Chamonix

Chamonix-Mont-Blanc,[lower-alpha 1] more commonly known as Chamonix[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3], is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It was the site of the first Winter Olympics in 1924.

Chamonix
Commune
The Chamonix valley seen from la Flégère
Coat of arms
Location of Chamonix
Chamonix
Chamonix
Coordinates: 45°55′23″N 6°52′11″E
CountryFrance
RegionAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes
DepartmentHaute-Savoie
ArrondissementBonneville
CantonLe Mont-Blanc
IntercommunalityCommunauté de communes de la vallée de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Éric Fournier
Area
1
245.46 km2 (94.77 sq mi)
Population
 (2017-01-01)[1]
8,611
 • Density35/km2 (91/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
74056 /74400
Elevation995–4,810 m (3,264–15,781 ft)
(avg. 1,035 m or 3,396 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Situated to the north of Mont Blanc, between the peaks of the Aiguilles Rouges and the notable Aiguille du Midi, Chamonix is one of the oldest ski resorts in France. The Chamonix commune is popular with skiers and mountain enthusiasts, and via the cable car lift to the Aiguille du Midi it is possible to access the off-piste (backcountry) ski run of the Vallée Blanche.

Status

Chamonix is the fourth largest commune in mainland France, with an area of 245 km2 (95 sq mi). Its population of around 8,900 ranks 1,089th within the country of France.[5]

History
Horace-Benedict de Saussure, with Jacques Balmat (left) who points towards the summit of Mont Blanc, Monument at Chamonix.

The valley was first mentioned in 1091, when it was granted by the Count of the Genevois to the great Benedictine house of St. Michel de la Cluse, near Turin, which by the early 13th century had established a priory there.[6] However, in 1786 the inhabitants bought their freedom from the canons of Sallanches, to whom the priory had been transferred in 1519.

In 1530, the inhabitants obtained from the Count of the Genevois the privilege of holding two fairs a year, while the valley was often visited by the civil officials and by the bishops of Geneva (first recorded visit in 1411, while St. Francis de Sales came there in 1606). But travellers for pleasure were very rare.

Chamonix was part of the historical land of Savoy emerged as the feudal territory of the House of Savoy during the 11th to 14th centuries. The historical territory is shared between the modern countries of France, Italy, and Switzerland. The House of Savoy became the longest surviving royal house in Europe. It ruled the County of Savoy to 1416 and then the Duchy of Savoy from 1416 to 1860.

The first party to publish (1744) an account of their visit was that of Richard Pococke, William Windham and others, such as the Englishmen who visited the Mer de Glace in 1741. In 1742 came P. Martel and several other Genevese, in 1760 H.B. de Saussure,[6] and rather later Marc Th. Bourrit.

The growth of tourism in the early 19th century led to the formation of the Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix in 1821, to regulate access to the mountain slopes (which were communally or co-operatively owned), and this association held a monopoly of guiding from the town until it was broken by French government action in 1892; thereafter guides were required to hold a diploma issued by a commission dominated by civil servants and members of the French Alpine Club rather than local residents.

From the late 19th century on, tourist development was dominated by national and international initiatives rather than local entrepreneurs, though the local community was increasingly dependent upon and active in the tourist industry.

The commune successfully lobbied to change its name from Chamonix to Chamonix-Mont-Blanc in 1916. However, following the loss of its monopoly, the Compagnie reformed as an association of local guides, and retained an important role in local society; it provided the services of a friendly society to its members, and in the 20th century many of them were noted mountaineers and popularisers of mountain tourism, for example the novelist Roger Frison-Roche, the first member of the Compagnie not to be born in Chamonix.

Chamonix Valley: crossing the glacier on foot (between 1902 and 1904)

The holding of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 further raised Chamonix's profile as an international tourist destination.

During the Second World War, a Children's Home operated in Chamonix, in which several dozens of Jewish children were hidden from the Nazis. Some of those who hid them were recognised as "Righteous Among the Nations".[7]

By the 1960s, agriculture had been reduced to a marginal activity, while the number of tourist beds available rose to around 60,000 by the end of the 20th century, with about 5 million visitors a year.

Geography

Settlements

The commune of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc includes 16 villages and hamlets. From north to south: Le Tour 1,462 m (4,797 ft),[8] Montroc, Le Planet, Argentière 1,252 m (4,108 ft),[8] Les Chosalets, Le Lavancher, Les Tines, Les Bois, Les-Praz-de-Chamonix 1,060 m (3,478 ft),[8] Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, Les Pècles, Les Mouilles, Les Barrats, Les Pélerins, Les Gaillands, and Les Bossons 1,012 m (3,320 ft).[8]

Climate

Due to its elevation, Chamonix has a humid continental climate (Dfb, according to the Köppen climate classification), with an average annual precipitation of 1,275 mm (50 in). Summers are mild and winters are cold and snowy.

Climate data for Chamonix, elevation: 1,042 m (3,419 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1880–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5)		 19.6
(67.3)		 22.1
(71.8)		 26.4
(79.5)		 31.7
(89.1)		 36.4
(97.5)		 37.2
(99.0)		 36.0
(96.8)		 31.1
(88.0)		 26.0
(78.8)		 22.3
(72.1)		 16.5
(61.7)		 37.2
(99.0)
Average high °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9)		 5.0
(41.0)		 8.9
(48.0)		 12.7
(54.9)		 17.6
(63.7)		 21.2
(70.2)		 23.9
(75.0)		 23.1
(73.6)		 19.1
(66.4)		 14.7
(58.5)		 7.4
(45.3)		 2.6
(36.7)		 13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 3.0
(37.4)		 6.6
(43.9)		 11.2
(52.2)		 14.3
(57.7)		 16.5
(61.7)		 15.9
(60.6)		 12.5
(54.5)		 8.6
(47.5)		 2.7
(36.9)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 7.3
(45.1)
Average low °C (°F) −7.1
(19.2)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 0.4
(32.7)		 4.8
(40.6)		 7.5
(45.5)		 9.1
(48.4)		 8.7
(47.7)		 6.0
(42.8)		 2.5
(36.5)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 1.3
(34.3)
Record low °C (°F) −31.0
(−23.8)		 −25.0
(−13.0)		 −23.2
(−9.8)		 −15.0
(5.0)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 −13.0
(8.6)		 −22.0
(−7.6)		 −25.0
(−13.0)		 −31.0
(−23.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 93.9
(3.70)		 83.8
(3.30)		 86.6
(3.41)		 89.0
(3.50)		 121.4
(4.78)		 130.4
(5.13)		 119.0
(4.69)		 125.9
(4.96)		 103.6
(4.08)		 116.8
(4.60)		 100.7
(3.96)		 109.8
(4.32)		 1,280.9
(50.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.7 8.4 9.8 10.1 13.6 12.6 11.8 12.1 9.9 10.1 9.6 10.6 128.3
Source: Meteo France[9]

Demography
Population change (See database)
1793 1800 1806 1821 1836 1846 1856 1861 1866
1,830 1,925 1,949 2,232 2,528 2,304 2,308 2,304 2,415
1872 1876 1881 1886 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911
2,455 2,406 2,420 2,450 2,447 2,435 2,729 3,482 3,109
1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954 1962 1968 1975
3,040 3,811 4,446 4,633 5,883 5,699 7,213 7,745 8,393
1982 1990 1999 2006 2008 2011 2016 - -
8,746 9,701 9,829 9,195 9,042 8,927 8,759 - -

Population Over Time

   
 
 
 
0
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1800
 
1820
 
1840
 
1860
 
1880
 
1900
 
1920
 
1940
 
1960
 
1980
 
2000
 
Sources - database Cassini of EHESS and Insee See database

Mountain and winter sports

Chamonix is a winter sports resort town. As the highest European mountain west of Russia,[11] Mont Blanc attracts mountain climbers. There is a cable car up to the 3,842 m (12,605 ft) Aiguille du Midi. Constructed in 1955, it was then the highest cable car in the world[12] and remains the highest vertical ascent cable car in the world.[13]

Transportation

Roads

The town of Chamonix is served by French Route Nationale 205 (RN 205), nicknamed the Route blanche,[14] or "white route", due to its snowiness. This is an extension of French autoroute 40 (A40), similarly nicknamed the autoroute blanche, which ends at Le Fayet, a village in the commune of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains.[15] The 11.6-km Mont Blanc Tunnel originates here, linking Chamonix to Courmayeur in Italy.[16] Chamonix is linked to Switzerland by what used to be RN 506a. In 2006, it was converted to a Route Départementale 1506, with a part of it integrated into RN 205. The nearest airport to Chamonix is Geneva Cointrin International and it is 88 kilometres (55 miles) away.

Rail
Front and façade of the Chamonix - Mont-Blanc railway station.

Chamonix is served by the metre-gauge St Gervais-Vallorcine Line, operated by SNCF. The line from Saint Gervais (on the standard-gauge rail network) to Chamonix opened in 1901; it was extended to Vallorcine in 1908. The line holds the record for the steepest gradient on any standard (i.e. adhesion) railway.

From Vallorcine, the rail route continues over the border into Switzerland, meeting the SBB network at Martigny. This latter section, a metre-gauge cog railway, is operated by Transports de Martigny et Régions SA. The train service from Vallorcine to Martigny is known as the Mont Blanc Express. Timetables on the St Gervais-Vallorcine and Vallorcine-Martigny sections are synchronized.[17]

The 5.1-km Montenvers Railway is a cog railway that provides access to the tourist site of Montenvers. Opened in 1909, its rail station was built next to SNCF's Chamonix station on the St Gervais-Vallorcine Line. In fact the two stations are directly linked.[18] Montenvers provides further tourist access to middle and high mountain areas.[19]

Cable cars

Chamonix has one of the highest cable cars in the world, which links the town to the summit of the Aiguille du Midi at 3842 m.[20] It is based on an older system built in 1920, rebuilt in the first half of the 1950s over five summer seasons,[21] fully modernized in 1979, and upgraded again in 2008. On the other side of the valley, another cable car links Chamonix to the viewpoint of Planpraz. A second line links Planpraz to the summit of Le Brévent at 2525 m.[22][23] Many other cable cars exist in the valley, and are heavily used by skiers and residents. The Plan Joran chairlift at the base of Les Grands Montets is due to be replaced by a 10-person gondola for the Winter 2014/15 season.[24]

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns — Sister cities

Chamonix is twinned with:

gollark: Regular user, TU, moderator, admin.
gollark: In practice I think there are probably only about, what, four?
gollark: It's just very hot and big, and doesn't produce coherent light.
gollark: It is not, technically, a *laser*, as far as I know.
gollark: If you were at the centre of the moon or something, that would probably work somewhat as thermal shielding just because of how big those things are, so it would at least take a while for enough heat to reach you that it'd be a problem.

See also
Panorama of the Chamonix valley

Notes
  1. French pronunciation: ​[ʃamɔni mɔ̃ blɑ̃].
  2. English pronunciation: UK: /ˈʃæməni, -mɒni/ SHAM-ə-nee, -⁠on-ee,[2][3] US: /ˌʃɑːmoʊˈniː/ SHAH-moh-NEE.[4]
  3. Formerly spelled Chamounix.

References
  1. "Populations légales 2017". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  2. "Chamonix". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  3. "Chamonix". Lexico UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  4. "Chamonix". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  5. Sources des données : INSEE – Chamonix: Données générales
  6. The Development of the Appreciation of Mountain Scenery in Modern Times, Walter Woodburn Hyde, Geographical Review, Vol. 3, No. 2 (February 1917), pp. 107–118
  7. the Children's Home in Chamonix, at Yad Vashem website
  8. "Chamonix Valley Website". Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  9. "Chamonix (74)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  10. Census of population on 1 January 2006 on the site of Insee.
  11. "Chamonix Resort Information". Freedom Snowsports. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  12. "Chamonix, Capitale Mondiale De L'alpinisme". Summit Post. 6 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  13. Berne, Laurent (2012). L'aventure du premier téléphérique de France: Chronique du premier téléphérique de l'Aiguille du Midi, dit "des Glaciers", à Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. Éditions des Rochers. ISBN 9782746641556. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  14. Le Comité de préservation du village des Houches – Dossier publié le 12/05/2004 (PDF)
  15. Site de l'association de défense des usagers de l'A40 et de l'A41 – Revue de presse
  16. "Chamonix Valley Website". Archived from the original on 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  17. "Mont Blanc Express timetables for 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-02-10. [in French]
  18. Site de Christophe Jacquet spécialisé sur les trains du Mont-Blanc
  19. "Montenvers Mer De Glace". Compagnie du Montblanc. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  20. Site de l'Aiguille du Midi – Histoire du téléphérique Archived July 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  21. Cable Way to the Top of the Alps. Popular Mechanics, April 1956, pp. 81-84.
  22. "Map of the Brévent-Flégère area". Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  23. "Summer timetables for Chamonix gondolas and funicular railways". Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  24. New for Winter 2014/15 - http://www.skicollection.co.uk/Ski/Chamonix.htm
  25. Annuaire-Mairie.fr. "Ville d'Aoste" (in French). Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  26. "Aspen's Sister Cities | Aspen CO Chamber". www.aspenchamber.org. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
  27. "International Exchange". List of Affiliation Partners within Prefectures. Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR). Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2015.

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