee. 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  75. "IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping tests at London 2012 - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
  76. "IOC withdraws gold medal from shot put athlete Nadzeya Ostapchuk - Olympic News". 21 July 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  77. Payne, Marissa. "Four Olympic weightlifters stripped of medals from London 2012". washingtonpost.com. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  78. "IOC sanctions eight athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012". International Olympic Committee. 2016-10-27. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  79. https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-one-athlete-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-london-2012
  80. "IOC sanctions one athlete for failing anti-doping tests at London 2012 - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  81. "London 2012 50km walk men - Olympic Athletics". 3 June 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  82. (PDF) https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_IAAF_RUSAF_athletics_cases.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  83. "IOC sanctions Tatyana Lysenko for failing anti-doping test at London 2012". 25 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  84. "Mariya Savinova: Russian London 2012 gold medallist stripped of title". 10 February 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017 – via www.bbc.com.
  85. "The decisions of the Lausanne (Switzerland) Court of Arbitration for Sport regarding the Russian Athletes". 2016-03-16. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25.
  86. "IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012". International Olympic Committee. 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
  87. "London 2012 20km race walk women - Olympic Athletics". 3 June 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  88. "IOC sanctions Evgeniia Kolodko for failing anti-doping test at London 2012". olympic.org. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  89. "Russia's Pishchalnikova given 10-year doping ban". Reuters. 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  90. "IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008". 25 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  91. "More Russian track athletes banned for doping at London Olympics - CBC Sports". Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  92. (PDF) https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_IAAF_RUSAF_athletics_cases.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  93. Sean, Ingle (November 29, 2016). "Jessica Ennis-Hill in line for 2011 gold as Chernova is stripped of world title". The Guardian.
  94. (PDF) https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_IAAF_RUSAF_athletics_cases.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  95. "Women's 2012 1500-Meter Olympic Champion Stripped of Gold Medal". Runner's World. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  96. "IOC strips U.S. of 2012 relay medal after Tyson Gay doping case". Espn. 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  97. "IOC sanctions one athlete for failing anti-doping tests at London 2012 - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  98. "IOC sanctions four athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008 and London 2012". 24 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  99. "IOC sanctions Ukrainian weightlifter Yulia Kalina for failing anti-doping test at London 2012". 25 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  100. "IOC sanctions one athlete for failing anti-doping tests at London 2012 - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
  101. "Doping-IOC strips Uzbek wrestler of Olympic bronze". Reuters. 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  102. "IOC sanctions four Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings". International Olympic Committee. 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
  103. "IOC sanctions five Russian athletes and publishes first full decision as part of the Oswald Commission findings". International Olympic Committee. 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  104. "Russian bobsledder banned over doping". France 24. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  105. "Russia's Evgeny Ustyugov stripped of Sochi 2014 gold medal for doping". BBC Sport. 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  106. "Rio Olympics 2016: Izzat Artykov stripped of weightlifting bronze". BBC News. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  107. http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_5017.pdf
  108. "CAS to strip Olympic medals from Russian boxer, Romanian weightlifter". espn.com. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  109. http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_ADD_2018__English__6.pdf
  110. "Jim Thorpe's Family Feud," The New York Times, February 7, 1983, Retrieved April 23, 2007.
  111. Ingemar Johansson: Boxer who beat Floyd Patterson to win the world heavyweight title February 3, 2009. The Independent
  112. Culture on Ice: Figure Skating & Cultural Meaning By Ellyn Kestnbaum. p. 77
  113. Clarey, Christopher (February 13, 1998). "Canadian Gets His Gold Medal Back". The New York Times. p. C2.
  114. "Marion Jones' teammates win back stripped Olympic medals". USA Today. Associated Press. July 17, 2010.
  115. "IOC to return cyclist's Olympic medal". CBC Sports. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 27, 2005.
  116. "Hammer blow repaired". The Times of London. 11 June 2010. p. 93.
  117. "The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) delivers its decisions in the matter of 39 Russian athletes v/ the IOC:28 appeals upheld, 11 partially upheld" (PDF). Court of Arbitration for Sport. 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
  118. "IOC Decision - Swedish ice hockey player Nicklas Backstrom to receive Sochi silver medal". IOC. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  119. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Commissions_PDFfiles/Executive_Board/2012-06-07-IOC_EB_Decision_Regarding_the_Reallocation_of_the_Medals_and_Diplomas_in_the_mens-4x400m_Relay_Team_2000_Sydney_Games.pdf
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.