Marib Dam

The Marib Dam (Arabic: سـدّ مَـأرِب‎ Sadd Ma'rib, or sudd Ma'rib) is a dam blocking the Wadi Adhanah (also Dhana or Adhana) in the valley of Dhana in the Balaq Hills, located in the Ma'rib Governorate in Yemen. The current dam was built in the 1980s and is close to the ruins of the Great Dam of Ma'rib built in the 8th century BC.[1] It was one of the engineering wonders of the ancient world and a central part of the Sabaean and Himyarite kingdoms around Ma'rib.

Ruins of the Great Dam of Ma'rib

There are also other important ancient dams in Yemen such as the Dam of Jufaynah, the Dam of Khārid, the Dam of Aḑra’ah, the Dam of Miqrān and the Dam of Yath’ān. Historically, Yemen has been recognized for the magnificence of its ancient water engineering. From the Red Sea coast to the limits of the Rub' al Khali desert are numerous ruins of small and large dams made of earth and stone.

Old dam
An artist's depiction of the Great Dam of Ma'rib

The site of the great Dam of Ma'rib, also called the Dam of 'Arim (Arabic: سـدّ الْـعـرم‎, sadd al-ˁArim), is upstream (south-west) of the ancient city of Ma'rib, once the capital of the ancient kingdom of Saba’ (Arabic: سَـبَـأ‎, possibly Sheba).[2][3][4] The Kingdom of Saba' was a prosperous trading nation, with control of the frankincense and spice routes in Arabia and Abyssinia. The Sabaeans built the dam to capture the periodic monsoon rains which fall on the nearby mountains and so irrigate the land around the city.

Recent archaeological findings suggest that simple earth dams and a canal network were constructed as far back as 2000 BC.[5] The Great Dam of Ma'rib dates back to about the 8th century BC and is counted by some as one of the most wonderful feats of engineering in the ancient world.

The medieval Arab geographer Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī describes it thus:

It is between three mountains, and the flood waters all flow to the one location, and because of that the water only discharges in one direction; and the ancients blocked that place with hard rocks and lead. The water from springs gathers there as well as floodwater, collecting behind the dam like a sea. Whenever they wanted to they could irrigate their crops from it, by just letting out however much water they needed from sluice gates; once they had used enough they would close the gates again as they pleased.[6]

The historical dam was severely damaged by a Saudi airstrike in the night of May 31, 2015.[7]

Construction

The date of the first construction of a dam at Ma’rib goes back to somewhere between 1750 and 1700 BC. The earliest inscription on the dam is one placed there at the time of its construction or repair of parts of the dam undertaken by Yatha' Amar Watar I, son of Yada' El Zarih I, who reigned in 760–740 BC. The following repair was in the time of Yada' El Bayin II who reigned in 740–720 BC.[5] Renovations were then carried out by Dhamar El Zarih I and Karab El Bayin who reigned in 700–680 BC. All repairs were minor, consisting of essential maintenance, such as removing dirt, or opening water courses, or stopping up gaps. The Makrib Samah' El Yanuf II, son of Dhamar El Watar II, had his name carved into parts of the dam to mark the completion and repair of the dam.

The dam was composed of packed earth, triangular in cross section, 580 m in length and 4 meters high. It ran between two groups of rocks on either side of the river and was linked to the rock with substantial stonework. The dam's position allowed for a spillway and sluices between the northern end of the dam and the cliffs to the west. Around 500 BC the dam height was increased to 7 meters, the upstream slope (the water face) was reinforced with a cover of stones, and irrigation was extended to include the southern side as well as the northern side.

After the end of the Kingdom of Saba', the dam fell under the control of the Ḥimyarites around 115 BC. They undertook further reconstruction, creating a structure 14 meters high with extensive waterworks at both the northern and southern ends, five spillway channels, two masonry-reinforced sluices, a settling pond, and a 1000-meter canal to a distribution tank. These extensive works were not actually finalized until 325 AD and allowed the irrigation of 25,000 acres (100 km2).

Maintenance

The Muslim historian al-Isfahānī (whose Annals were completed in 961 CE) maintains[8] that the famous breach of the dam occurred some four hundred years before the rise of Islam, but Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī[9] assigns it to the time of Abyssinian rule.

Ancient South Arabian sources report that in about 145 BC, the dam suffered a major breach during the war between the people of Raydān and the Kingdom of Saba’, and that is the very breach that many scholars consider to have caused the Sayl al-ˁArim (Arabic: سَـيْـل الـعَـرِم‎, Flood of the ‘Arim) mentioned in the Quran; it is also mentioned in Arab proverbs which speak about the hands of Saba' having separated at that time. The fighting between the Raydānites and the Sabaeans delayed the repair of the dam, and this caused devastating losses of crops and fruit, leading large numbers of people to disperse in search of new land capable of supporting life, so huge migrations ensued. It is still uncertain though whether it was that particular breach that caused the "flood of ˁArim" or not, since some migrations certainly took place in the 2nd or 3rd centuries CE, and they are also ascribed to the breaking of the Dam of Ma’rib. Generally speaking, the dam was repaired twice shortly before the coming of Islam, once by Sharḥabīl Yaˁfar bin Abī Karab Yasˁad in 450 , and by Abrahah in 543.[10] The inscriptions on the dam explain the costs of repair and the large number of workers involved.

The archaeology of the Ma'rib Dam shows the effects of siltation behind dams in antiquity, and measures to extend the operational life of the reservoir. [11] The same problems of siltation encountered in the ancient dam was also faced in the construction of the new dam.[12]

Despite the increases in height, the dam suffered numerous breaches (recorded major incidents occurred in 449, 450, 542 and 548) and the maintenance work became increasingly onerous; the last recorded repairs took place in 557.

Final breach
Depiction of the dam on the coats of arms of Yemen

Local tales report that the final breach of the dam had been predicted by a king called ‘Imrān, who was also a soothsayer, and later by the wife of the king. According to legend, the breach was caused by large rats gnawing at it with their teeth and scratching it with their nails. In 570 or 575, the dam was again overtopped, and this time left unrepaired. The breaching and destruction of the Dam of Ma’rib was a historical event, and was alluded to in the Quran:[13]

لَقَدْ كَانَ لِسَبَإٍ فِي مَسْكَنِهِمْ آيَةٌ ۖ جَنَّتَانِ عَن يَمِينٍ وَشِمَالٍ ۖ كُلُوا مِن رِّزْقِ رَبِّكُمْ وَاشْكُرُوا لَهُ ۚ بَلْدَةٌ طَيِّبَةٌ وَرَبٌّ غَفُورٌ، فَأَعْرَضُوا فَأَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ سَيْلَ الْعَرِمِ وَبَدَّلْنَاهُم بِجَنَّتَيْهِمْ جَنَّتَيْنِ ذَوَاتَيْ أُكُلٍ خَمْطٍ وَأَثْلٍ وَشَيْءٍ مِّن سِدْرٍ قَلِيلٍ

"There was for [the tribe of] Saba' in their dwelling place a sign: two [fields of] gardens on the right and on the left. [They were told], "Eat from the provisions of your Lord and be grateful to Him. A good land [have you], and a forgiving Lord. But they turned away [refusing], so We sent upon them the flood of the dam, and We replaced their two [fields of] gardens with gardens of bitter fruit, tamarisks and something of sparse lote trees."[14]

The consequent failure of the irrigation system provoked the migration of up to 50,000 people from Yemen to other areas of the Arabian Peninsula, and even to the Levant.

Current dam
The current dam in 1986

A new dam was built in the 1980s, close to the location of the old one, at the expense of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the late President of the United Arab Emirates, whose tribe reportedly resettled from Ma'rib to what is now the United Arab Emirates,[2] some time during the 17th century, or in the 6th century, after the collapse of the historical dam. The opening ceremony took place in 1986, in the presence of Sheikh Zayed.[15] The dam was considered by people inside and outside Yemen to have a positive effect on the agriculture and economy of the region of Ma'rib, and the country in general.[16][17]

The new dam is 38 m (125 ft) high, 763 m (2,503 ft) long, built of earth across the Wadi Dhana at 15°23′47″N 45°14′36″E, creating a storage capacity of 398 million cubic meters. The dam site is located 3 km (1.9 mi) upstream of the ruins of the Great Dam. The new dam, like the old, was designed to store water for irrigating the Ma'rib plains. However, the wadi bed at the new dam site consists of alluvial sand and gravel material 30–50 m thick. Seepage that emanates from this dam does not threaten its structure, but results in the loss of water. As a way of capturing the seepage, consideration is being given to rebuilding the ancient Ma'rib dam, both as a functioning structure, and also as a historic monument and tourist attraction. The complexity and volume of work involved in this project make it necessary that several organizations work together under the aegis of UNESCO, using financial contributions from international organizations.[18]

Newly constructed dams in Yemen, such as Batis Dam and Ma'rib, are used to collect water for the population. A newspaper wrote in July 2010: "The water level in the Ma'rib Dam has risen to 45 million cubic meters as a result of the heavy rainfall in various areas of Yemen in the past two days. Under-Secretary of Ma'rib Governorate, Ali Muhammad al-Fatimid, was briefed Tuesday on the amount of water flowing into the dam and the maintenance of drainage channels and sub systems. The Deputy Director of the Ma'rib Dam Project, Engineer Ahmed al-Arifi, said the water level in the dam on Tuesday rose to 45 million cubic meters, while the water level last April rose to 100 million cubic meters. The gate of the main channel for groundwater was opened in the valley of Ubaida for three months, where the quantity of water flowing amounted to 80 million cubic meters."[19]

The dam was damaged in an airstrike in 2015. Yemeni officials said that Saudi Arabian coalition forces were responsible for the airstrike.[20]

gollark: No, it's for cool laser things™.
gollark: Possibly not Chinese and whatever, since those have more information per character.
gollark: English™ is such that you can rearrange the letters in a word (except the first and last) and it's still comprehensible.
gollark: Spelling is for people who spell.
gollark: I don't think so. It was open during cult wars.

See also
  • Jawa Dam (Jordan), also an archaeological site

Notes
  1. chp 2 Donald Routledge Hill, A history of engineering in classical and medieval times Routledge, 1996
  2. Robert D. Burrowes (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 234–319. ISBN 978-0810855281.
  3. St. John Simpson (2002). Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen. British Museum Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0714111513.
  4. Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-0802849601.
  5. Ocean highways: geographical record, ed. C.R. Markham. Ocean highways; geographical review. Vol. 1
  6. Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī: Mu’jam al-Buldān.
  7. “UNESCO Director-General condemns airstrikes on Yemen’s cultural heritage” 2015. UNESCO. June 2, 2015.
  8. In his eighth volume of the Annals.
  9. Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī: Mu'jam al-Buldān. Vol. 4, p. 383.
  10. The inscription by Abrahah was first published by Eduard Glaser, in the journal Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1897. pp. 360–488.
  11. Jürgen D. Garbrecht and Guenther K. H. Garbrecht. 2004. Siltation Behind Dams in Antiquity. ASCE. Water Resources and Environmental History. pp. 35–43. Water resources and environmental history (proceedings of conference June 27 – July 1, 2004, Salt Lake City, Utah; sponsored by Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of ASCE, EWRI National History & Heritage Committee, Utah Section of ASCE, and West Consultants, Inc.). ISBN 0-7844-0738-X.
  12. Moric, Peter. 1997. “Questioning the Need for Spillways.” Wilmington Publishing Ltd, Wilmington House, Church Hill, Wilmington, Dartford, Kent, UK. International Water Power & Dam Construction. Volume: 49, no. 1, pp. 24–26. Abstract: The design of the dam project is discussed focusing on the necessity for spillways and how to determine their overall design. Challenges encountered, factors considered during the design process are discussed and the implications of rare flood conditions are described. ISSN 0306-400X.
  13. Quran 34:15–17
  14. Translation by Sahih International.
  15. WAM (2013-07-29). "Key aid projects during Zayed's time". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  16. Al-Qalisi, M.; Vela, J. (2015-09-30). "The dam that Sheikh Zayed built". The National. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  17. Salama, S. (2015-12-01). "UAE playing a historic role in Yemen". Gulf News. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  18. Ganchikov, VG and Munavvarov, ZI. 1991. “The Marib Dam (History and the Present Time).” Hydrotechnical Construction HYCOAR. Vol. 25, No. 4. October. Volume pp. 242–48, 1991. (Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 50–55, April 1991) ISSN 1930-630X.
  19. “High water levels in Ma'rib and Batis Dams.” 2010. Yemen Today. July 14, 2010.
  20. ‘Engineering Marvel’ of Queen of Sheba’s City Damaged in Airstrike 2015. National Geographic. June 3, 2015.

References
  • "A study of the Marib dam and its sluice system (BC 115 to AD 575)". Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2004. pp. 533–540. doi:10.1016/B978-075065978-9/50033-7. ISBN 9780750659789.

Bibliography

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