Daniel 7

Daniel 7 (the seventh chapter of the Book of Daniel) tells of Daniel's vision of four world-kingdoms replaced by the kingdom of God. Four beasts come out of the sea, the Ancient of Days sits in judgement over them, and "one like a son of man" is given eternal kingship. An angelic guide interprets the beasts as kingdoms and kings, the last of whom will make war on the "holy ones" of God, but he will be destroyed and the "holy ones" will be given eternal dominion and power.

The prophetic chapters of the Book of Daniel date to 167–164 BC, with Daniel 7 dated somewhat earlier than the rest.[1] It is an apocalypse, a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient;[2] it is also an eschatology, a divine revelation concerning the moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom.[3] Its context is oppression of the Jews by the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who outlawed Jewish customs and built an altar to Zeus in the Temple (the "abomination of desolation"), sparking a popular uprising which led to the retaking of Jerusalem and the Temple by Judas Maccabeus.[4][5] Chapter 7 introduces the theme of the "four kingdoms", which is that Israel would come under four successive world-empires, each worse than the last, until finally God would end oppression and introduce the eternal kingdom.[6]

Summary

Daniel's vision of the four beasts – woodcut by Hans Holbein the Younger

In the first year of Belshazzar, king of Babylon (probably 553 BC), Daniel receives a dream-vision from God. He sees the "great sea" stirred up by the "four winds of heaven," and from the waters emerge four beasts, the first a lion with the wings of an eagle, the second a bear, the third a winged leopard with four heads, and the fourth a beast with ten horns, and a further horn appeared which uprooted three of the ten. As Daniel watches, the Ancient of Days takes his seat on the throne of heaven and sits in judgement in the midst of the heavenly court, the fourth and worst beast is put to death, and a being like a human ("like a son of man") approaches the Ancient One in the clouds of heaven and is given everlasting kingship. A heavenly being explains the vision: the four beasts are four earthly kings (or kingdoms), "but the holy ones of the Most High shall receive and possess the kingdom forever." Regarding the fourth beast, the ten horns are ten kings of this last and greatest earthly kingdom; the eleventh horn (king) will overthrow three kings and make war on the "holy ones of God", and attempt to change the sacred seasons and the law he will have power "for a time, two times and a half", but when his allotted time is done he will be destroyed, and the holy ones will possess the eternal kingdom.[7]

Structure and composition

Main article: Book of Daniel § structure

Book of Daniel

It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Jewish community in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and early Hellenistic periods (5th to 3rd centuries BC), expanded by the visions of chapters 7–12 in the Maccabean era (mid-2nd century BC).[8] Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure.[9] It is possible that the name was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.[10] The tales are in the voice of an anonymous narrator, except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar II.[11] Chapters 2–7 are in Aramaic (after the first few lines of chapter 2 in Hebrew) and are in the form of a chiasmus, a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side:[12]

• A. (2:4b-49) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth
  • B. (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace
    • C. (4:1–37) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar
    • C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar
  • B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel in the lions' den
• A'. (7:1–28) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth

Chapter 7

Chapter 7 is pivotal to the larger structure of the entire book, acting as a bridge between the tales of chapters 1–6 and the visions of 7–12. The use of Aramaic and its place in the chiasm link it to the first half, while the use of Daniel as first-person narrator and its emphasis on visions link it to the second. There is also a temporal shift: the tales in chapters 1–6 have run from Nebuchadnezzar to Belshazzar to Darius, but in chapter 7 we move back to the first year of Belshazzar and the forward movement starts over again, to the third year of Belshazzar and then the third year of Cyrus.[13] Most scholars accept that the chapter was written as a unity, possibly based on an early anti-Hellenistic document from around 300 BC; verse 9 is usually printed as poetry, and may be a fragment of an ancient psalm. The overall structure can be described as follows:[14]

• Introduction (verses 1-2a)
• Vision report: vision of the four beasts; vision of the "little horn"; throne vision; vision of judgement; vision of a figure on the clouds (2b-14)
• Interpretation (15–18)
• Additional clarification of the vision (19–27)
• Conclusion (28)

Genre and themes

Genre

The Book of Daniel is an apocalypse, a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient. Apocalypses are characterized by visions, symbolism, an other-worldly mediator, an emphasis on cosmic events, angels and demons, and pseudonymity (false authorship).[2] Apocalypses were common from 300 BC to AD 100, not only among Jews and Christians, but Greeks, Romans, Persians and Egyptians.[15] Daniel, the book's hero, is a representative apocalyptic seer, the recipient of the divine revelation: has learned the wisdom of the Babylonian magicians and surpassed them, because his God is the true source of knowledge. Daniel is one of the maskilim, the wise, whose task is to teach righteousness.[15] The book is also an eschatology, meaning a divine revelation concerning the end of the present age, a moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom.[3]

Themes

The overall theme of the Book of Daniel is God's sovereignty over history.[16] Written to encourage Jews undergoing persecution at the hands of Antiochus Epiphanes, the Seleucid king of Syria, the visions of chapters 7–12 predict the end of the earthly Seleucid kingdom, its replacement by the eternal kingdom of God, the resurrection of the dead, and the final judgement.[17] Chapter 7 introduces the specific apocalyptic theme of the "four kingdoms", which is that Israel (or the world) would come under four successive world-empires, each worse than the last, until finally God and his hosts would end oppression and introduce the eternal kingdom.[6]

Interpretation

Historical background: from Babylon to the Greeks

In the late 7th and early 6th centuries BC the Neo-Babylonian empire dominated the Middle East. The Kingdom of Judah began the period as a Babylonian client state, but after a series of rebellions Babylon reduced it to the status of a province and carried off its élite (not all its population) into captivity. This "Babylonian exile" ended in 538 BC when Medes and Persians led by Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and ushered in the Persian or Achaemenid empire (with the Achaemenids as the ruling dynasty). The Persian empire in turn succumbed to Alexander the Great in the second half of the 4th century, and following Alexander's death in 323 BC his generals divided his empire between themselves. The Roman Empire in turn eventually took control over those parts of the Middle East to the west of Mesopotamia. Palestine fell first under the control of the Ptolemies of Egypt, but around 200 BC it passed to the Seleucids, then based in Syria. Both dynasties were Greek and both promoted Greek culture, usually peacefully, but the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV, also called Antiochus Epiphanes (reigned 175-164 BC) proved an exception. Interpreting Jewish opposition as motivated by religion and culture, he outlawed Jewish customs such as circumcision, kosher dietary restrictions, Sabbath observance, and the Jewish scriptures (the Torah). In his most infamous act he built an altar to Zeus over the altar of burnt offerings in the Temple (the "abomination of desolation"), sparking in 167 BC a massive popular uprising against Hellenic Greek rule which led to the retaking of Jerusalem by Judas Maccabeus and the purification of the Temple in 164 BC.[4][5]

Imagery and symbolism

Many scholars have accepted the view that the imagery of Daniel 7 comes ultimately from the Canaanite myth of Baʿal's battle with Yamm (lit. "Sea"), symbolic of chaos. Although no exact prototype for the imagery exists, there are a number of parallels with the extant myth.[18] The four beasts are chaos monsters[18] which appeared as serpents in the Baʿal Cycle discovered in the ruins of Ugarit in the 1920s. In Daniel 7, composed sometime before Judas Maccabeus purified the temple in 164 BC, they symbolise Babylon, the Medes, Persia and Greece:[19]

• The lion: Babylon. Its transformation into a man reverses Nebuchadnezzar's transformation into a beast in chapter 4, and the "human mind" may reflect his regaining sanity; the "plucked wings" reflect both loss of power and the transformation to a human state.
• The bear: the Medes – compare Jeremiah 51:11 on the Medes attacking Babylon.
• The leopard: Persia. The four heads may reflect the four Persian kings of Daniel 11:2–7.
• The fourth beast: The Greeks and particularly the Seleucids of Syria.

The "ten horns" that appear on the beast is a round number standing for the Seleucid kings between Seleucus I, the founder of the kingdom, and Antiochus Epiphanes.[20] The "little horn" is Antiochus himself. The "three horns" uprooted by the "little horn" reflect the fact that Antiochus was fourth in line to the throne, and became king after his brother and one of his brother's sons were murdered and the second son exiled to Rome. Antiochus was responsible only for the murder of one of his nephews, but the author of Daniel 7 holds him responsible for all.[21] Anthiochus called himself Theos Epiphanes, "God Manifest", suiting the "arrogant" speech of the little horn.[22]

The next scene is the divine court. Israelite monotheism should have only one throne as there is only one god, but here we see multiple thrones, suggesting the mythic background to the vision. The "Ancient of Days" echoes Canaanite El, but his wheeled throne suggests Ezekiel's mobile throne of God. He is surrounded by fire and an entourage of "ten thousand times ten thousand", an allusion to the heavenly hosts attending Yahweh, the God of Israel, as he rides to battle against his people's enemies. There is no battle, however; instead "the books" are opened and the fate of Israel's enemies is decided by God's sovereign judgement.[23]

The identity of the "one like a son of man" who approaches God on his throne has been much discussed. The usual suggestion is that this figure represents the triumph of the Jewish people over their oppressor; the main alternative view is that he is the angelic leader of God's heavenly host, a connection made explicitly in chapters 10–12, where the reader is told that the conflict on Earth is mirrored by a war in heaven between Michael, the angelic champion of Israel, assisted by Gabriel, and the angelic "princes" of Greece and Persia; the idea that he is the messiah is sometimes advanced, but Daniel makes no clear reference to the messiah elsewhere.[24]

The "holy ones" seems to refer to the persecuted Jews under Antiochus; the "sacred seasons and the law" are the Jewish religious customs disrupted by him; the "time, two times and a half" is approximately the time of the persecution, from 167 to 164 BC, as well as being half the "perfect number" seven.[25]

"Their kingly power is an everlasting power": the hasidim (the sect of "the pious ones") believed that the restoration of Jewish worship in the temple would usher in the final age.[26]

Christian eschatological readings

The following is a historicist-based illustration of the parallels.

Chapter	Parallel sequence of prophetic elements as understood by Historicists[27][28]
	Past				Present	Future
Daniel 2	Head Gold (Babylon)	Chest & 2 arms Silver (Persia)	Belly and thighs Bronze (Greece)	2 Legs Iron (Rome)	2 Feet with toes Clay & Iron	Rock God's unending kingdom left to no other people
Daniel 7	Winged Lion	Lopsided Bear	4 Headed/4 Winged Leopard	Iron toothed Beast w/Little Horn	Judgment scene Beast w/Horn slain	A "son of man" comes in clouds Given "everlasting dominion" He gives it to the saints.

Appendix

Over the centuries Bible Scholars have identified specific kingdoms as fulfillment of the beast and horn symbols as illustrated in the following table.

Interpretations of the kingdoms of Daniel 7 by Biblical expositors from the 1st to 19th centuries

Prophecy of Beasts in Daniel 7 Biblical Expositors of the Early Church Period: AD 100–457[29] 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 3​^1⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God Josephus c. 100 Rome = 4th Yochanan ben Zakai 1st century Rome = 4th Barnabas c. 150 [BPG]R Coming Kgdms. 3 Uprooted "Black one" Second Esdras [c. 150] [BPGR] Justin Martyr c. 165 [BPGR] (Prophecy ends in 2nd Advent) Very Short 2nd Advent Sibyllines 3rd century BPGR Irenaeus c. 202 BPGR 10 kgdms. 3 Supplanted Antichrist 3​^1⁄2 Years 2nd Advent Hippolytus d. 238 BPGR 10 Divisions 3 Kgdms. Antichrist Literal Kgdm. of Saints Tertullian c. 240 [BPGR] 10 Kgdms. [Spans period between Advents] Coming Kgdm. Origen c. 254 [Allegorizes all Prophecies] [Filled with Enigmas & Dark Sayings] Cyprian c. 258 Antiochus – Type Porphyry c. 304 3=Alex. 4=Ptol.& Seluc. Antiochus Victorinus c. 304 [BPGR] 10 Divisions 3 Kgdms. Antichrist First Council of Nicaea 325 [BPGR] [After Gelasius] At Advent Lactantius c. 330 [BPGR] 10 Kgdms. 3 Destroyed Antichrist 42 months Kgdm. Saints Eusebius of Caesarea c. 340 BPGR 10 Kgdms 3 Destroyed At 2nd Advent Eusebius [Later Views] c. 340 Present Church Aphrahat c. 350 BPGR Selucids 10.5 years At 2nd Adv. Hilary of Poitiers 368 Future Athanasius 373 [BPGR] [10 Kgdms.] 3 Kgdms. Antichrist At 2nd Advent Ephrem the Syrian 373 [BPG]-P&S Antiochus Cyril of Alexandria 386 BPGR Divisions 3 Kgdms. Antichrist 3​^1⁄2 Years At 2nd Advent John Chrysostom 407 BPGR Antichrist 2nd Advent Jerome 420 BPGR 10 Named 3 Uprooted Antichrist 3​^1⁄2 Years Judgment = 2nd Advent Polychronius 430 BP-Alex. Antiochus Isidore of Pelusium 450 BPGR Theodoret 457 BPGR Contemporary 3 Subdued Antichrist 3​^1⁄2 years At 2nd Adv. Biblical Expositors of the Early Medieval Period: 400–1200 AD[30] 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 3​^1⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God Augustine d. 430 BPGR Kgdms. Antichrist 3​^1⁄2 Years Eternal Kgdm. Andreas 7th century [BPGR] [Antichrist] Sargis D'Aberga 7th century BPGR Divisions False Messiah Judge All Men Gregory I d. 604 Antichrist Venerable Bede d. 735 [BPGR] 3 Rulers Antichrist Berengaud 9th century [BPG]R Listed Eliezer ben Hurcanus 8th–9th century BPGR Saadia d. 942 BPG-Gog 10 kings Cruel King Jephet ibn Ali 10th century BPGR 10 Thrones Mohammad Waldenses 12th century 4th=Roman Church Rashi d. 1105 BPGR 10 Roman Kgdms. Titus =1135 Yrs Abraham ibn Ezra d. 1167 BPG[R] 10 Kings Titus Peter Comestor d. 1178 BPGR 10 Divisions 3 Kings Antichrist 3​^1⁄2 Years Joachim of Floris d. 1202 Jews, Romans Arians, Saracens Future Kgdms. Antichirst Not Antiochus Edward II (Salzburg) d. 1246 [BPG]R Listed Named Papacy Biblical Expositors of the Reformation Era: 1522–1614 AD[31] 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 3​^1⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God Martin Luther 1522 BPGR Listed Papacy, Turkey Phocas After Division Johann Oecolampadius 1530 BPGR Listed Papacy Philipp Melanchthon 1543 BPGR Listed Mohammadanism [hazy] P.-Overthrow Andreas Osiander 1545 [BPG]R Papacy 412–1672 (1260 yrs) Georg Joye 1545 BPGR Listed Papacy John Knox 1547 BPGR Fall of Rome Papacy John Bale 1550 [BPG]R Papacy Hugh Latimer 1553 BPGR Divisions Nicolaus von Amsdorf 1554 [BPG]R Heinrich Bullinger 1557 [BPG]R Papacy 1260 years Johann Funck 1558 [BPG]R Papacy Virgil Solis 1560 BPGR Papacy Georg Nigriaus 1570 BPGR Listed Pope – Turk 1260 years John Jewel 1562 [BPG]R Papacy Justinian onward David Chytraeus 1572 [BPG]R Papacy 412–1672 (1260 yrs) Nikolaus Selnecker 1579 BPGR Listed Turk Thomas Cranmer 1582 [BPG]R Papacy John Napier 1593 BPGR Listed 1260 years Thomas Brightman 1614 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy Years Biblical Expositors of the Counter-Reformation: 1590–1604 AD[31] Francisco Ribera 1590 4th = Satan Future Antichrist Literal Robert Bellarmine 1593 Single King Literal Blasius Viegas 1601 Literal Future Biblical Expositors of the Post-Reformation Era—Europe: 1600–1800 AD[32] 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 3​^1⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God James I of England 1600 [BPG]R Division Papacy 1260 years to End George Downham 1603 [BPGR] Listed Papacy 1260 Years (600→) George Pacard 1604 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy 1260 Years Hugh Broughton 1607 BPG-Alex. Succ. Kings Antiochus [Literal] Joseph Mede 1631 BPGR Listed Papacy 1260 years John Tillinghast 1655 BPGR Papacy 396–1656 (1260 yrs) Henry More 1664 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy 1260 Years William Sherwin 1670 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy 1260 Years Thomas Beverley 1684 [BPGR] Kgdms. Papacy 437–1697 (1260 yrs) Pierre Jurieu 1687 BPGR Kgdms. Papacy 454–1714 (1260 yrs) Drue Cressener 1689 [BPG]R Kgdms. Papacy Justinian → c. 1800 William Lowth 1700 [BPGR] Papacy 606–1866 (1260 yrs) Johannes Cocceius 1701 BPGR Listed Papacy 1260 Years Robert Fleming, Jr. 1701 BPGR Papacy Justinian → 1794 George Her. Geblehr 1702 [BPGR] Papacy 1260 years William Whiston 1706 BPGR Kgdms. Papacy 606–1866 (1260 yrs) Heinrich Horch 1712 BPGR Papacy [years] Matthew Henry 1714 BPGR Ten Nations Papacy 1260 years Sir Isaac Newton 1727 BPGR Listed Papacy 1260 years John Willison 1745 [BPGR] Divisions Papacy Thomas Newton 1754 BPGR Kgdms. West. Rome 533 or 606 Johann Ph. Petri 1768 [BPGR] Turks 587–1847 (1260 yrs) Hans Wood 1787 BPGR Papacy 620–1880 (1260 yrs) Christian G. Thube 1789 BPGR Divisions Papacy James Ebenezer Bicheno 1793 BPGR Divisions Papacy 529–1789 (1260 yrs) David Simpson 1797 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy 538–1798 (1260 yrs) Edward King 1798 [BPGR] Papacy 538–1798 (1260 yrs) Richard Valpy 1798 BPGR Papacy 538–1798 (1260 yrs) Jean G. de la Flechere 1800 BPGR Listed Papacy 1260 years Biblical Expositors of the Post-Reformation Era—America: 1600–1800 AD[33] 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 3​^1⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God John Cotton (Puritan) 1639 BPGR Mentioned Papacy 395–1655 [1260 yrs] Anne Bradstreet 1642 BPGR Roger Williams 1644 BPGR Mentioned Papacy years Ephriam Huit 1644 BPGR Named Turks-Popes 3​^1⁄2 centuries Thomas Parker 1646 BPGR Named Papacy 600–1859 John Davenport 1653 BPGR Years Edward Holyoke 1658 BPGR Mentioned 600- Samuel Hutchinson 1667 BPGR Papacy Increase Mather 1669 BPGR Named Papacy 456–1716 [1260 yrs] Samuel Mather 1672 BPGR Mentioned Years Nicholas Noyes 1698 BPGR Papacy years Cotton Mather 1702 BPGR Mentioned Papacy 456- William Burnet 1724 BPGR Named Papacy 455–1715 [1260 yrs] Jonathan Edwards 1739 BPGR Mentioned Papacy 455- or 606- David Imri 1756 BPGR Years Ezekiel Cheever 1757 BPGR Papacy Aaron Burr, Sr. 1757 BPGR Mentioned Papacy Years Isaac Backus 1767 Mentioned Bishop of Rome Samuel Langdon 1774 [BPGR] Years Samuel Gatchel 1781 [BPGR] Benjamin Gale 1788 BPGR Mentioned Papacy Years Joshua Lathrop 1789 BPGR 606–1866 [1260 yrs] Samuel Hopkins 1793 BPGR Papacy 606–1866 [1260 yrs] Samuel Osgood 1794 Confused Named Pope 630–1890 [1260 yrs] William Linn 1794 BPGR Mentioned Papacy 553–1813 [1260 yrs] David Austin 1794 BPGR Papacy 500–1760 [1260 yrs] Joshua Spalding 1796 BPGR Papacy Years Biblical Expositors of the 19th-century Advent Awakening: 1800–1845 AD[34] 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 3​^1⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God Manuel Lacunza 1799 4 Religions Mentioned Years William Hales 1803 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 620–1880 [1260 yrs] George Stanley Faber 1804 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy Thomas Scott 1805 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 606–1866 [1260 yrs] Adam Clarke 1810 BPGR Divisions Popedom 755–2015 [1260 yrs] Samuel Toovey 1813 BPGR Listed ExLR Papacy Captain Maitland 1813 BPGR Listed HOL 533–1792 [1260 yrs] William Cuninghame 1813 BPGR Listed Papacy 533–1792 [1260 yrs] James H Frere 1815 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy 533–1792 [1260 yrs] Lewis Way 1818 BPGR Divisions 531–1789 [1260 yrs] W. C. Davis 1818 BPGR Papacy 588–1848 [1260 yrs] Francis Mason (archdeacon) 1820 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy 533–1792 [1260 yrs] Jonathan Bayford 1820 BPGR Listed Bishop of Rome 529–1789 [1260 yrs] Henry Gauntlett 1821 BPGR Papacy 606–1866 [1260 yrs] Joseph Wolff 1822 BPGR Papacy 1260 Years John Fry 1822 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 537–1797 [1260 yrs] Pierre J. Agier 1823 BPGR 10 Kgdms. Christian Rome Jonathan R. Park 1825 BPRG 606–1866 [1260 yrs] Edward Cooper 1825 BPGR Papacy 533–1792 [1260] S. R. Maitland 1826 Future Not Divisions Future Future Days only Edward Irving 1826 BPGR Papal Eur. Papacy 533–1792 [1260 yrs] Edward T. Vaughan 1828 BPGR Papacy 537–1797 [1260 yrs] Thomas Keyworth 1828 BPGR 10 Kgdms. 3 Kgdms. Papacy 606–1866 [1260 yrs] Gerald T. Noel 1828 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy 533–1792 [1260 yrs] Alexander Keith 1828 BPGR Papacy 533–1793 [1260 yrs] Alfred Addis 1829 BPGR Listed Papacy 553–1813 [1260 yrs] Jonathon Hooper 1829 BPGR Pope 533–1793 [1260 yrs] William W. Pym 1829 BPGR Papacy 533–1793 [1260 yrs] Henry Drummone 1830 BPGR Papacy William Jones 1830 BPGR 10 Kgdms. Papacy Years Edward N. Hoare 1830 BPGR 10 Kgdms. ExLR Papacy 533–1793 [1260 yrs] Samuel Lee (linguist) 1830 Preterist 3​^1⁄2 Years William Anderson 1830 BPGR James Begg 1831 BPGR 10 Nations Papacy William Digby 1831 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 533–1793 [1260 yrs] J (Amici) Leslie 1831 BPGR Papacy 532–1792 [1260 yrs] Joshua William Brooks 1831 BPGR Papacy 533–1793 [1260 yrs] William Thorp 1831 BPGR Papacy Nearly Out John Cox 1832 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy Joseph d'A. Sirr 1833 BPGR Matthew Habershon 1834 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy 533–1793 [1260 yrs] Bp Dan Wilson 1836 BPGR Papacy Edward Bickersteth 1836 BPGR 533–1793 [1260 yrs] François Samuel Robert Louis Gaussen 1837 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 529–1789 [1260 yrs] J. H. Richter 1839 Papacy 587–1847 [1260 yrs] Elizabeth Charlotte 1840 BPGR Papacy [Years] James Henthorn Todd 1840 [4th not Rome] [not Roman] [Future] [not years] John Henry Newman 1841 [Future] [Days] Thomas Rawson Birks 1843 BPGR Listed 3 Kgdms. Papacy Jonathan Cumming 1843 BPGR Papacy 532–1792 [1260 yrs] William Miller 1843 BPGR 10 Nations Papacy 538–1798 [1260 yrs] E. B. Elliot 1844 BPGR Listed Papacy Justinian-1798 James A. Wylie 1844 BPGR 10 Nations Papacy 538–1798 [1260 yrs] Joseph Baylee 1845 BPGR Papacy 532–1792 [1260 yrs] BPGR=Babylon-Media/Persia-Greece-Rome. [BPGR]=Implies...

See also

• 1260-day prophecy
• 1 Maccabees
• 2 Maccabees
• Antinomianism

Citations

1. Collins 1984, p. 36.
2. Crawford 2000, p. 73.
3. Carroll 2000, p. 420-421. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarroll2000 (help)
4. Bandstra 2008, p. 449.
5. Aune 2010, p. 15-19.
6. Cohen 2006, p. 188-189. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohen2006 (help)
7. Levine 2003, p. 1247-1249. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLevine2003 (help)
8. Collins 1984, p. 29,34–35.
9. Collins 1984, p. 28.
10. Redditt 2008, p. 176-177,180.
11. Wesselius 2002, p. 295.
12. Redditt 2008, p. 177.
13. Hebbard 2009, p. 23.
14. Collins 1984, p. 74-75.
15. Davies 2006, p. 397-406.
16. Levine 2010, p. 1234.
17. Nelson 2000, p. 311-312.
18. Collins 1984, p. 77.
19. Levine 2010, p. p.1247 footnotes.
20. Levine 2010, p. 1247 footnotes.
21. Levine 2010, p. 1247-1248 footnotes.
22. Seow 2003, p. 106.
23. Seow 2003, p. 106-107.
24. Collins 1998, p. 101-103.
25. Levine 2010, p. 1248-1249, footnotes.
26. Hammer, 1976 & p.82. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHammer1976p.82 (help)
27. Smith 1944 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSmith1944 (help)
28. Anderson 1975 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAnderson1975 (help)
29. After table in Froom 1950, pp. 456–7
30. After table in Froom 1950, pp. 894–75
31. After table in Froom 1948, pp. 528–9
32. After table in Froom 1948, pp. 784–5
33. After table in Froom 1946, pp. 252–3
34. After table in Froom 1946, pp. 744–5

Bibliography

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• Collins, John J. (1998). The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. p. 103. ISBN 9780802843715. Son of Man: The interpretation and influence of Daniel 7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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