Bobby Fischer

Bobby Fischer
Bobby Fischer
	Fischer at Leipzig, 1960 (playing against Mikhail Tal)
Full name	Robert James Fischer
Country	United States ; Iceland (2005–2008)
Born	March 9, 1943; Chicago, Illinois, US
Died	January 17, 2008 (aged 64); Reykjavík, Iceland
Title	Grandmaster (1958)
World Champion	1972–1975
Peak rating	2785 (July 1972 FIDE rating list)[1]
Peak ranking	No. 1 (July 1971)

Robert James Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) was an American chess grandmaster and the eleventh World Chess Champion. Many consider him to be the greatest chess player of all time.[2][3][4]

A chess prodigy, at age 13 he won a brilliancy which was dubbed "The Game of the Century". At age 14, he became the youngest ever U.S. Chess Champion, and at 15, he became both the youngest grandmaster (GM) up to that time and the youngest candidate for the World Championship. At age 20, Fischer won the 1963/64 US Championship with 11 wins in 11 games, the only perfect score in the history of the tournament. His book My 60 Memorable Games, published in 1969, is regarded as essential reading. He won the 1970 Interzonal Tournament by a record 3½-point margin, and won 20 consecutive games, including two unprecedented 6–0 sweeps, in the Candidates Matches. In July 1971, he became the first official FIDE number-one-rated player.

Fischer won the World Chess Championship in 1972, defeating Boris Spassky of the USSR, in a match held in Reykjavík, Iceland. Publicized as a Cold War confrontation between the US and USSR, it attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since. In 1975, Fischer refused to defend his title when an agreement could not be reached with FIDE, chess's international governing body, over one of the conditions for the match. Under FIDE rules, this resulted in Soviet GM Anatoly Karpov, who had won the qualifying Candidates' cycle, being named the new world champion by default.

After forfeiting his title as World Champion, Fischer became reclusive and sometimes erratic, disappearing from both competitive chess and the public eye. In 1992, he reemerged to win an unofficial rematch against Spassky. It was held in Yugoslavia, which was under a United Nations embargo at the time. His participation led to a conflict with the US government, which warned Fischer that his participation in the match would violate an executive order imposing US sanctions on Yugoslavia. The US government ultimately issued a warrant for his arrest. After that, Fischer lived his life as an émigré. In 2004, he was arrested in Japan and held for several months for using a passport that had been revoked by the US government. Eventually, he was granted an Icelandic passport and citizenship by a special act of the Icelandic Althing, allowing him to live in Iceland until his death in 2008.

Fischer made numerous lasting contributions to chess. In the 1990s, he patented a modified chess timing system that added a time increment after each move, now a standard practice in top tournament and match play. He also invented Fischer random chess, also known as Chess960, a chess variant in which the initial position of the pieces is randomized to one of 960 possible positions.

Early years

Bobby Fischer was born at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, on March 9, 1943.[5] His mother, Regina Wender Fischer, was a US citizen,[6][7] born in Switzerland; her parents were Polish Jews.[8][9] Raised in St. Louis, Missouri,[5] Regina became a teacher, registered nurse, and later a physician.[10]

After graduating from college in her teens, Regina traveled to Germany to visit her brother. It was there she met geneticist and future Nobel Prize winner Hermann Joseph Muller, who persuaded her to move to Moscow to study medicine. She enrolled at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, where she met Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, also known as Gerardo Liebscher,[11] a German biophysicist, whom she married in November 1933.[12] In 1938, Hans-Gerhardt and Regina had a daughter, Joan Fischer. The reemergence of anti-Semitism under Stalin prompted Regina to go with Joan to Paris, where Regina became an English teacher. The threat of a German invasion led her and Joan to go to the United States in 1939. Regina and Hans-Gerhardt had already separated in Moscow, although they did not officially divorce until 1945.[12]

At the time of her son's birth, Regina was homeless[13] and shuttled to different jobs and schools around the country to support her family. She engaged in political activism, and raised both Bobby and Joan as a single parent.[14][15][16]

In 1949, the family moved to Manhattan[17] and the following year to Brooklyn, New York City, where she studied for her master's degree in nursing and subsequently began working in that field.[15]

Paul Nemenyi as Fischer's father

In 2002, Peter Nicholas and Clea Benson of The Philadelphia Inquirer published an investigative report backed by detailed and compelling evidence that indicated that Bobby Fischer's biological father was actually Paul Nemenyi.[16][18][19] Nemenyi, a Hungarian mathematician and physicist of Jewish heritage, was considered an expert in fluid and applied mechanics. Benson and Nicholas continued their work and gathered additional evidence in court records, personal interviews, and even a summary of the FBI investigation written by J. Edgar Hoover, which confirmed their earlier conclusions.[20]

Throughout the 1950s, the FBI investigated Regina and her circle for her alleged communist sympathies, as well as her time living in Moscow.[21] FBI files note that Hans-Gerhardt Fischer never entered the United States, while recording that Nemenyi took a keen interest in Fischer's upbringing.[18][22][23] Not only were Regina and Nemenyi reported to have had an affair in 1942, but Nemenyi made monthly child support payments to Regina and paid for Bobby's schooling until his own death in 1952.[24] In addition, Nicholas and Benson found letters by Nemenyi's first son, Peter, identifying Bobby Fischer as his brother.

Chess beginnings

In March 1949, 6-year-old Bobby and his sister Joan learned how to play chess using the instructions from a set bought at a candy store.[25] When Joan lost interest in chess and Regina did not have time to play, Fischer was left to play many of his first games against himself.[26] When the family vacationed at Patchogue, Long Island, New York, that summer, Bobby found a book of old chess games and studied it intensely.[27]

In 1950, the family moved to Brooklyn, first to an apartment at the corner of Union Street and Franklin Avenue, and later to a two-bedroom apartment at 560 Lincoln Place.[28] It was there that "Fischer soon became so engrossed in the game that Regina feared he was spending too much time alone".[15] As a result, on November 14, 1950, Regina sent a postcard to the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper, seeking to place an ad inquiring whether other children of Bobby's age might be interested in playing chess with him. The paper rejected her ad, because no one could figure out how to classify it, but forwarded her inquiry to Hermann Helms, the "Dean of American Chess", who told her that Master Max Pavey, former Scottish champion, would be giving a simultaneous exhibition on January 17, 1951.[29][30] Fischer played in the exhibition. Although he held on for 15 minutes, drawing a crowd of onlookers, he eventually lost to the chess master.[31]

One of the spectators was Brooklyn Chess Club President,[32] Carmine Nigro, an American chess expert of near master strength and an instructor.[33] Nigro was so impressed with Fischer's play[32] that he introduced him to the club and began teaching him.[34][35][36] Fischer noted of his time with Nigro:[37] "Mr. Nigro was possibly not the best player in the world, but he was a very good teacher. Meeting him was probably a decisive factor in my going ahead with chess."

William Lombardy and Fischer analyzing, with Jack Collins looking on

Nigro hosted Fischer's first chess tournament at his home in 1952.[38] In the summer of 1955, Fischer, then 12 years old, joined the Manhattan Chess Club.[39][40] Fischer's relationship with Nigro lasted until 1956, when Nigro moved away.[41][42]

The Hawthorne Chess Club

In June 1956, Fischer began attending the Hawthorne Chess Club, based in master John "Jack" W. Collins' home.[43] Collins taught chess to children, and has been described as Fischer's teacher,[44][45] but Collins himself suggested that he did not actually teach Fischer,[46] and the relationship might be more accurately described as one of mentorship.[47]

Fischer played thousands of blitz and offhand games with Collins and other strong players, studied the books in Collins' large chess library, and ate almost as many dinners at Collins' home as his own.[48][49][50]

Young champion

On the tenth national rating list of the United States Chess Federation (USCF), published on May 20, 1956, Fischer's rating was 1726,[51] more than 900 points below top-rated Samuel Reshevsky (2663).[52] His playing strength increased rapidly that year.[53]

Fischer in Cuba, March 1956

In March 1956, the Log Cabin Chess Club of West Orange, New Jersey (based in the home of the club's eccentric multi-millionaire founder and patron Elliot Forry Laucks) took Fischer on a tour to Cuba, where he gave a 12-board simultaneous exhibition at Havana's Capablanca Chess Club, winning ten games and drawing two.[54][55] On this tour the club played a series of matches against other clubs. Fischer played second board, behind International Master Norman Whitaker. Whitaker and Fischer were the leading scorers for the club, each scoring 5½ points out of 7 games.[56]

In July 1956, Fischer won the US Junior Chess Championship, scoring 8½/10 at Philadelphia to become the youngest-ever Junior Champion at age 13.[57][58] At the 1956 US Open Chess Championship in Oklahoma City, he scored 8½/12 to tie for 4th–8th places, with Arthur Bisguier winning.[59] In the first Canadian Open Chess Championship at Montreal 1956, he scored 7/10 to tie for 8th–12th places, with Larry Evans winning.[60] In November, Fischer played in the 1956 Eastern States Open Championship in Washington, D.C., tying for second with William Lombardy, Nicholas Rossolimo, and Arthur Feuerstein, with Hans Berliner taking first by a half-point.[61]

Fischer accepted an invitation to play in the Third Lessing J. Rosenwald Trophy Tournament in New York City (1956), a premier tournament limited to the 12 players considered the best in the US.[62] Although Fischer's rating was not among the top 12 in the country, he received entry by special consideration. Playing against top opposition, the 13-year-old Fischer could only score 4½/11, tying for 8th–9th place.[63] Yet he won the brilliancy prize[64] for his game against International Master Donald Byrne,[62] in which Fischer sacrificed his queen to unleash an unstoppable attack. Hans Kmoch called it "The Game of the Century",[65] writing: "The following game, a stunning masterpiece of combination play performed by a boy of 13 against a formidable opponent, matches the finest on record in the history of chess prodigies".[66][67] According to Frank Brady, "'The Game of the Century' has been talked about, analyzed, and admired for more than fifty years, and it will probably be a part of the canon of chess for many years to come."[68] "In reflecting on his game a while after it occurred, Bobby was refreshingly modest: 'I just made the moves I thought were best. I was just lucky.'"[69]

In 1957, Fischer played a two-game match against former World Champion Max Euwe at New York, losing ½–1½.[70][71][72] On the USCF's eleventh national rating list, published on May 5, 1957, Fischer was rated 2231—over 500 points higher than his rating a year before.[73] This made him the country's youngest ever chess master up to that point.[74] In July, he successfully defended his US Junior title, scoring 8½/9 at San Francisco.[75] As a result of his strong tournament results, Fischer's rating went up to 2298, "making him among the top ten active players in the country".[76] In August, he scored 10/12 at the US Open Chess Championship in Cleveland, winning on tie-breaking points over Arthur Bisguier.[77][78] This made Fischer the youngest ever US Open Champion.[79][80] He won the New Jersey Open Championship, scoring 6½/7.[81] He then defeated the young Filipino master Rodolfo Tan Cardoso 6–2 in a New York match sponsored by Pepsi-Cola.[82][83]

Wins first US title

Based on Fischer's rating and strong results, the USCF invited him to play in the 1957/58 US Championship.[84] The tournament included such luminaries as six-time US champion Samuel Reshevsky, defending US champion Arthur Bisguier, and William Lombardy, who in August had won the World Junior Championship.[85] Bisguier predicted that Fischer would "finish slightly over the center mark".[85][86] Despite all the predictions to the contrary, Fischer scored eight wins and five draws to win the tournament by a one-point margin, with 10½/13.[87][88] Still two months shy of his 15th birthday, Fischer became the youngest ever US champion.[89] Since the championship that year was also the US Zonal Championship, Fischer's victory earned him the title of International Master.[90][91] Fischer's victory in the US Championship sent his rating up to 2626, making him the second highest rated player in the United States, behind only Reshevsky (2713),[92] and qualified him to participate in the 1958 Portorož Interzonal, the next step toward challenging the World Champion.[82]

Grandmaster, candidate, author

Bobby wanted to go to Moscow. At his pleading, "Regina wrote directly to the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, requesting an invitation for Bobby to participate in the World Youth and Student Festival. The reply—affirmative—came too late for him to go."[93] Regina did not have the money to pay the airfare, but in the following year Fischer was invited onto the game show I've Got a Secret, where, thanks to Regina's efforts, the producers of the show arranged two round-trip tickets to the Soviet Union.[94][95]

Once in Russia, Fischer was invited by the Soviet Union to Moscow,[96] where International Master Lev Abramov would serve as a guide to Bobby and his sister, Joan.[97] Upon arrival, Fischer immediately demanded that he be taken to the Moscow Central Chess Club,[98] where he played speed chess with "two young Soviet masters", Evgeni Vasiukov and Alexander Nikitin,[99] winning every game.[98] Chess author V. I. Linder writes about the impression Fischer gave grandmaster Vladimir Alatortsev when he played blitz against the Soviet masters: "Back in 1958, in the Central Chess Club, Vladimir Alatortsev saw a tall, angular 15-year-old youth, who in blitz games, crushed almost everyone who crossed his path… Alatortsev was no exception, losing all three games. He was astonished by the play of the young American Robert Fischer, his fantastic self-confidence, amazing chess erudition and simply brilliant play! On arriving home, Vladimir said in admiration to his wife: 'This is the future world champion!'"[100]

Fischer demanded to play against Mikhail Botvinnik, the reigning World Champion. When told that this was impossible, Fischer asked to play Paul Keres. "Finally, Tigran Petrosian was, on a semi-official basis, summoned to the club …" where he played speed games with Fischer, winning the majority.[101] "When Bobby discovered that he wasn't going to play any formal games … he went into a not-so-silent rage",[102] saying he was fed up "with these Russian pigs",[103] which angered the Soviets who saw Fischer as their honored guest. It was then that the Yugoslavian chess officials offered to take in Fischer and Joan as early guests to the Interzonal. Fischer took them up on the offer, arriving in Yugoslavia to play two short training matches against masters Dragoljub Janošević and Milan Matulović.[104] Fischer drew both games against Janošević and then defeated Matulović in Belgrade by 2½–1½.[105]

At Portorož, Fischer was accompanied by Lombardy.[106][107] The top six finishers in the Interzonal would qualify for the Candidates Tournament.[108] Most observers doubted that a 15-year-old with no international experience could finish among the six qualifiers at the Interzonal, but Fischer told journalist Miro Radoicic, "I can draw with the grandmasters, and there are half-a-dozen patzers in the tournament I reckon to beat."[109][lower-alpha 1] Despite some bumps in the road and a problematic start, Fischer succeeded in his plan: after a strong finish, he ended up with 12/20 (+6−2=12) to tie for 5th–6th.[111] The Soviet grandmaster Yuri Averbakh observed,

In the struggle at the board this youth, almost still a child, showed himself to be a full-fledged fighter, demonstrating amazing composure, precise calculation and devilish resourcefulness. I was especially struck not even by his extensive opening knowledge, but his striving everywhere to seek new paths. In Fischer's play an enormous talent was noticeable, and in addition one sensed an enormous amount of work on the study of chess.[112]

Soviet grandmaster David Bronstein said of Fischer's time in Portorož: "It was interesting for me to observe Fischer, but for a long time I couldn't understand why this 15-year-old boy played chess so well".[113] Fischer became the youngest person ever to qualify for the Candidates and the youngest ever grandmaster at 15 years, 6 months, 1 day.[lower-alpha 2] "By then everyone knew we had a genius on our hands."[115]

Before the Candidates' Tournament, Fischer won the 1958/59 US Championship (scoring 8½/11).[116] He tied for third (with Borislav Ivkov) in Mar del Plata (scoring 10/14), a half-point behind Luděk Pachman and Miguel Najdorf.[117] He tied for 4th–6th in Santiago (scoring 7½/12) behind Ivkov, Pachman, and Herman Pilnik.[118]

At the Zürich International Tournament, spring 1959, Fischer finished a point behind future World Champion Mikhail Tal and a half-point behind Yugoslavian grandmaster Svetozar Gligorić.[119][120][121]

Although Fischer had ended his formal education at age 16, dropping out of Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, he subsequently taught himself several foreign languages so he could read foreign chess periodicals.[122] According to Latvian chess master Alexander Koblencs, even he and Tal could not match the commitment that Fischer had made to chess. Recalling a conversation from the tournament: "'Tell me, Bobby,' Tal continued, 'what do you think of the playing style of Larissa Volpert?' 'She's too cautious. But you have another girl, Dmitrieva. Her games do appeal to me!' Here we were left literally open-mouthed in astonishment. Misha and I have looked at thousands of games, but it never even occurred to us to study the games of our women players. How could we find the time for this?! Yet Bobby, it turns out, had found the time!'"[123]

Until late 1959, Fischer "had dressed atrociously for a champion, appearing at the most august and distinguished national and international events in sweaters and corduroys."[124] Now, encouraged by Pal Benko to dress more smartly, Fischer "began buying suits from all over the world, hand-tailored and made to order."[125][126] He told journalist Ralph Ginzburg that he had 17 hand-tailored suits and that all of his shirts and shoes were handmade.[127]

At the age of 16, Fischer finished equal fifth out of eight at the 1959 Candidates Tournament in Bled/Zagreb/Belgrade, Yugoslavia,[128] scoring 12½/28. He was outclassed by tournament winner Tal, who won all four of their individual games.[129] That year, Fischer released his first book of collected games: Bobby Fischer's Games of Chess, published by Simon & Schuster.[130]

Drops out of school

Fischer's interest in chess became more important than schoolwork, to the point that "by the time he reached the fourth grade, he'd been in and out of six schools."[131] In 1952, Regina got Bobby a scholarship (based on his chess talent and "astronomically high IQ") to Brooklyn Community Woodward.[132][lower-alpha 3] Fischer later attended Erasmus Hall High School at the same time as Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond.[134][135] In 1959, its student council awarded him a gold medal for his chess achievements.[136][137] The same year, Fischer dropped out of high school when he turned 16, the earliest he could legally do so.[138][139] He later explained to Ralph Ginzburg, "You don't learn anything in school."[140][141]

When Fischer was 16, his mother moved out of their apartment to pursue medical training. Her friend Joan Rodker, who had met Regina when the two were "idealistic communists" living in Moscow in the 1930s, believes that Fischer resented his mother for being mostly absent as a mother, a communist activist and an admirer of the Soviet Union and that this led to his hatred for the Soviet Union. In letters to Rodker, Fischer's mother states her desire to pursue her own "obsession" of training in medicine and writes that her son would have to live in their Brooklyn apartment without her: "It sounds terrible to leave a 16-year-old to his own devices, but he is probably happier that way".[7] The apartment was on the edge of Bedford-Stuyvesant, a neighborhood that had one of the highest homicide and general crime rates in New York City.[142] Despite the alienation from her son, Regina, in 1960, protested the practices of the American Chess Foundation[143] and staged a five-hour protest in front of the White House, urging President Dwight D. Eisenhower to send an American team to that year's chess Olympiad (set for Leipzig, East Germany, behind the Iron Curtain) and to help support the team financially.[19]

US Championships

Fischer played in eight US Championships, winning all of them,[144][145] by at least a one-point margin.[146] His results were:[144][147][148]

US Champ.	Score	Place	Margin of victory	Percentage	Age
1957/58	10½/13 (+8−0=5)[149]	First	1 point	81%	14
1958/59	8½/11 (+6−0=5)[150]	First	1 point	77%	15
1959/60	9/11 (+7−0=4)[151]	First	1 point	82%	16
1960/61	9/11 (+7−0=4)[152]	First	2 points	82%	17
1962/63	8/11 (+6−1=4)[153]	First	1 point	73%	19
1963/64	11/11 (+11−0=0)[154]	First	3½ points	100%	20
1965[155]	8½/11 (+8−2=1)[156]	First	1 point	77%	22
1966/67	9½/11 (+8−0=3)[157]	First	2 points	86%	23

Fischer missed the 1961/62 Championship (he was preparing for the 1962 Interzonal), and there was no 1964/65 event.[158] In his eight US Chess Championships, Fischer lost only three games; to Edmar Mednis in the 1962/63 event, and in consecutive rounds to Samuel Reshevsky, and Robert Byrne in the 1965 championship, culminating in a total score of 74/90 (61 wins, 26 draws, 3 losses).[159]

Olympiads

Fischer at 17 playing 23-year-old World Champion Mikhail Tal in Leipzig, East Germany

Fischer refused to play in the 1958 Munich Olympiad when his demand to play first board ahead of Samuel Reshevsky was rejected.[160] Some sources claim that 15-year-old Fischer was unable to arrange leave from attending high school.[161] Fischer later represented the United States on first board at four Men's Chess Olympiads, winning two individual Silver and one individual Bronze medals:[162]

Olympiad	Individual result	Percentage	US team result	Percentage[163]
Leipzig 1960	13/18[164] (Bronze)	72.2%	Silver	72.5%
Varna 1962	11/17[165] (Eighth)	64.7%	Fourth	68.1%
Havana 1966	15/17[166] (Silver)	88.2%	Silver	68.4%
Siegen 1970	10/13[167] (Silver)	76.9%	Fourth	67.8%

Out of four Men's Chess Olympiads, Fischer scored +40−7=18, for 49/65: 75.4%.[168][169] In 1966, Fischer narrowly missed the individual gold medal, scoring 88.23% to World Champion Tigran Petrosian's 88.46%. He played four games more than Petrosian, faced stiffer opposition,[170] and would have won the gold if he had accepted Florin Gheorghiu's draw offer, rather than declining it and suffering his only loss.[171]

At the 1962 Varna Olympiad, Fischer predicted that he would defeat Argentinian GM Miguel Najdorf in 25 moves. Fischer actually did it in 24, becoming the only player to beat Najdorf in the tournament.[172] Ironically, Najdorf lost the game while employing the very opening variation named after him: the Sicilian Najdorf.[173]

Fischer had planned to play for the US at the 1968 Lugano Olympiad, but backed out when he saw the poor playing conditions.[174] Both former World Champion Tigran Petrosian and Belgian-American International Master George Koltanowski, the leader of the American team that year, felt that Fischer was justified in not participating in the Olympiad.[175] According to Lombardy, Fischer's non-participation was due to Reshevsky's refusal to yield first board.[176]

1960–61

In 1960, Fischer tied for first place with Soviet star Boris Spassky at the strong Mar del Plata Tournament in Argentina, winning by a two-point margin, scoring 13½/15 (+13−1=1),[177][178] ahead of David Bronstein.[179] Fischer lost only to Spassky; this was the start of their lifelong friendship.[180]

Fischer experienced the only failure in his competitive career[181] at the Buenos Aires Tournament (1960), finishing with 8½/19 (+3−5=11), far behind winners Viktor Korchnoi and Samuel Reshevsky with 13/19.[182] According to Larry Evans, Fischer's first sexual experience was with a girl to whom Evans introduced him during the tournament.[183][184] Pal Benko said that Fischer did horribly in the tournament "because he got caught up in women and sex. Afterwards, Fischer said he'd never mix women and chess together, and kept the promise."[185] Fischer concluded 1960 by winning a small tournament in Reykjavík with 4½/5,[186] and defeating Klaus Darga in an exhibition game in West Berlin.[187]

In 1961, Fischer started a 16-game match with Reshevsky, split between New York and Los Angeles.[188] Reshevsky, 32 years Fischer's senior, was considered the favorite, since he had far more match experience and had never lost a set match. After 11 games and a tie score (two wins apiece with seven draws), the match ended prematurely due to a scheduling dispute between Fischer and match organizer and sponsor Jacqueline Piatigorsky. Reshevsky was declared the winner, by default, and received the winner's share of the prize fund.[189]

Fischer was second in a super-class field, behind only former World Champion Tal, at Bled, 1961.[190] Yet, Fischer defeated Tal head-to-head for the first time in their individual game, scored 3½/4 against the Soviet contingent, and finished as the only unbeaten player, with 13½/19 (+8−0=11).[191][192]

1962: success, setback, accusations of collusion

Fischer won the 1962 Stockholm Interzonal by a 2½-point margin,[193] going undefeated, with 17½/22 (+13−0=9).[194][195] He was the first non-Soviet player to win an Interzonal since FIDE instituted the tournament in 1948.[196] Russian grandmaster Alexander Kotov said of Fischer:[197]

I have discussed Fischer's play with Max Euwe and Gideon Stahlberg. All of us, experienced 'tournament old-timers', were surprised by Fischer's endgame expertise. When a young player is good at attacking or at combinations, this is understandable, but a faultless endgame technique at the age of 19 is something rare. I can recall only one other player who at that age was equally skillful at endgames – Vasily Smyslov.

Fischer's victory made him a favorite for the Candidates Tournament in Curaçao.[198][199] Yet, despite his result in the Interzonal, Fischer only finished fourth out of eight with 14/27 (+8−7=12),[200] far behind Tigran Petrosian (17½/27), Efim Geller, and Paul Keres (both 17/27).[201] Tal fell very ill during the tournament, and had to withdraw before completion. Fischer, a friend of Tal, was the only contestant who visited him in the hospital.[202]

Accuses Soviets of collusion

Following his failure in the 1962 Candidates,[lower-alpha 4] Fischer asserted in a Sports Illustrated article,[204] that three of the five Soviet players (Tigran Petrosian, Paul Keres, and Efim Geller) had a prearranged agreement to quickly draw their games against each other in order to conserve their energy for playing against Fischer. It is generally thought that this accusation is correct.[205][206] Fischer stated that he would never again participate in a Candidates' tournament, since the format, combined with the alleged collusion, made it impossible for a non-Soviet player to win. Following Fischer's article, FIDE, in late 1962, voted to implement a radical reform of the playoff system, replacing the Candidates' tournament with a format of one-on-one knockout matches; the format that Fischer would dominate in 1971.[206][207]

Fischer defeated Bent Larsen in a summer 1962 exhibition game in Copenhagen for Danish TV. Later that year, Fischer beat Bogdan Śliwa in a team match against Poland in Warsaw.[208]

In the 1962/63 US Championship, Fischer lost to Edmar Mednis in round one. It was his first loss ever in a US Championship. Bisguier was in excellent form, and Fischer caught up to him only at the end. Tied at 7–3, the two met in the final round. Bisguier stood well in the middlegame, but blundered, handing Fischer his fifth consecutive US championship.[209]

Semi-retirement in the mid-1960s

Influenced by ill will over the aborted 1961 match against Reshevsky, Fischer declined an invitation to play in the 1963 Piatigorsky Cup tournament in Los Angeles, which had a world-class field.[209] He instead played in the Western Open in Bay City, Michigan, which he won with 7½/8.[210][211] In August–September 1963, Fischer won the New York State Championship at Poughkeepsie, with 7/7, his first perfect score,[212] ahead of Arthur Bisguier and James Sherwin.[213]

In the 1963/64 US Championship, Fischer achieved his second perfect score, this time against the top-ranked chess players in the country.[154][209] This result brought Fischer heightened fame, including a profile in Life magazine.[214] Sports Illustrated diagrammed each of the 11 games in its article, "The Amazing Victory Streak of Bobby Fischer".[215] Such extensive chess coverage was groundbreaking for the top American sports magazine. His 11–0 win in the 1963/64 Championship is the only perfect score in the history of the tournament,[216] and one of about ten perfect scores in high-level chess tournaments ever.[217][218][219] David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld called it "the most remarkable achievement of this kind".[217] Fischer recalls:[220] "Motivated by my lopsided result (11–0!), Dr. [Hans] Kmoch congratulated [Larry] Evans (the runner up) on 'winning' the tournament… and then he congratulated me on 'winning the exhibition'."

Fischer's 21-move victory against Robert Byrne won the brilliancy prize for the tournament. Byrne wrote:

The culminating combination is of such depth that, even at the very moment at which I resigned, both grandmasters who were commenting on the play for the spectators in a separate room believed I had a won game![221]

International Master Anthony Saidy recalled his last round encounter with the undefeated Fischer:[222]

Going into the final game I certainly did not expect to upset Fischer. I hardly knew the opening but played simply, and he went along with the scenario, opting for a N-v-B [i.e., Knight vs. Bishop] endgame with a minimal edge. In the corridor, Evans said to me, "Good. Show him we're not all children."

At adjournment, Saidy saw a way to force a draw, yet "sealed a different, wrong move", and lost.[222] "Chess publications around the world wrote of the unparalleled achievement. Only Bent Larsen, always a Fischer detractor, was unimpressed: 'Fischer was playing against children'".[223]

Fischer, eligible as US Champion, decided against his participation in the 1964 Amsterdam Interzonal, taking himself out of the 1966 World Championship cycle,[224] even after FIDE changed the format of the eight-player Candidates Tournament from a round-robin to a series of knockout matches, which eliminated the possibility of collusion.[214] Instead, Fischer embarked on a tour of the United States and Canada from February through May, playing a simultaneous exhibition, and giving a lecture in each of more than 40 cities.[225] He had a 94% winning percentage over more than 2,000 games.[225] Fischer declined an invitation to play for the US in the 1964 Olympiad in Tel Aviv.[226]

Successful return

Fischer in 1971

Fischer wanted to play in the Capablanca Memorial Tournament in Havana in August and September 1965.[227] Since the State Department refused to endorse Fischer's passport as valid for visiting Cuba,[228] he proposed, and the tournament officials and players accepted, a unique arrangement: Fischer played his moves from a room at the Marshall Chess Club, which were then transmitted by teleprinter to Cuba.[229][230][231][232] Luděk Pachman observed that Fischer "was handicapped by the longer playing session resulting from the time wasted in transmitting the moves, and that is one reason why he lost to three of his chief rivals."[233] The tournament was an "ordeal" for Fischer, who had to endure eight-hour and sometimes even twelve-hour playing sessions.[234] Despite the handicap, Fischer tied for second through fourth places, with 15/21 (+12−3=6),[235] behind former World Champion Vasily Smyslov, whom Fischer defeated in their individual game.[233] The tournament received extensive media coverage.[236][228]

In December, Fischer won his seventh US Championship (1965), with the score of 8½/11 (+8−2=1),[237] despite losing to Robert Byrne and Reshevsky in the eighth and ninth rounds.[238][239] Fischer also reconciled with Mrs. Piatigorsky, accepting an invitation to the very strong second Piatigorsky Cup (1966) tournament in Santa Monica. Fischer began disastrously and after eight rounds was tied for last with 3/8. He then staged a strong comeback, scoring 7/8 in the next eight rounds. In the end, World Chess Championship finalist Boris Spassky edged him out by a half point, scoring 11½/18 to Fischer's 11/18 (+7−3=8).[240][241]

Now aged 23, Fischer would win every match or tournament he completed for the rest of his life.[242]

Fischer won the US Championship (1966/67) for the eighth and final time, ceding only three draws (+8−0=3),[243][244] In March–April and August–September, Fischer won strong tournaments at Monte Carlo, with 7/9 (+6−1=2),[245] and Skopje, with 13½/17 (+12−2=3).[246][247] In the Philippines, Fischer played nine exhibition games against master opponents, scoring 8½/9.[248]

Withdrawal while leading Interzonal

Fischer's win in the 1966/67 US Championship qualified him for the next World Championship cycle.[237]

At the 1967 Interzonal, held at Sousse, Tunisia, Fischer scored 8½ points in the first 10 games, to lead the field. His observance of the Worldwide Church of God's seventh-day Sabbath was honored by the organizers, but deprived Fischer of several rest days, which led to a scheduling dispute,[249] causing Fischer to forfeit two games in protest and later withdraw, eliminating himself from the 1969 World Championship cycle.[250] Communications difficulties with the highly inexperienced local organizers were also a significant factor, since Fischer knew little French and the organizers had very limited English. No one in Tunisian chess had previous experience running an event of this stature.[251]

Since Fischer had completed fewer than half of his scheduled games, all of his results were annulled, meaning players who had played Fischer had those games cancelled, and the scores nullified from the official tournament record.[207]

Second semi-retirement

In 1968, Fischer won tournaments at Netanya, with 11½/13 (+10−0=3),[252] and Vinkovci, with 11/13 (+9−0=4),[253] by large margins.[254] Fischer then stopped playing for the next 18 months, except for a win against Anthony Saidy in a 1969 New York Metropolitan League team match.[255][256] That year, Fischer (assisted by grandmaster Larry Evans) released his second book of collected games: My 60 Memorable Games, published by Simon & Schuster.[257] The book "was an immediate success".[258]

1969–1972: World Champion

In 1970, Fischer began a new effort to become World Champion. His dramatic march toward the title made him a household name and made chess front-page news for a time. He won the title in 1972, but forfeited it three years later.

Road to the World Championship

Fischer's scoresheet from his round 3 game against Miguel Najdorf in the 1970 Chess Olympiad in Siegen, Germany

The 1969 US Championship was also a zonal qualifier, with the top three finishers advancing to the Interzonal. Fischer, however, had sat out the US Championship because of disagreements about the tournament's format and prize fund. Benko, one of the three qualifiers, agreed to give up his spot in the Interzonal in order to give Fischer another shot at the World Championship; Lombardy, who would have been "next in line" after Benko, did the same.[259][260][261][262][263][264]

In 1970 and 1971, Fischer "dominated his contemporaries to an extent never seen before or since".[265]

Before the Interzonal, in March and April 1970, the world's best players competed in the USSR vs. Rest of the World match in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, often referred to as "the Match of the Century". There was much surprise when Fischer decided to participate.[266]

With Evans as his second,[267] Fischer flew to Belgrade[268] with the intention of playing board one for the rest of the world.[lower-alpha 5][269] Danish grandmaster Bent Larsen, however, due to his recent tournament victories, demanded to play first board instead of Fischer, even though Fischer had the higher Elo rating.[269][270] To the surprise of everyone, Fischer agreed.[271][272] Although the USSR team eked out a 20½–19½ victory, "On the top four boards, the Soviets managed to win only one game out of a possible sixteen. Bobby Fischer was the high scorer for his team, with a 3–1 score against Petrosian (two wins and two draws)."[273] "Fischer left no doubt in anyone's mind that he had put his temporary break from the tournament circuit to good use. Petrosian was almost unrecognizable in the first two games, and by the time he had collected himself, although pressing his opponent, he could do no more than draw the last two games of the four-game set".[269]

After the USSR versus the Rest of the World Match, the unofficial World Championship of Lightning Chess (5-minute games) was held at Herceg Novi. "[The Russians] figured on teaching Fischer a lesson and on bringing him down a peg or two".[274] Petrosian and Tal were considered the favorites,[275] but Fischer overwhelmed the super-class field with 19/22 (+17−1=4), far ahead of Tal (14½), Korchnoi (14), Petrosian (13½), and Bronstein (13).[275][276] Fischer lost only one game (to Korchnoi, who was also the only player to achieve an even score against him in the double round robin tournament).[275][277] Fischer "crushed such blitz kings as Tal, Petrosian and Vasily Smyslov by a clean score".[278] Tal marveled that, "During the entire tournament he didn't leave a single pawn en prise!", while the other players "blundered knights and bishops galore".[278][279] For Lombardy, who had played many blitz games with Fischer,[280] Fischer's 4½-point margin of victory "came as a pleasant surprise".[281]

Fischer in Belgrade for the USSR vs. Rest of the World match in 1970

In April–May 1970, Fischer won at Rovinj/Zagreb with 13/17 (+10−1=6), by a two-point margin, ahead of Gligorić, Hort, Korchnoi, Smyslov, and Petrosian.[282][283] In July–August, Fischer crushed the mostly grandmaster field at Buenos Aires, winning by a 3½-point margin, scoring 15/17 (+13−0=4).[284] Fischer then played first board for the US Team in the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen, where he won an individual Silver medal, scoring 10/13 (+8−1=4),[167] with his only loss being to World Champion Boris Spassky.[285] Right after the Olympiad, Fischer defeated Ulf Andersson in an exhibition game for the Swedish newspaper Expressen.[286] Fischer had taken his game to a new level.[287]

Fischer won the Interzonal (held in Palma de Mallorca in November and December 1970) with 18½/23 (+15−1=7),[288] far ahead of Larsen, Efim Geller, and Robert Hübner, with 15/23.[289][290] Fischer finished the tournament with seven consecutive wins.[291][292] Setting aside the Sousse Interzonal (which Fischer withdrew from while leading), Fischer's victory gave him a string of eight consecutive first prizes in tournaments.[293] Former World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik was not, however, impressed by Fischer's results, stating: "Fischer has been declared a genius. I do not agree with this… In order to rightly be declared a genius in chess, you have to defeat equal opponents by a big margin. As yet he has not done this".[294] Despite Botvinnik's remarks, "Fischer began a miraculous year in the history of chess".[295]

In the 1971 Candidates matches, Fischer was set to play against Soviet grandmaster and concert pianist Mark Taimanov in the quarter-finals. The match began in mid-May in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[296] Fischer was generally favored to win.[296][297] Taimanov had reason to be confident. He was backed by the firm guidance of Botvinnik, who "had thoroughly analysed Fischer's record and put together a 'dossier' on him", from when he was in talks to play Fischer in a match "a couple of years earlier".[298] After Fischer defeated Taimanov in the second game of the match, Taimanov asked Fischer how he managed to come up with the move 12. N1c3, to which Fischer replied "that the idea was not his—he had come across it in the monograph by the Soviet master Alexander Nikitin in a footnote".[299] Taimanov said of this: "It is staggering that I, an expert on the Sicilian, should have missed this theoretically significant idea by my compatriot, while Fischer had uncovered it in a book in a foreign language!"[300] With the score at 4–0, in Fischer's favor, the fifth game adjournment was a sight to behold.[301] Schonberg explains the scene:[274]

Taimanov came to Vancouver with two seconds, both grandmasters. Fischer was alone. He thought that the sight of Taimanov and his seconds was the funniest thing he had ever seen. There Taimanov and his seconds would sit, six hands flying, pocket sets waving in the air, while variations were being spouted all over the place. And there sat Taimanov with a confused look on his face. Just before resuming play [in the fifth game] the seconds were giving Taimanov some last-minute advice. When poor Taimanov entered the playing room and sat down to confront Fischer, his head was so full of conflicting continuations that he became rattled, left a Rook en prise and immediately resigned.

Fischer beat Taimanov by the score of 6–0.[302] There was little precedent for such a lopsided score in a match leading to the World Championship.[303]

Upon losing the final game of the match, Taimanov shrugged his shoulders, saying sadly to Fischer: "Well, I still have my music."[304] As a result of his performance, Taimanov "was thrown out of the USSR team and forbidden to travel for two years. He was banned from writing articles, was deprived of his monthly stipend… [and] the authorities prohibited him from performing on the concert platform."[305] "The crushing loss virtually ended Taimanov's chess career."[306]

Fischer was next scheduled to play against Danish grandmaster Bent Larsen. "Spassky predicted a tight struggle: 'Larsen is a little stronger in spirit'"[307] Before the match, Botvinnik had told a Soviet television audience:[308]

It is hard to say how their match will end, but it is clear that such an easy victory as in Vancouver [against Taimanov] will not be given to Fischer. I think Larsen has unpleasant surprises in store for [Fischer], all the more since having dealt with Taimanov thus, Fischer will want to do just the same to Larsen and this is impossible.

Fischer beat Larsen by the identical score of 6–0.[309] Robert Byrne writes: "To a certain extent I could grasp the Taimanov match as a kind of curiosity–almost a freak, a strange chess occurrence that would never occur again. But now I am at a loss for anything whatever to say… So, it is out of the question for me to explain how Bobby, how anyone, could win six games in a row from such a genius of the game as Bent Larsen".[310] Just a year before, Larsen had played first board for the Rest of the World team ahead of Fischer, and had handed Fischer his only loss at the Interzonal. Garry Kasparov later wrote that no player had ever shown a superiority over his rivals comparable to Fischer's "incredible" 12–0 score in the two matches.[311] Chess statistician Jeff Sonas concludes that the victory over Larsen gave Fischer the "highest single-match performance rating ever".[312]

On August 8, 1971, while preparing for his last Candidates match with former World Champion Tigran Petrosian, Fischer played in the Manhattan Chess Club Rapid Tournament, winning with 21½/22 against a strong field.[276][313]

Despite Fischer's results against Taimanov and Larsen, his upcoming match against Petrosian seemed a daunting task.[314] Nevertheless, the Soviet government was concerned about Fischer.[315][316] "Reporters asked Petrosian whether the match would last the full twelve games… 'It might be possible that I win it earlier,' Petrosian replied",[317] and then stated: "Fischer's [nineteen consecutive] wins do not impress me. He is a great chess player but no genius."[318] Petrosian played a strong theoretical novelty in the first game, gaining the advantage, but Fischer eventually won the game after Petrosian faltered.[319][320][321] This gave Fischer a run of 20 consecutive wins against the world's top players (in the Interzonal and Candidates matches), a winning streak topped only by Steinitz's 25 straight wins in 1873–1882.[322][218] Petrosian won the second game, finally snapping Fischer's streak.[323][lower-alpha 6] After three consecutive draws, Fischer swept the next four games to win the match 6½–2½ (+5−1=3).[325] Sports Illustrated ran an article on the match, highlighting Fischer's domination of Petrosian as being due to Petrosian's outdated system of preparation:[326]

Fischer's recent record raises the distinct possibility that he has made a breakthrough in modern chess theory. His response to Petrosian's elaborately plotted 11th move in the first game is an example: Russian experts had worked on the variation for weeks, yet when it was thrown at Fischer suddenly, he faced its consequences alone and won by applying simple, classic principles.

Upon completion of the match, Petrosian remarked: "After the sixth game Fischer really did become a genius. I on the other hand, either had a breakdown or was tired, or something else happened, but the last three games were no longer chess."[327][328] "Some experts kept insisting that Petrosian was off form, and that he should have had a plus score at the end of the sixth game …" to which Fischer replied, "People have been playing against me below strength for fifteen years."[329] Fischer's match results befuddled Botvinnik: "It is hard to talk about Fischer's matches. Since the time that he has been playing them, miracles have begun."[330] "When Petrosian played like Petrosian, Fischer played like a very strong grandmaster, but when Petrosian began making mistakes, Fischer was transformed into a genius."[330]

Fischer gained a far higher rating than any player in history up to that time.[331] On the July 1972 FIDE rating list, his Elo rating of 2785 was 125 points above (World No. 2) Spassky's rating of 2660.[332][333][334] His results put him on the cover of Life magazine,[335] and allowed him to challenge World Champion Boris Spassky, whom he had never beaten (+0−3=2).[336][337]

World Championship match

Fischer in Amsterdam in 1972, on a visit to discuss the World Chess Championship details with FIDE president Max Euwe.

Fischer in Amsterdam in 1972

Fischer's career-long stubbornness about match and tournament conditions was again seen in the run-up to his match with Spassky. Of the possible sites, Fischer's first choice was Belgrade, Yugoslavia, while Spassky's was Reykjavík, Iceland.[338] For a time it appeared that the dispute would be resolved by splitting the match between the two locations, but that arrangement failed.[339] After that issue was resolved, Fischer refused to appear in Iceland until the prize fund was increased. London financier Jim Slater donated an additional US$125,000, bringing the prize fund up to an unprecedented $250,000 ($1.53 million today) and Fischer finally agreed to play.[340]

Before and during the match, Fischer paid special attention to his physical training and fitness, which was a relatively novel approach for top chess players at that time. Leading up to this match he conducted interviews with 60 Minutes and Dick Cavett explaining the importance of physical fitness in his preparation. He had developed his tennis skills to a good level, and played frequently during off-days in Reykjavík. He had also arranged for exclusive use of his hotel's swimming pool during specified hours, and swam for extended periods, usually late at night.[341] According to Soviet grandmaster Nikolai Krogius, Fischer "was paying great attention to sport, and that he was swimming and even boxing …"[342]

The match took place in Reykjavík from July to September 1972. Fischer was accompanied by William Lombardy; besides assisting with analysis,[343] Lombardy may have played an important role in getting Fischer to play in the match and to stay in it.[344] The match was the first to receive an American broadcast in prime time.[345][346] Fischer lost the first two games in strange fashion: the first when he played a risky pawn-grab in a drawn endgame, the second by forfeit when he refused to play the game in a dispute over playing conditions.[347] Fischer would likely have forfeited the entire match, but Spassky, not wanting to win by default, yielded to Fischer's demands to move the next game to a back room, away from the cameras, whose presence had upset Fischer.[348][349] After that game, the match was moved back to the stage and proceeded without further serious incident. Fischer won seven of the next 19 games, losing only one and drawing eleven, to win the match 12½–8½ and become the 11th World Chess Champion.[345]

The Cold War trappings made the match a media sensation.[350] It was called "The Match of the Century",[351][352][lower-alpha 7] and received front-page media coverage in the United States and around the world.[353][354] Fischer's win was an American victory in a field that Soviet players – closely identified with and subsidized by the state – had dominated for the previous quarter-century. Kasparov remarked, "Fischer fits ideologically into the context of the Cold War era: a lone American genius challenges the Soviet chess machine and defeats it".[355][356] Dutch grandmaster Jan Timman calls Fischer's victory "the story of a lonely hero who overcomes an entire empire".[357] Fischer's sister observed, "Bobby did all this in a country almost totally without a chess culture. It was as if an Eskimo had cleared a tennis court in the snow and gone on to win the world championship".[358]

Upon Fischer's return to New York,[359] a Bobby Fischer Day was held.[360] He was offered numerous product endorsement offers worth "at least $5 million" ($30.6 million today), all of which he declined.[361] He appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated[362] with American Olympic swimming champion Mark Spitz and also appeared on The Dick Cavett Show, as well as on a Bob Hope TV special.[363] Membership in the US Chess Federation doubled in 1972,[364] and peaked in 1974; in American chess, these years are commonly referred to as the "Fischer Boom". This match attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since.[365]

Forfeiture of title

Fischer was scheduled to defend his title in 1975 against Anatoly Karpov, who had emerged as his challenger.[366] Fischer, who had played no competitive games since his World Championship match with Spassky, laid out a proposal for the match in September 1973, in consultation with FIDE official Fred Cramer. He made three principal (non-negotiable) demands:

The match continues until one player wins 10 games, draws not counting.
No limit to the total number of games played.
In case of a 9–9 score, the champion (Fischer) retains the title, and the prize fund is split equally.[367]

A FIDE Congress was held in 1974 during the Nice Olympiad. The delegates voted in favor of Fischer's 10-win proposal, but rejected his other two proposals, and limited the number of games in the match to 36.[368] In response to FIDE's ruling, Fischer sent a cable to Euwe on June 27, 1974:[369][370][371]

As I made clear in my telegram to the FIDE delegates, the match conditions I proposed were non-negotiable. Mr. Cramer informs me that the rules of the winner being the first player to win ten games, draws not counting, unlimited number of games and if nine wins to nine match is drawn with champion regaining title and prize fund split equally were rejected by the FIDE delegates. By so doing FIDE has decided against my participation in the 1975 World Chess Championship. Therefore, I resign my FIDE World Chess Championship title. Sincerely, Bobby Fischer.

The delegates responded by reaffirming their prior decisions, but did not accept Fischer's resignation and requested that he reconsider.[372] Many observers considered Fischer's requested 9–9 clause unfair because it would require the challenger to win by at least two games (10–8).[373] Botvinnik called the 9–9 clause "unsporting".[374] Korchnoi, David Bronstein, and Lev Alburt considered the 9–9 clause reasonable.[375][376][377]

Due to the continued efforts of US Chess Federation officials,[378] a special FIDE Congress was held in March 1975 in Bergen, Netherlands,[379] in which it was accepted that the match should be of unlimited duration, but the 9–9 clause was once again rejected, by a narrow margin of 35 votes to 32.[380] FIDE set a deadline of April 1, 1975, for Fischer and Karpov to confirm their participation in the match. No reply was received from Fischer by April 3. Thus, by default, Karpov officially became World Champion.[381] In his 1991 autobiography, Karpov professed regret that the match had not taken place, and claimed that the lost opportunity to challenge Fischer held back his own chess development. Karpov met with Fischer several times after 1975, in friendly but ultimately unsuccessful attempts to arrange a match, since Karpov would never agree to play to 10.[382]

Brian Carney opined in The Wall Street Journal that Fischer's victory over Spassky in 1972 left him nothing to prove, except that perhaps someone could someday beat him, and he was not interested in the risk of losing. He also opined that Fischer's refusal to recognize peers also allowed his paranoia to flower: "The world championship he won ... validated his view of himself as a chess player, but it also insulated him from the humanizing influences of the world around him. He descended into what can only be considered a kind of madness".[206]

Bronstein felt that Fischer "had the right to play the match with Karpov on his own conditions".[383] Korchnoi stated:[384]

Was Fischer right in demanding that the world title be protected by a two point handicap – that the challenger would be considered the winner with a 10–8 score and that the champion would retain his title in the event of a 9–9 draw? Yes, this was quite natural: the champion deserves this, not to mention the fact that further play to the first win in the event of an even score would be nothing short of a lottery – the winner in that case could not claim to have won a convincing victory.

Soviet grandmaster Lev Alburt felt that the decision to not concede to Fischer's demands rested on Karpov's "sober view of what he was capable of".[385] Years later, in his 1992 match against Spassky, Fischer said that Karpov refused to play against him under Fischer's conditions.[386]

Sudden obscurity

After the 1972 World Chess Championship, Fischer did not play a competitive game in public for nearly 20 years.[387] In 1977 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he played three games against the MIT Greenblatt computer program, winning them all.[388]

He moved to the Los Angeles area and associated with the Worldwide Church of God for a time.[389] On May 26, 1981, while walking in Pasadena, Fischer was arrested by a police patrolman, because he resembled a man who had just committed a robbery in the area.[390] Fischer, who alleged that he was slightly injured during the arrest,[391] said that he was held for two days, subjected to assault and various types of mistreatment,[392] and released on $1,000 bail.[393] Fischer published a 14-page pamphlet detailing his alleged experiences and saying that his arrest had been "a frame up and set up".[394][395][396]

In 1981, Fischer stayed at the home of grandmaster Peter Biyiasas, where, over a period of four months, he defeated Biyiasas seventeen times in a series of speed games.[397][398] In an interview with Sports Illustrated reporter William Nack, Biyiasas assessed Fischer's play:[396][399]

He was too good. There was no use in playing him. It wasn't interesting. I was getting beaten, and it wasn't clear to me why. It wasn't like I made this mistake or that mistake. It was like I was being gradually outplayed, from the start. He wasn't taking any time to think. The most depressing thing about it is that I wasn't even getting out of the middle game to an endgame. I don't ever remember an endgame. He honestly believes there is no one for him to play, no one worthy of him. I played him, and I can attest to that.

In 1988–1990, Fischer had a relationship with German chess player Petra Stadler, who had been put in touch with Fischer by Spassky. When Stadler later published a book about the affair,[400] Spassky apologized to Fischer.[401]

1992 Spassky rematch

Fischer emerged after twenty years of isolation to play Spassky (then tied for 96th–102nd on the FIDE rating list) in a "Revenge Match of the 20th century" in 1992. This match took place in Sveti Stefan and Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in spite of a United Nations embargo that included sanctions on commercial activities. Fischer demanded that the organizers bill the match as "The World Chess Championship", although Garry Kasparov was the recognized FIDE World Champion. Fischer insisted he was still the true World Champion, and that for all the games in the FIDE-sanctioned World Championship matches, involving Karpov, Korchnoi, and Kasparov, the outcomes had been prearranged.[402] The purse for the rematch was US$5 million, with $3.35 million of the purse to go to the winner.[403][404]

According to grandmaster Andrew Soltis:[405]

[The match games] were of a fairly high quality, particularly when compared with Kasparov's championship matches of 1993, 1995 and 2000, for example. Yet the games also reminded many fans of how out of place Fischer was in 1992. He was still playing the openings of a previous generation. He was, moreover, the only strong player in the world who didn't trust computers and wasn't surrounded by seconds and supplicants.

Fischer won the match with 10 wins, 5 losses, and 15 draws.[406] Kasparov stated, "Bobby is playing OK, nothing more. Maybe his strength is 2600 or 2650. It wouldn't be close between us".[407] Yasser Seirawan believed that the match proved that Fischer's playing strength was "somewhere in the top ten in the world".[408]

Fischer and Spassky gave ten press conferences during the match.[409] Seirawan attended the match and met with Fischer on several occasions; the two analyzed some match games and had personal discourse. Seirawan later wrote: "After September 23 [1992], I threw most of what I'd ever read about Bobby out of my head. Sheer garbage. Bobby is the most misunderstood, misquoted celebrity walking the face of the earth."[410] He added that Fischer was not camera shy, smiled and laughed easily, was "a fine wit" and "wholly enjoyable conversationalist".[411]

The US Department of the Treasury warned Fischer before the start of the match that his participation was illegal, that it would violate President George H. W. Bush's Executive Order 12810 imposing United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 sanctions against engaging in economic activities in Yugoslavia.[412] In response, during the first scheduled press conference on September 1, 1992, in front of the international press, Fischer spat on the US order, saying "this is my reply".[413] His violation of the order led US Federal officials to initiate a warrant for his arrest upon completion of the match,[414] citing, in pertinent part, "Title 50 USC §§1701, 1702, and 1705 and Executive Order 12810".[415][416]

Prior to the rematch against Spassky, Fischer had won a training match against Svetozar Gligorić in Sveti Stefan with six wins, one loss and three draws.[417]

Personal life

Religious affiliation

Although Fischer's mother was Jewish, Fischer rejected attempts to label him as Jewish.[16] In a 1962 interview with Harper's, asked if he was Jewish, he replied that he was "part-Jewish" through his mother. In the same interview he was quoted as saying, "I read a book lately by Nietzsche and he says religion is just to dull the senses of the people. I agree."[418][419] In a 1984 letter to the editor of the Encyclopaedia Judaica, Fischer demanded that they remove his name from future editions.[420]

Fischer associated with the Worldwide Church of God in the mid-1960s. The church prescribed Saturday Sabbath, and forbade work (and competitive chess) on Sabbath.[421] According to his friend and colleague Larry Evans, in 1968 Fischer felt philosophically that "the world was coming to an end" and he might as well make some money by publishing My 60 Memorable Games;[422] Fischer thought that the Rapture was coming soon.[423]

During the mid-1970s, Fischer contributed significant money to the Worldwide Church of God.[424] In 1972, one journalist stated that "Fischer is almost as serious about religion as he is about chess", and the champion credited his faith with greatly improving his chess.[425][426] Yet prophecies by Herbert W. Armstrong went unfulfilled.[427] Fischer eventually left the church in 1977, "accusing it of being 'satanic', and vigorously attacking its methods and leadership".[397]

Antisemitism

Fischer made numerous antisemitic statements and professed a general hatred for Jews since at least the early 1960s.[418][428] Jan Hein Donner wrote that at the time of Bled 1961, "He idolized Hitler and read everything about him that he could lay his hands on. He also championed a brand of anti-semitism that could only be thought up by a mind completely cut off from reality."[181] Donner took Fischer to a war museum, which "left a great impression, since [Fischer] is not an evil person, and afterwards he was more restrained in his remarks—to me, at least."[181]

From the 1980s on, Fischer's comments about Jews were a major theme in his public and private remarks.[429] He openly denied the Holocaust, and called the United States "a farce controlled by dirty, hook-nosed, circumcised Jew bastards".[430] Between 1999 and 2006, Fischer's primary means of communicating with the public was radio interviews. He participated in at least 34 such broadcasts, mostly with radio stations in the Philippines, but also in Hungary, Iceland, Colombia, and Russia. In 1999, he gave a radio call-in interview to a station in Budapest, Hungary, during which he described himself as the "victim of an international Jewish conspiracy". In another radio interview, Fischer said that it became clear to him in 1977, after reading The Secret World Government by Count Cherep-Spiridovich, that Jewish agencies were targeting him.[431] Fischer's sudden reemergence was apparently triggered when some of his belongings, which had been stored in a Pasadena, California, storage unit, were sold by the landlord, who claimed it was in response to nonpayment of rent.[432] Fischer was also upset that UBS had liquidated his assets and closed his account without his permission. When asked who he thought was responsible for the actions UBS had taken Fischer replied, "There's no question that the Jew-controlled United States is behind this—that's obvious."[433][434]

Fischer's library contained antisemitic and racist literature such as Mein Kampf, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and The White Man's Bible and Nature's Eternal Religion by Ben Klassen, founder of the World Church of the Creator.[435][436][437] A notebook written by Fischer contains sentiments such as "12/13/99 It's time to start randomly killing Jews".[438] Despite his views, Fischer remained on good terms with Jewish chess players.[439]

Life as an émigré

After the 1992 match with Spassky, Fischer, now a fugitive, slid back into relative obscurity, taking up residence in Budapest, Hungary, and allegedly having a relationship with young Hungarian chess master Zita Rajcsányi.[396][440] Fischer stated that standard chess was stale and that he now played blitz games of chess variants, such as Chess960. He visited the Polgár family in Budapest and analyzed many games with Judit, Zsuzsa, and Zsófia Polgár.[441][442][443] In 1998/99 he also stayed at the house of young Hungarian grandmaster Peter Leko.[444]

From 2000 to 2002, Fischer lived in Baguio in the Philippines, residing in the same compound as the Filipino grandmaster Eugenio Torre, a close friend who had acted as his second during his 1992 match with Spassky.[445] Torre introduced Fischer to a 22-year-old woman named Marilyn Young.[lower-alpha 8] On May 21, 2001, Marilyn Young gave birth to a daughter named Jinky Young, and claimed that Fischer was the child's father.[447][448]

Comments on September 11 attacks

Shortly after midnight on September 12, 2001, Philippines local time (approximately four hours after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the US), Fischer was interviewed live by Pablo Mercado on the Baguio City station of the Bombo Radyo network. Fischer stated that he was happy that the attacks had happened, while expressing his view on United States and Israeli foreign policy, saying, "I applaud the act. Look, nobody gets ... that the US and Israel have been slaughtering the Palestinians ... for years."[449][450][451] He also said, "The horrible behavior that the US is committing all over the world ... This just shows you, that what goes around, comes around even for the United States."[449][450] Fischer also referenced the movie Seven Days in May and said he hoped for a military coup d'état in the US, "[I hope] the country will be taken over by the military—they'll close down all the synagogues, arrest all the Jews, execute hundreds of thousands of Jewish ringleaders."[452][453] In response to Fischer's statements about 9/11, the US Chess Federation passed a motion to cancel his right to membership in the organization.[454] Fischer's right to become a member was reinstated in 2007.[455]

Detention in Japan

Fischer lived for a time in Japan. On July 13, 2004, acting in response to a letter from US officials, Japanese immigration authorities arrested him at Narita International Airport near Tokyo for allegedly using a revoked US passport while trying to board a Japan Airlines flight to Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, Philippines.[456][457][458] Fischer resisted arrest, and claimed to have sustained bruises, cuts and a broken tooth in the process.[459] At the time, Fischer had a passport (originally issued in 1997 and updated in 2003 to add more pages) that, according to US officials, had been revoked in November 2003 due to his outstanding arrest-warrant for the Yugoslavia sanctions violation.[456] Despite the outstanding arrest-warrant in the US, Fischer said that he believed the passport was still valid.[460] The authorities held Fischer at a custody center for 16 days before transferring him to another facility. Fischer said that his cell was windowless and he had not seen the light of day during that period, and that the staff had ignored his complaints about constant tobacco smoke in his cell.[459][461][462]

Tokyo-based Canadian journalist and consultant John Bosnitch set up the "Committee to Free Bobby Fischer" after meeting Fischer at Narita Airport and offering to assist him.[463] Boris Spassky wrote a letter to US President George W. Bush, asking "For mercy, charity", and, if that was not possible, "to put [him] in the same cell with Bobby Fischer" and "to give [them] a chess set".[464] It was reported that Fischer and Miyoko Watai, the President of the Japanese Chess Association (with whom he had reportedly been living since 2000) wanted to become legally married.[456] (It was also reported that Fischer had been living in the Philippines with Marilyn Young during the same period.[445]) Fischer applied for German citizenship on the grounds that his father was German.[465] Fischer stated that he wanted to renounce his US citizenship, and appealed to US Secretary of State Colin Powell to help him do so, though to no effect.[466][467] Japan's Justice Minister rejected Fischer's request for asylum and ordered his deportation.[468][469][470]

Citizenship and residency in Iceland

Seeking ways to evade deportation to the United States, Fischer wrote a letter to the government of Iceland in early January 2005, requesting Icelandic citizenship.[471] Sympathetic to Fischer's plight, but reluctant to grant him the full benefits of citizenship, Icelandic authorities granted him an alien's passport. When this proved insufficient for the Japanese authorities, the Althing (the Icelandic Parliament), at the behest of William Lombardy,[472][473] agreed unanimously to grant Fischer full citizenship in late March for humanitarian reasons, as they felt he was being unjustly treated by the United States and Japanese governments,[474][475] and also in recognition of his 1972 match, which had "put Iceland on the map".[476]

After arriving in Reykjavík, Fischer gave a press conference.[477][478] He lived a reclusive life in Iceland, avoiding entrepreneurs and others who approached him with various proposals.[479]

Fischer moved into an apartment in the same building as his close friend and spokesman, Garðar Sverrisson.[480] Garðar's wife, Kristín Þórarinsdóttir, was a nurse and later looked after Fischer as a terminally ill patient. Garðar's two children, especially his son, were very close to Fischer.[481] Fischer also developed a friendship with Magnús Skúlason, a psychiatrist and chess player who later recalled long discussions with him on a wide variety of subjects.[482]

On December 10, 2006, Fischer telephoned an Icelandic television station that had just broadcast a chess game in which one player blundered such that his opponent was able to mate on the next move. Although he tried to change his mind upon seeing the mate, the touch-move rule forced him to play the blunder. Fischer pointed out a winning combination that could have been played instead of the blunder or the other attempted move, but had been missed by the player and commentators.[483]

In 2005, some of Fischer's belongings were auctioned on eBay.[484] Fischer claimed, in 2006, that the belongings sold in the US without his permission were worth "hundreds of millions of [US] dollars; even billions of dollars."[433][485] In the same interview, Fischer also said that UBS Bank had closed an account of his and liquidated his assets against his wishes, transferring the funds to a bank in Iceland.[434]

Death, estate dispute, and exhumation

Church of Laugardælir, Fischer's resting place

Fischer's grave

On January 17, 2008, Fischer died at age 64 from kidney failure at the Landspítali Hospital (National University Hospital of Iceland) in Reykjavík. He had been suffering from degenerative kidney failure.[486][487] He originally had a urinary tract blockage but refused surgery or medication.[488][489][490] Magnús Skúlason reported Fischer's response to leg massages: "Nothing soothes as much as the human touch."[491]

On January 21, Fischer was buried in the small Christian cemetery of Laugardælir church, outside the town of Selfoss, 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Reykjavík, after a Catholic funeral presided over by Fr. Jakob Rolland of the diocese of Reykjavík. In accordance with Fischer's wishes, only Miyoko Watai, Garðar Sverrisson, and Garðar's family were present.[492]

Fischer's estate was estimated at 140 million ISK (about £1 million, or US$2 million). It quickly became the object of a legal battle involving claims from four parties, with Miyoko Watai ultimately inheriting what remained of Fischer's estate after government claims. The four parties were Fischer's Japanese wife Miyoko Watai; his alleged Filipino daughter Jinky Young and her mother Marilyn Young; his two American nephews Alexander and Nicholas Targ and their father Russell Targ; and the US government (claiming unpaid taxes).[493][482][494][495]

Marilyn Young claimed that Jinky was Fischer's daughter, citing as evidence Jinky's birth and baptismal certificates, photographs, a transaction record dated December 4, 2007, of a bank remittance by Fischer to Jinky, and Jinky's DNA through her blood samples.[447][496][446] However, Magnús Skúlason, a friend of Fischer's, said that he was certain that Fischer was not the girl's father.[493] In addition, the validity of Miyoko Watai's marriage to Fischer was challenged.[497][447]

On June 16, 2010, Iceland's supreme court ruled in favor of a petition on behalf of Jinky Young to have Fischer's remains exhumed.[498][499] The exhumation was performed on July 5, 2010, in the presence of a doctor, a priest, and other officials. A DNA sample was taken and Fischer's body was then reburied.[500]

On August 17, 2010, it was announced that results of DNA testing had ruled out Fischer as the father of Jinky Young.[501][502] On March 3, 2011, an Icelandic district court ruled that Miyoko Watai and Fischer had married on September 6, 2004,[503] and that, as Fischer's widow and heir, Watai was therefore entitled to inherit Fischer's estate.[504] Fischer's nephews were ordered to pay Watai's legal costs, amounting to ISK 6.6 million (approximately $57,000).[503]

Speculation on psychological condition

While as far as is known Fischer was never formally diagnosed,[19] there has been widespread comment and speculation concerning his psychological condition based on his extreme views and unusual behavior.[505] Reuben Fine, psychologist and chess player, who met Fischer many times, said that "Some of Bobby's behavior is so strange, unpredictable, odd and bizarre that even his most ardent apologists have had a hard time explaining what makes him tick" and described him as "a troubled human being" with "obvious personal problems".[506]

Valery Krylov, advisor to Anatoly Karpov and a specialist in the "psycho-physiological rehabilitation of sportsmen", believed Fischer suffered from schizophrenia.[505] Psychologist Joseph G. Ponterotto, from second-hand sources, concludes that "Bobby did not meet all the necessary criteria to reach diagnoses of schizophrenia or Asperger syndrome. The evidence is stronger for paranoid personality disorder."[505] Magnús Skúlason, a chess player, psychiatrist and head doctor of Sogn Mental Asylum for the Criminally Insane, befriended Fischer towards the end of Fischer's life. From Endgame, Fischer's 2011 biography by Frank Brady:[491]

[...] Skulason was not "Bobby's psychiatrist", as has been implied in the general press, nor did he offer Bobby any analysis or psychotherapy. He was at Bobby's bedside as a friend, to try to do anything he could for him. Because of his training, however, he couldn't fail to take note of Bobby's mental condition. "He definitely was not schizophrenic", Skulason said. "He had problems, possibly certain childhood traumas that had affected him. He was misunderstood. Underneath I think he was a caring sensitive person."

Contributions to chess

Writings

Bobby Fischer's Games of Chess (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1959). ISBN 0-923891-46-3. An early collection of 34 lightly annotated games, including "The Game of the Century" against Donald Byrne.
"A Bust to the King's Gambit" (American Chess Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Summer 1961), pp. 3–9).[507]
"The Russians Have Fixed World Chess" (Sports Illustrated, Vol. 17, No. 8 (August 20, 1962), pp. 18–19, 64–65). This is the controversial article in which Fischer asserted that several of the Soviet players in the 1962 Curaçao Candidates' tournament had colluded with one another to prevent him [Fischer] from winning the tournament.
"The Ten Greatest Masters in History" (Chessworld, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January–February 1964), pp. 56–61). An article in which Fischer named Paul Morphy, Howard Staunton, Wilhelm Steinitz, Siegbert Tarrasch, Mikhail Chigorin, Alexander Alekhine, José Raúl Capablanca, Boris Spassky, Mikhail Tal, and Samuel Reshevsky as the greatest players of all time. Fischer's criterion for inclusion on his list was his own subjective appreciation of their games rather than their achievements.[508]
Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess (1966), co-written with Donn Mosenfelder and Stuart Margulies.[509] The extent of Fischer's contribution has been questioned.[510]
"Checkmate" column from December 1966 to December 1969 in Boys' Life, later assumed by Larry Evans.
My 60 Memorable Games (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1969, and Faber and Faber, London, 1969; Batsford 2008 (algebraic notation)). Studied by Kasparov at a young age;[511] "A classic of painstaking and objective analysis that modestly includes three of his losses."[512]
I Was Tortured in the Pasadena Jailhouse! (1982) a self-published "essay in a fourteen-page booklet" on Fischer's time in a Pasadena jail—he was "booked for vagrancy".[513]

Opening theory

Fischer's opening repertoire was narrow in some ways. As White, Fischer almost exclusively played 1.e4 throughout his career.[514] He played 1.d4 with White only once in a serious game, during a blitz tournament.[515] In spite of this narrowness, he was considered by some of his rivals to be unpredictable in his opening play, and a difficult opponent to prepare for.[516]

As Black, Fischer would usually play the Najdorf Sicilian against 1.e4, and the King's Indian Defense against 1.d4, only rarely venturing into the Nimzo-Indian (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4), Benoni, Grünfeld or Neo-Grünfeld.[517] Fischer acknowledged difficulty playing against the Winawer Variation of the French Defense (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4), but maintained that the Winawer was unsound because it exposed Black's kingside, and that, in his view, "Black was trading off his good bishop with 3...Bb4 and ...Bxc3."[518] Later on Fischer said: "I may yet be forced to admit that the Winawer is sound. But I doubt it! The defense is anti-positional and weakens the K-side."[519]

Fischer was renowned for his opening preparation and made numerous contributions to chess opening theory.[520] He was one of the foremost experts on the Ruy Lopez.[521] A line of the Exchange Variation (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Bxc6 dxc6 5.0-0) is sometimes called the "Fischer Variation" after he successfully resurrected it at the 1966 Havana Olympiad.[522][523] Fischer's lifetime score with the move 5.0-0 in tournament and match games was eight wins, three draws, and no losses (86.36%).[524]

Fischer was a recognized expert in the black side of the Najdorf Sicilian and the King's Indian Defense.[525] He used the Grünfeld Defense and Neo-Grünfeld Defense to win his celebrated games against Donald and Robert Byrne, and played a theoretical novelty in the Grünfeld against reigning world champion Mikhail Botvinnik, refuting Botvinnik's prepared analysis over the board.[526][527] In the Nimzo-Indian Defense, the line beginning with 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 b6 5.Ne2 Ba6 was named after him.[528][529][530]

Fischer established the viability of the so-called Poisoned Pawn Variation of the Najdorf Sicilian (1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 Qb6). This bold queen sortie, to snatch a pawn at the expense of development, had been considered dubious,[531][532][533] but Fischer succeeded in proving its soundness.[534] Out of ten tournament and match games as Black in the Poisoned Pawn, Fischer scored 70%, winning five, drawing four, and losing only one: the 11th game of his 1972 match against Spassky.[535] Following Fischer's use, the Poisoned Pawn Variation became a respected line, utilized by many of the world's leading players.[536] Fischer's 10.f5 in this line against Efim Geller quickly became the main line of the Poisoned Pawn.

On the white side of the Sicilian, Fischer made advances to the theory of the line beginning 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 (or e6) 6.Bc4,[534][537] which has sometimes been named after him.[538]

In 1961, prompted by a loss the year before to Spassky,[539] Fischer wrote an article titled "A Bust to the King's Gambit" for the first issue of the American Chess Quarterly, in which he stated, "In my opinion, the King's Gambit is busted. It loses by force."[507] Fischer recommended 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d6,[540] which has since become known as the Fischer Defense, as a refutation to the King's Gambit.[541][542][543] Fischer later played the King's Gambit as White in three tournament games, winning them all.[544]

Endgame

Fischer had excellent endgame technique.[545] International Master Jeremy Silman listed him as one of the five best endgame players (along with Emanuel Lasker, Akiba Rubinstein, José Raúl Capablanca and Vasily Smyslov), calling Fischer a "master of bishop endings".[546] The endgame of a rook, bishop, and pawns against a rook, knight, and pawns has sometimes been called the "Fischer Endgame" because of several instructive wins by Fischer (with the bishop), including three against Mark Taimanov in 1970 and 1971.[547][548][549]

Fischer clock

In 1988, Fischer filed for U.S. Patent 4,884,255 for a new type of chess clock, which gave each player a fixed period at the start of the game and then added a small increment after each completed move.[550]

An example of Fischer's patented clock was made for, and used in, the 1992 rematch between Fischer and Spassky.[551][406] Clocks based on the "Fischer clock" soon became standard in major chess tournaments.[552] Fischer would later complain that he was cheated out of the royalties for this invention.[553]

Fischerandom

Fischer heavily disparaged chess as it was currently being played (at the highest levels).[554] As a result, on June 19, 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Fischer announced and advocated a variant of chess called Fischerandom Chess (later also known as Chess960). The goal of Fischerandom Chess was to ensure that a game between two players is a contest between their understandings of chess, rather than their abilities to prepare opening strategies or memorize opening lines.[555][556]

Legacy

Kasparov calls Fischer "perhaps the most mythologically shrouded figure in chess".[557][558][559][4] Some leading players and some of Fischer's biographers have ranked him as the greatest player who ever lived.[2] Other writers have said that he was arguably the greatest player ever, without reaching a definitive conclusion.[3] Leonard Barden wrote, "Most experts place him the second or third best ever, behind Kasparov but probably ahead of Karpov."[199]

Some grandmasters compared Fischer's play to that of a computer;[560][561] a player without noticeable weaknesses.[562]

Fischer's great rival Mikhail Tal praised him as "the greatest genius to have descended from the chess heavens".[563] American grandmaster Arthur Bisguier wrote "Robert James Fischer is one of the few people in any sphere of endeavour who has been accorded the accolade of being called a legend in his own time."[564] Former World Champion Tigran Petrosian stated that Fischer put more time into chess than the entire Soviet team.[565]

Biographers David Edmonds and John Eidinow wrote:[566]

Faced with Fischer's extraordinary coolness, his opponents [sic] assurance would begin to disintegrate. A Fischer move, which at first glances looked weak, would be reassessed. It must have a deep master plan behind it, undetectable by mere mortals (more often than not they were right, it did). The US grandmaster Robert Byrne labeled the phenomenon "Fischer-fear". Grandmasters would wilt, their suits would crumple, sweat would glisten on their brows, panic would overwhelm their nervous systems. Errors would creep in. Calculations would go awry. There was talk among grandmasters that Fischer hypnotized his opponents, that he undermined their intellectual powers with a dark, mystic, insidious force.

Kasparov wrote that Fischer "became the detonator of an avalanche of new chess ideas, a revolutionary whose revolution is still in progress".[567] In January 2009, reigning World Champion Viswanathan Anand described him as "the greatest chess player who ever lived".[568] Serbian grandmaster Ljubomir Ljubojević called Fischer, "A man without frontiers. He didn't divide the East and the West, he brought them together in their admiration of him."[479]

German grandmaster Karsten Müller wrote:[559]

Fischer, who had taken the highest crown almost singlehandedly from the mighty, almost invincible Soviet chess empire, shook the whole world, not only the chess world, to its core. He started a chess boom not only in the United States and in the Western hemisphere, but worldwide. Teaching chess or playing chess as a career had truly become a respectable profession. After Bobby, the game was simply not the same.

Fischer won the Chess Oscar (an award, started in 1967, given to the best chess player, determined through votes from chess media and leading players) for 1970, 1971, and 1972.

Fischer was a charter inductee into the US Chess Hall of Fame in Washington, D.C. in 1985. After routing Taimanov, Larsen, and Petrosian in 1971, Fischer achieved a then-record Elo rating of 2785.[332][333] After beating Spassky by the score 12½–8½ in their 1972 match, his rating dropped to 2780.[333]

Head-to-head record versus selected grandmasters

(Rapid, blitz and blindfold games not included; listed as +wins −losses =draws.)[569]
Players who have been World Champions in boldface

Mikhail Tal +2−4=5
Mikhail Botvinnik +0−0=1
Vasily Smyslov +3−1=5
Boris Spassky +17−11=28
Max Euwe +1−1=1
Tigran Petrosian +8−4=15
Efim Geller +3−5=2
Svetozar Gligorić +7−4=8
Paul Keres +4−3=3
Victor Korchnoi +2−2=4
Bent Larsen +9−2=1
Miguel Najdorf +4−1=4
Lev Polugaevsky +0−0=1
David Bronstein +0−0=2
Samuel Reshevsky +9−4=13
Mark Taimanov +7−0=1
Borislav Ivkov: +4−2=4
Pal Benko +8−3=7

Internet Bobby Fischer theory

In 2001, Nigel Short wrote in The Sunday Telegraph chess column that he believed he had been secretly playing Fischer on the Internet Chess Club (ICC) in speed chess matches.[570][571] Subsequently others claimed to have played Fischer as well.[572] Fischer denied ownership of the account.[573]

In popular culture

The musical Chess, with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, tells the story of two chess champions. The musical is loosely based on the 1972 World Championship match between Fischer and Spassky, and in later stage productions the American player is named "Freddie Trumper", a reference to Fischer.[574]
During the 1972 Fischer–Spassky match, the Soviet bard Vladimir Vysotsky wrote an ironic two-song cycle "Honor of the Chess Crown". The first song is about a rank-and-file Soviet worker's preparation for the match with Fischer; the second is about the game. Many expressions from the songs have become catchphrases in Russian culture.[575]
In a season 21 episode of Saturday Night Live, in a sketch set at a chess tournament, the Spartan cheerleaders, played by Will Ferrell and Cheri Oteri, sang a cheer with references to Fischer and his reclusion, including the lyrics "Where is he?/I don't know/I don't know".[576]
In episode 6 of season 3 of Drunk History, titled 'Games', comedian and author Rich Fulcher retold the story of the 1972 World Chess Championship match between Fischer and Spassky. In the episode, Tarran Killam plays Fischer, and Jake Johnson plays Spassky.[577]

In film

The 1993 film Searching for Bobby Fischer uses Fischer's name in the title, even though the film is about the life of chess prodigy Joshua Waitzkin.[578] Outside of the United States, it was released as Innocent Moves.[579] The title refers to the search for Fischer's successor after his disappearance from competitive chess. The author feels that his son could be that successor. Fischer never saw the film and complained that it invaded his privacy by using his name without his permission.[580] Fischer never received any compensation from the film, calling it "a monumental swindle".[581]
In April 2009, the documentary Me and Bobby Fischer, about Fischer's last years as his old friend Saemundur Palsson gets him out of jail in Japan and helps him settle in Iceland, was premiered in Iceland. The film was produced by Friðrik Guðmundsson with music by Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson, Björk and Einar Arnaldur Melax.
In October 2009, the biographical film Bobby Fischer Live[582] was released, with Damien Chapa directing and starring as Fischer.
In 2011, documentary film-maker Liz Garbus released Bobby Fischer Against the World, which explores the life of Fischer, with interviews from Garry Kasparov, Anthony Saidy, and others.[583]
On September 16, 2015 the American biographical film Pawn Sacrifice was released, starring Tobey Maguire as Fischer, Liev Schreiber as Boris Spassky, Lily Rabe as Joan Fischer, and Peter Sarsgaard as William Lombardy.[584]

Tournament, match, and team event summaries

Tournaments

The 1955 US Amateur Championship was the first tournament organized by the US Chess Federation in which Fischer entered. Before this tournament, he had played in the Brooklyn Chess Club Championships, in some tournaments organized by the Brooklyn YMCA Chess and Checker Club, and in a correspondence chess tournament organized by Chess Review.

Tournament record[147][585]
Year	Tournament	Location	Wins	Draws	Losses	Points	Games	Ranking	Players	%
1955	US Amateur Championship	Mohegan Lake, New York	unknown (6 games)			≤ 3	6	below 32nd[586]	75	≤ 50%
	US Junior Championship	Lincoln, Nebraska	2	6	2	5	10	20th (on tie-break)	25	50%
	Washington Square Park	New York	unknown (8 games)			5	8	15th	66[587]	56%
1956	Greater New York City Open	Manhattan	5	0[588]	2[588]	5	7	5th–7th	52	71%
	Manhattan Chess Club Tournament 'A'-Reserves	New York	unknown (10 games)			7½	10	1st–2nd[589]	11	75%
	Metropolitan League (team event)	New York	4	1	0	4½	5	Manhattan 'A'-Reserves Team top scorer[590]		90%
	US Amateur Championship	Asbury Park, New Jersey	3	2	1	4	6	21st	88	67%
	US Junior Championship	Philadelphia	8	1	1	8½	10	1st	28	85%
	US Open	Oklahoma City	5	7	0	8½	12	4th–8th	102	71%
	Canadian Open	Montreal	6	2	2	7	10	8th–12th	88	70%
	Rosenwald Trophy	New York	2	5	4	4½	11	8th–10th	12	41%
	Eastern States Open	Washington, D.C.	4	3	0	5½	7	2nd–5th	56	79%
	Manhattan Chess Club Championship semifinals	New York	2	1	2	2½	5	4th	6	50%
1957	Log Cabin Open	West Orange, New Jersey	4	0	2	4	6	6th–14th	61	67%
	Log Cabin 50–50, fast chess	West Orange	3	2	0	4	5	unknown		80%
	Metropolitan League (team event)	New York	5	0	0	5	5	Manhattan team, Fischer played at board 7.[591]		100%
	New Western Open	Milwaukee	5	2	1	6	8	6th–12th	122	75%
	US Junior Championship	San Francisco	8	1	0	8½	9	1st	33	94%
	US Open	Cleveland	7/ 8[592]	4	0	9/ 10[593]	11/ 12[593]	1st (on tie-break)	176	82%/ 83%[593]
	New Jersey State Open	East Orange	6	1	0	6½	7	1st	81	93%
	North Central Open	Milwaukee	4	2	1	5	7	5th–11th	93	71%
	US Championship	New York	8	5	0	10½	13	1st	14	81%
1958	Interzonal	Portorož	6	12	2	12	20	5th–6th	21	60%
1958	US Championship	New York	6	5	0	8½	11	1st	12	77%
1959	Mar del Plata International	Mar del Plata	8	4	1	10	13	3rd–4th	14	71%
	International	Santiago	7	1	4	7½	12	4th–7th	13	63%
	Zürich International	Zürich	8	5	2	10½	15	3rd–4th	16	70%
	Candidates	Bled, Zagreb & Belgrade	8	9	11	12½	28	5th–6th	8	45%
	US Championship	New York	7	4	0	9	11	1st	12	82%
1960	Mar del Plata International	Mar del Plata	13	1	1	13½	15	1st–2nd	16	90%
	Buenos Aires International	Buenos Aires	3	11	5	8½	19	13th–16th	20	45%
	3-player double round-robin	Reykjavík	3	1	0	3½	4	1st	3	88%
	US Championship	New York	7	4	0	9	11	1st	12	82%
1961	"Tournament of the century"	Bled	8	11	0	15	19	2nd	20	71%
1962	Interzonal	Stockholm	13	9	0	17½	22	1st	23	80%
	Candidates	Curaçao	8	12	7	14	27	4th	8	52%
	US Championship	New York	6	4	1	8	11	1st	12	73%
1963	Western Open	Bay City, Michigan	7	1	0	7½	8	1st	161[594]	94%
	New York State Open	Poughkeepsie	7	0	0	7	7	1st	57	100%
	US Championship	New York	11	0	0	11	11	1st	12	100%
1965	Capablanca Memorial	Havana	12	6	3	15	21	2nd–4th	22	71%
1965	US Championship	New York	8	1	2	8½	11	1st	12	77%
1966	Piatigorsky Cup	Santa Monica	7	8	3	11	18	2nd	10	61%
1966	US Championship	New York	8	3	0	9½	11	1st	12	86%
1967	Monaco International	Monte Carlo	6	2	1	7	9	1st	10	78%
	International	Skopje	12	3	2	13½	17	1st	18	79%
	Interzonal	Sousse	7	3	0	8½	10	withdrew	22	85%
1968	International	Netanya	10	3	0	11½	13	1st	14	88%
	International	Vinkovci	9	4	0	11	13	1st	14	85%
	Metropolitan League (team event)	New York	1	0	0	1	1	Manhattan team, Fischer played only one game.		100%
1970	Blitz (5-minute games)	Herceg Novi	17	4	1	19	22	1st	12	86%
	Tournament of peace	Rovinj & Zagreb	10	6	1	13	17	1st	18	76%
	Buenos Aires International	Buenos Aires	13	4	0	15	17	1st	18	88%
	Interzonal	Palma de Mallorca	15[595]	7	1	18½[595]	23[595]	1st	24	80%
1971	Manhattan CC Blitz[596]	New York	21	1	0	21½	22	1st	12	98%

Matches

Match record[585][597][598]
Year	Opponent	Location	Match	Wins	Draws	Losses	Result	Score	Percentage
1957	Max Euwe	New York	2-game exhibition match	0	1	1	lost	½–1½	25%
1957	Dan Jacobo Beninson	New York	training match	unknown (5 games)			won	3½–1½	70%[599]
1957	Rodolfo Tan Cardoso	New York		5	2	1	won	6–2	75%
1958	Dragoljub Janošević	Belgrade	2-game training match	0	2	0	tied	1–1	50%
1958	Milan Matulović	Belgrade		2	1	1	won	2½–1½	63%
1961	Samuel Reshevsky	New York & Los Angeles	16-game match	2	7	2	unfinished	5½–5½	50%
1970	Tigran Petrosian	Belgrade	USSR vs. World Match	2	2	0	won	3–1	75%
1971	Mark Taimanov	Vancouver	Candidates quarterfinal	6	0	0	won	6–0	100%
1971	Bent Larsen	Denver	Candidates semifinal	6	0	0	won	6–0	100%
1971	Tigran Petrosian	Buenos Aires	Candidates final	5	3	1	won	6½–2½	72%
1972	Boris Spassky	Reykjavík	World Championship	7	11	3[600]	won	12½–8½	60%[601] /63%[602]
1992	Boris Spassky	Sveti Stefan & Belgrade	Unofficial rematch	10	15	5	won	10–5[603]	58%[604] /67%[603]

International Team events

International Team events record[585]
Year	Event	Location	Board	Opponents	Wins	Draws	Losses	Points	Games	Individual ranking	Team ranking	Individual percentage
1960	14th Olympiad	Leipzig	1	various	10	6	2	13	18	Bronze	Silver	72%
1962	Poland vs USA Match	Warsaw	1	Bogdan Sliwa	1	0	0	1	1	Game won	Team won	100% (1 game)
1962	15th Olympiad	Varna	1	various	8	6	3	11	17	Eighth	Fourth	65%
1966	17th Olympiad	Havana	1	various	14	2	1	15	17	Silver	Silver	88%
1970	USSR vs. World Match	Belgrade	2	Tigran Petrosian	2	2	0	3	4	best world team result	Team lost	75%
1970	19th Olympiad	Siegen	1	various	8	4	1	10	13	Silver	Fourth	77%

Notable games

Donald Byrne vs. Fischer, New York 1956; Grünfeld Defense, 5.Bf4 (D92), 0–1.[605] Played when Fischer was 13 years old, "this game appeared in chess magazines around the world, provoking the delight of the public and the amazement of the experts."[606] It was dubbed "The Game of the Century" by Hans Kmoch in Chess Review.[607]
Svetozar Gligorić vs. Fischer, Bled 1961; King's Indian Defense, Classical Variation, Mar del Plata Variation (E98), ½–½.[608] "A genuine drawn masterpiece" according to Garry Kasparov.[609] Andrew Soltis rated it as one of "The 100 Best Chess Games of the 20th Century".[610]

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Position after 22...Nxg3

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.0-0 Nc6 8.d5 Ne7 9.Ne1 Nd7 10.Nd3 f5 11.exf5 Nxf5 12.f3 Nf6 13.Nf2 Nd4 14.Nfe4 Nh5 15.Bg5 Qd7 16.g3 h6 17.Be3 c5 18.Bxd4 exd4 19.Nb5 a6 20.Nbxd6 d3 21.Qxd3 Bd4+ 22.Kg2 Nxg3 (diagram) 23.Nxc8 Nxf1 24.Nb6 Qc7 25.Rxf1 Qxb6 26.b4 Qxb4 27.Rb1 Qa5 28.Nxc5 Qxc5 29.Qxg6+ Bg7 30.Rxb7 Qd4 31.Bd3 Rf4 32.Qe6+ Kh8 33.Qg6 ½–½

Robert Byrne vs. Fischer, 1963/64 US Championship; Neo-Grünfeld Defense, 0–1;[611] annotated. From an almost symmetrical position, Fischer beats a strong international master in just 21 moves—"a game that was immediately recognized as an all-time classic".[612]

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Position after 18.Qd2

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.g3 c6 4.Bg2 d5 5.cxd5 cxd5 6.Nc3 Bg7 7.e3 0-0 8.Nge2 Nc6 9.0-0 b6 10.b3 Ba6 11.Ba3 Re8 12.Qd2 e5 13.dxe5 Nxe5 14.Rfd1 Nd3 15.Qc2 Nxf2 16.Kxf2 Ng4+ 17.Kg1 Nxe3 18.Qd2 (diagram) Nxg2 19.Kxg2 d4 20.Nxd4 Bb7+ 21.Kf1 Qd7 0–1

Fischer vs. Mark Taimanov, Vancouver Candidates Final 1971; 4th match game, Sicilian Defense, Taimanov Variation (B47), 1–0.[613] Fischer's patient and accurate handling of bishop vs. knight, first in the rook and minor piece endgame, and then after rooks were exchanged, has become a staple of endgame instructional literature.[614]

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Position after 23...Kxd7

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Qc7 5.Nc3 e6 6.g3 a6 7.Bg2 Nf6 8.0-0 Nxd4 9.Qxd4 Bc5 10.Bf4 d6 11.Qd2 h6 12.Rad1 e5 13.Be3 Bg4 14.Bxc5 dxc5 15.f3 Be6 16.f4 Rd8 17.Nd5 Bxd5 18.exd5 e4 19.Rfe1 Rxd5 20.Rxe4+ Kd8 21.Qe2 Rxd1+ 22.Qxd1+ Qd7 23.Qxd7+ Kxd7 (diagram) 24.Re5 b6 25.Bf1 a5 26.Bc4 Rf8 27.Kg2 Kd6 28.Kf3 Nd7 29.Re3 Nb8 30.Rd3+ Kc7 31.c3 Nc6 32.Re3 Kd6 33.a4 Ne7 34.h3 Nc6 35.h4 h5 36.Rd3+ Kc7 37.Rd5 f5 38.Rd2 Rf6 39.Re2 Kd7 40.Re3 g6 41.Bb5 Rd6 42.Ke2 Kd8 43.Rd3 Kc7 44.Rxd6 Kxd6 45.Kd3 Ne7 46.Be8 Kd5 47.Bf7+ Kd6 48.Kc4 Kc6 49.Be8+ Kb7 50.Kb5 Nc8 51.Bc6+ Kc7 52.Bd5 Ne7 53.Bf7 Kb7 54.Bb3 Ka7 55.Bd1 Kb7 56.Bf3+ Kc7 57.Ka6 Ng8 58.Bd5 Ne7 59.Bc4 Nc6 60.Bf7 Ne7 61.Be8 Kd8 62.Bxg6 Nxg6 63.Kxb6 Kd7 64.Kxc5 Ne7 65.b4 axb4 66.cxb4 Nc8 67.a5 Nd6 68.b5 Ne4+ 69.Kb6 Kc8 70.Kc6 Kb8 71.b6 1–0

Fischer vs. Tigran Petrosian, Buenos Aires Candidates Final 1971; 7th match game, Sicilian Defense, Taimanov Variation (B42), 1–0.[615] This game includes "22.Nxd7+!!" which is "perhaps Fischer's most famous and instructive move and is still being cited today".[616]

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Position after 21...Bd7

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 a6 5.Bd3 Nc6 6.Nxc6 bxc6 7.0-0 d5 8.c4 Nf6 9.cxd5 cxd5 10.exd5 exd5 11.Nc3 Be7 12.Qa4+ Qd7 13.Re1 Qxa4 14.Nxa4 Be6 15.Be3 0-0 16.Bc5 Rfe8 17.Bxe7 Rxe7 18.b4 Kf8 19.Nc5 Bc8 20.f3 Rea7 21.Re5 Bd7 (diagram) 22.Nxd7+ Rxd7 23.Rc1 Rd6 24.Rc7 Nd7 25.Re2 g6 26.Kf2 h5 27.f4 h4 28.Kf3 f5 29.Ke3 d4+ 30.Kd2 Nb6 31.Ree7 Nd5 32.Rf7+ Ke8 33.Rb7 Nxf4 34.Bc4 1–0

Fischer vs. Boris Spassky, World Chess Championship 1972; 6th match game, Queen's Gambit Declined, Tartakower Defense (D59), 1–0;[617] annotated on the 1972 match page. Fischer called this game his best of the match.[618]
Boris Spassky vs. Fischer, World Chess Championship 1972; 13th match game, Alekhine Defense, Modern Variation, Alburt Variation (B04), 0–1;[619] annotated on the 1972 match page. Botvinnik called this game "the highest creative achievement of Fischer". He resolved a drawish opposite-colored bishops endgame by sacrificing his bishop and trapping his own rook. "Then five passed pawns struggled with the white rook. Nothing similar had been seen before in chess."[620]
Fischer vs. Boris Spassky, 1992; 1st match game, Ruy Lopez, Breyer Variation (C95), 1–0;[621] annotated on the 1992 match page. Fischer's "fine" victory in his first competitive game in 20 years "made a great impression on the chess world", although in Kasparov's view, Spassky's play was below the standard of the leading grandmasters of the time.[622]

gollark: I am present within all channels.

gollark: “If you're trying to stop me, I outnumber you 1 to 6.”

gollark: “Never trust an unstable asymptotic giant branch star. Stick with main sequences and dwarfs.”

gollark: Empirically false.

gollark: (From osmarksquote™)

Notes

Just before Larsen played Fischer in their individual game, Larsen predicted that he would be victorious, only to find out quite the opposite: "Once we were well into the tournament, Larsen, Fridrik Olafsson and I were engaged in a friendly debate over Fischer's performance. 'Lucky to have 50%!' quipped Larsen, who went on to say, 'I will spank that baby!'… With wisdom Fridrik supplied a thought for me, 'Watch out the baby doesn't spank you!' At that comment, Larsen waved his hand. In the very next round, Fischer crushed Larsen …"[110]
This record stood until 1991, when it was broken by Judit Polgár.[114]
It has been reported that Fischer scored 180 on an IQ test while a student at Erasmus Hall.[133]
According to Lombardy, Fischer's lack of a sole second proved a main reason for his failure.[203]
Fischer was intrigued and agreed to play on first board for the 'Rest of the World' team.
According to Miguel Quinteros, Fischer had the flu at the beginning of the match.[324]
Perhaps the best-selling book on the match was subtitled The New York Times Report on the Chess Match of the Century.[353]
Marilyn Young's name was written behind a photograph dated December 14, 2000, sent to her by Fischer.[446]

References

"Fischer, Robert James". Olimpbase. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Greatest player ever:
- Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 47 (Ree interview), 91 (Timman interview), 113 (Short interview).
- Lombardy 2011, p. 220.
- Müller 2009, p. 23.
- Waitzkin 1993, p. 275 (quoting Kasparov).
Arguably greatest player ever:
- Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 133–34.
- Nathan Divinsky (1990). The Batsford Chess Encyclopedia. Batsford. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7134-6214-2.
- James Eade (2011) [1996]. Chess For Dummies (3rd ed.). For Dummies. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-118-01695-4.
- Kasparov 2004, p. 490.
- Mednis 1997, p. xiii.
- Soltis 2003, p. 9.
Patrick Wolff (2001) [1997]. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chess (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 273. ASIN B00AR16QPU.
Brady 1973, p. 2.
William Addams Reitwiesner. "Ancestry of Bobby Fischer (Extracts from the U.S. Federal Decennial Census)". ancestry.com. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Ben Quinn & Alan Hamilton (January 28, 2008). "Bobby Fischer, chess genius, heartless son". The Sunday Times. Retrieved September 14, 2008.(subscription required)
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 313.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 27. "… she appears to have been religiously unobservant."
André Von Schulz (October 8, 2004). "Mutmaßungen über Fischer". chessbase.com. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
"WHO WAS FISCHER'S FATHER?". Chess Life. US Chess Federation. March 2004. p. 10.
Brady 2011, pp. 7–8.
Brady 2011, p. 8.
Brady 2011, p. 9. "The family lived in [California, Idaho, Oregon, Illinois, and Arizona] before moving to New York. Regina's flexibility and desperation led her to a surprising gamut of jobs. She was a welder, schoolteacher, riveter, farm worker, toxicologist's assistant, stenographer, all throughout the early and mid-1940s."
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 5.
Peter Nicholas (September 21, 2009). "Chasing the king of chess". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Brady 2011, p. 10. "In early 1949 Regina Fischer took the least expensive housing she could find when she moved the family—Bobby, Joan, and herself—to East 13th Street in Manhattan, facing the kitchen back entrance of the famed Luchow's restaurant, where many of the best chess players would occasionally dine. The Fischers could never afford to eat there. The apartment's entrance was marred by a rusty fire escape running up the front, and there was only one small bedroom—but the rent was $45 a month."
Peter Nicholas & Clea Benson (November 17, 2002). "Files reveal how FBI hounded chess king". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
Peter Nicholas & Clea Benson (February 9, 2003). "Life is not a board game (page 3 of 7)". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
Nicholas, Peter (September 21, 2009), "Chasing the king of chess", Los Angeles Times, retrieved May 14, 2019
Charles Laurence (November 24, 2002). "FBI targeted chess genius Bobby Fischer and his mother". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 22.
Regina Fischer entry, passenger manifest, SS Manhattan, January 18, 1939, p. 74, line 6, accessed January 20, 2008 via ancestry.com
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 22, 135.
"Bobby Fischer Autobiographical Essay". Parade. October 27, 1957. p. 22. In March of 1949, on a rainy day when Bobby had just turned six, his sister, Joan … bought a plastic chess set for $1 at the candy store [located just below their apartment] … Neither Joan nor Bobby had ever seen a chess set before but they followed instructions printed on the inside of the top of the box … Quoted in Brady 2011, pp. 10–11.
Brady 2011, pp. 10–12.
Brady 1973, p. 5.
Brady 2011, p. 12.
Fischer 1959, p. xi.
Brady 1973, pp. 5–6.
Brady 2011, pp. 17–18.
Brady 2011, p. 18.
Brady 2011, p. 20.
Fischer 1959, pp. xi–xii.
Brady 1973, p. 7.
Brady 2011, pp. 19–21.
Fischer 1959, p. 2.
Brady 2011, p. 21.
Fischer 1959, p. xii.
Brady 2011, pp. 38–39.
Brady 2011, p. 52.
"Carmine Nigro, 91, Bobby Fischer's First Chess Teacher". The New York Times. September 2, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
Brady 2011, p. 6.
Dylan Loeb McClain (December 4, 2001). "John W. Collins, 89, Dies; Was Fischer's Chess Tutor". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
Collins 1974, p. 47. "'He taught Bobby Fischer to play chess' is the way I am sometimes publicly and privately introduced."
"Collins, for his part, said that he never 'taught' Bobby in the strictest sense" and that Fischer "knew before instructed". Collins 1974, pp. 48–49. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 52.
"Fischer was also extremely fortunate in having John W. (Jack) Collins, a chess master, who was a friend, guide, and mentor to him during his early formative years". Arthur Bisguier, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 44.
Brady 1973, pp. 10–11.
Collins 1974, pp. 34–35.
Fischer 1959, p. xiii.
Chess Life, May 20, 1956, p. 4. Also available on DVD (p. 76 in "Chess Life 1956" PDF file").
Chess Life, May 20, 1956, p. 1. Also available on DVD (p. 73 in "Chess Life 1956" PDF file").
Brady 2011, p. 53.
Brady 1973, p. 15.
Collins 1974, pp. 55–56.
The New York Times, March 5, 1956, p. 36. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 49.
Chess Life, July 20, 1956, p. 1. Also available on DVD (p. 105 in "Chess Life 1956" PDF file").
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 100.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 101.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 105.
Di Felice 2010, p. 76.
Brady 1973, p. 16.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 108.
Brady 2011, p. 65.
Di Felice 2010, p. 48.
Chess Review, December 1956, p. 374. Also available on DVD (p. 418 in Chess Review 1956 PDF file).
Fred Wilson (1981). A Picture History of Chess. Dover. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-486-23856-2. While, objectively, it is not one of the greatest games ever played, it is certainly the finest game ever produced by one so young
Brady 2011, p. 64.
AP wire story, February 24, 1957. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 64.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 123.
Brady 1973, p. 17.
Brady 2011, p. 67. "To wrest a draw from a former World Champion was neither small cheese nor minor chess, but Bobby was unhappy since he'd lost the match, 1½–½."
Chess Life, May 5, 1957, p. 3. Also available on DVD (p. 67 in "Chess Life 1957" PDF file").
Bill Wall (August 2002). "Bobby Fischer Trivia". chessville.com. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 127.
Brady 2011, p. 73.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 130.
Collins 1974, p. 56.
Chess Review, September 1957, p. 260. Also available on DVD (p. 294 in "Chess Review 1957" PDF file).
Brady 2011, p. 75. "No one as young as Bobby had won the United States Open before, and no one had ever held the United States Junior and Open titles concurrently. When Bobby returned to New York, both the Marshall and Manhattan chess clubs conducted victory celebrations, and he was lauded as America's new chess hero."
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 138–40.
Brady 1973, p. 19.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 135–37.
Kenneth Harkness (1967). Official Chess Handbook. David McKay. p. 272. ASIN B009NNTGSM.
Brady 1973, p. 20.
A writer in Chess Life, apparently Editor Fred M. Wren, expected Fischer to score about 50%. "The Monday-Morning Quarterback Speaks", Chess Life, January 20. 1958, p. 4. Also available on DVD (p. 12 on Chess Life 1958 PDF file).
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 51.
Di Felice 2010, p. 196.
Brady 1973, pp. 20–21.
Edward Winter, Chess Note 6428 (citing Chess Life, February 5, 1958).
Edward Winter, Chess Note 6436 (citing FIDE Revue, April 1958, p. 106).
Chess Life, March 5, 1958. Quoted in Müller 2009, p. 92.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 8.
Brady 2011, pp. 89–90.
""Teenage Appreciation" episode of "I've Got a Secret"". March 26, 1958. Event occurs at 17:40 – via YouTube.
Regina Fischer (June 1958). "none". Letter to Bobby Fischer – via Marshall Chess Foundation Archive. The Soviet Union had agreed to invite Bobby to Moscow, and generously pay all expenses for him and his sister … Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 93.
Brady 2011, p. 91.
Brady 2011, p. 92.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 9.
Linder V.I. & Linder I.M. 1994. Quoted in Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 120–21.
Harry Golombek (1977). Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess. Crown Publishers. pp. 236–37. ISBN 978-0-517-53146-4.. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 93.
Brady 2011, p. 94.
Daniel Johnson (2007). White King and Red Queen: How the Cold War Was Fought on the Chessboard. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-547-13337-9.. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 94.
Brady 2011, pp. 94–96.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 163–64.
Brady 2011, pp. 98–100.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 26.
Brady 1973, p. 25.
Leonard Barden, "From Portorož to Petrosian", in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 332.
Lombardy 2011, p. 87.
Wade & O'Connell 1973. pp. 332–34, 347.
Kasparov 2004, pp. 225–26.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 20–21.
Cathy Forbes (1992). The Polgar Sisters: Training or Genius?. Henry Holt. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8050-2426-5.
Allen Kaufman (April 9, 2006). "Interview". Anything to Win: The Mad Genius of Bobby Fischer (television documentary).
Di Felice 2010, p. 301.
Di Felice 2010, p. 340.
Di Felice 2010, p. 356.
Brady 1973, p. 28.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 27.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 165, 171, 176.
Paul Keres "From the Opposite Side of the Board" in Wade & O'Connell 1973
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 41.
Brady 1965, p. 34.
Brady 1965, p. 35.
Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 136. "At 16 he was able to earn his living from chess, and soon began to dress well, with suits tailored in London and New York."
Ginzburg 1962, pp. 53–54.
Di Felice 2010, p. 310.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 356.
Brady 2011, pp. 105, 125.
Joseph G. Ponterotto (2012). A Psychobiography of Bobby Fischer. Charles C. Thomas. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-398-08742-5.
Brady 2011, p. 25. "Attempts by Regina and Joan to engage Bobby in schoolwork were usually fruitless. Bobby could concentrate on puzzles or chess for hours, but he fidgeted and grew restless when confronted with reading, writing, and arithmetic… he was accepted by Community Woodward with the understanding that he'd teach the other students to play, and also as a result of his astronomically high IQ test score of 180."
"The Mind of Bobby Fischer". Retrieved September 3, 2018.
Christopher Andersen (2006). Barbra: The Way She Is. HarperCollins. pp. 15, 41. ISBN 978-0-06-056256-4. Streisand later said that Fischer was "always alone and very peculiar … But I found him very sexy." Id. at 41.
David Boyer (March 11, 2001). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: FLATBUSH; Grads Hail Erasmus as It Enters a Fourth Century". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Brady 1965, pp. 1, 25.
Collins 1974, p. 52.
Arthur Bisguier, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 47.
Brady 1965, p. 25.
Ginzburg 1962, p. 51.
Schonberg 1973, p. 261. "In his junior year Bobby left school for good because 'the stuff they teach you in school I can't use one way or the other.'"
Ginzburg 1962, p. 55.
Brady 2011, p. 131. "Probing into the activities of the American Chess Foundation, she demonstrated that some players (such as Reshevsky) received support while others (such as Bobby) did not… she sent out indignant press releases, [and] letters to the government demanding a public accounting."
Bisguier & Soltis 1974, pp. 282–84.
Hooper & Whyld 1992, pp. 136–37.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 51 (1-point margin in 1957/58), 57 (1-point margin in 1958/59), 62 (1-point margin in 1959/60), 67 (2-point margin in 1960/61), 71 (1-point margin in 1962/63), 77 (2½-point margin in 1963/64), 82 (1-point margin in 1965), 87 (2-point margin in 1966/67).
Müller 2009, pp. 399–400.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 51, 57, 62, 67, 71, 76, 82, 87.
Müller 2009, p. 85.
Müller 2009, p. 104.
Müller 2009, p. 148.
Müller 2009, p. 181.
Müller 2009, p. 231.
Müller 2009, p. 243.
Müller 2009, p. 262.
Müller 2009, p. 263.
Müller 2009, p. 285.
Bisguier & Soltis 1974, p. 283.
Mednis 1997, pp. x–xi, 179–83, 202–11.
Larry Evans, in Müller 2009, p. 7.
Robert Wade (1972). "Olympiads". In Robert G. Wade & Kevin J. O'Connell (eds.). The Games of Robert J. Fischer. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-713-40370-1.
"Fischer, Robert James, Men's Chess Olympiads". Olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
"United States (USA) Men's Chess Olympiads". Olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Di Felice 2010, p. 485.
Di Felice 2013a, p. 251.
Di Felice 2013b, p. 326.
Di Felice 2013c, p. 366.
Kažić 1974, pp. 75, 81, 94, 108.
"Fischer, Robert James". Olimpbase. August 2003. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Müller 2009, pp. 276–77.
Brady 1973, p. 120. "Later Gheorghiu stated that when he offered Fischer the draw, he was convinced he actually had a won game but that he wanted Fischer to be awarded the gold medal. It was obvious that Fischer was trying too hard and had tired and overextended himself. He lost the game decisively. Nevertheless, all of the players and spectators considered Bobby to be the real hero of the most magnificent chess event in history."
Brady 1973, p. 65.
Müller 2009, pp. 224–25.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 286–87.
Kasparov 2004, p. 335. "'It is important to draw a distinction between the myth of the 'extravagant, capricious, uncontrollable' Fischer and those actions that he undertook quite consciously. Many of his demands in Lugano were absolutely justified. 'It was not only Fischer who did not like the conditions,' writes Petrosian. 'This also applied to me and my colleagues. Imagine a hall, in which three thousand players, trainers and spectators are gathered, a hall without any ventilation and in addition with poor lighting. I have never complained about my eyesight, but I only needed once or twice in a game to think intensively over a move, and my eyes began to hurt.'"
Lombardy 2011, p. 184. "Fischer was clearly the best and highest rated U.S. player and also the U.S. Champion. But in consideration of his lifelong prestige, Reshevsky would not yield first board."
Müller 2009, p. 156.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 183.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 12.
Bronstein & Fürstenberg 1995, p. 121. "They became friends instantly and have remained so until this day."
Donner 2006, p. 228.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 189.
Benko & Silman 2003, p. 422 (interview with Evans).
Donner 2006, p. 228. "One of his rivals in that tournament was American grandmaster Larry Evans, and the story goes that he found a Bovaryan lady prepared for a small sum to surround Fischer with her charms. This approach proved successful for Evans, as Fischer finished thirteenth in the tournament …"
Benko & Silman 2003, pp. 426–27 (interview with Benko).
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 196–97.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 198.
Brady 2011, p. 135. "The officers of the American Chess Foundation maintained that Reshevsky was the better player, and they arranged to have him prove it."
Brady 1973, pp. 42–46.
Di Felice 2013a, p. 17.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 68.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 199.
Di Felice 2013a, p. 223.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 75.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 369.
Brady 1973, p. 51.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 81.
Brady 1973, pp. 53–54.
Leonard Barden (January 18, 2008). "Obituary, Bobby Fischer". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 82.
Kažić 1974, pp. 188–89.
Benko & Silman 2003, p. 155.
Lombardy 2011, p. 122. "As a second, Grandmaster Arthur Bisguier had to divide his talents between Bobby and Pal Benko… Bobby was hopping mad over the miserable arrangement made by the American Chess Foundation, which was responsible for the funding for the American participants at Curaçao."
Bobby Fischer (August 20, 1962). "The Russians Have Fixed World Chess". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 17 no. 8. pp. 18–19, 64–65. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 29–30, 37, 40, 83.
"Victim of His Own Success: The Tragedy of Bobby Fischer". The Wall Street Journal. January 22, 2008. p. D8.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 331–46.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 207–08.
Arthur Bisguier, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 49.
Müller 2009, p. 237. "At the time he was also writing for Chess Life, a column called "Fischer Talks Chess," and he made some very favorable comments about the overall quality of the opposition he faced as well as the organization of the tournaments."
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 49, 149–51.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 49, 152–53.
Brady 1973, p. 70.
David Levy (1975). How Fischer Plays Chess. R.H.M. Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-89058-011-0.
"The Amazing Victory Streak of Bobby Fischer". Sports Illustrated. January 13, 1964. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
Arthur Bisguier, in Wade & Connell 1973, pp. 49–50.
Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 81.
Andy Soltis (2002). Chess Lists (2nd ed.). McFarland and Company. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-0-7864-1296-9.
Anne Sunnucks (1976) [1970]. The Encyclopaedia of Chess (2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1.
Fischer 1969, p. 305.
Quoted in Brady 1973, p. 74.
Müller 2009, p. 248.
Chess Life, August 1964, p. 202. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 155.
Brady 1973, pp. 80–81.
John Donaldson (2005). A Legend on the Road: Bobby Fischer's 1964 Simul Tour. International Chess Enterprises. pp. 7, 11. ISBN 978-1-888690-25-5.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 285.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 127–28.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 209.
Bisguier & Soltis 1974, p. 213.
Brady 1973, pp. 86–89.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 127–31.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 160, 209.
Luděk Pachman (1975). Pachman's Decisive Games. Pitman. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-273-31812-5.
Brady 1973, pp. 88–89.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 127.
Brady 1973, pp. 86–88.
Di Felice 2013b, p. 167.
Brady 1973, pp. 92–94.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 82–86.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 134.
Isaac Kashdan (1977) [1968]. Second Piatigorsky Cup: International Grandmaster Tournament held in Santa Monica, California August 1966. Dover. p. v. ISBN 978-0-486-23572-1.
Kasparov 2004, p. 322.
Müller 2009, pp. 284–85.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 87–91.
Di Felice 2013b, p. 396.
Di Felice 2013b, pp. 423–24.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 236–47.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 450–53.
Schonberg 1973, pp. 256–57. "[At the Sousse Internzonal], Fischer quit at the halfway mark… faced with four games in four consecutive days… for religious reasons, [Bobby] will not play between sundowns on Friday and Saturday. He objected to the consecutive playoffs, claiming that the judges were taking advantage of him, subjecting him to cruel and inhuman punishment. He also pointed out, correctly, that he had entered the tournament with the assurance that such conditions would not prevail. But the judges would not change their ruling …"
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 161–66.
Al Horowitz (1973) The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. New York.
Di Felice 2013c, pp. 56–57.
Di Felice 2013c, p. 91.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 248–59.
Müller 2009, pp. 320–21.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 154–55.
Donaldson & Tangborn 1999, p. 170.
Brady 2011, pp. 162–63. "In this new book, his first—and, ultimately, only—serious work as an adult, Fischer was anything but sparse… what he produced was one of the most painstakingly precise and delightful chess books ever written, rivaling the works of Tarrasch, Alekhine, and Reti… If Fischer had never played another game of chess, his reputation, certainly as an analyst, would have been preserved through its publication."
Benko & Silman 2003, p. 426.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 84–86.
Müller 2009, p. 343.
Leonard Barden, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 342.
Brady 1973, p. 174.
Chess Life & Review, July 1975, Vol. XXX, No. 7. "The only condition I asked for stepping down was for Fischer to agree not to withdraw from the Interzonal or the ensuing matches should he qualify for them – and he fulfilled this condition."
Jeff Sonas (May 25, 2005). "The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV". chessbase.com. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 82.
Larry Melvyn Evans (April 20, 1970). "The Rest Of The World Sort Of Strikes Back". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 19, 2015 – via chessgames.com. I was acting as Fischer's second …
Brady 2011, p. 164.
Müller 2009, p. 321.
"USSR vs Rest of the World: Belgrade 1970". Olimpbase. August 2003. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
Brady 1973, p. 161.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 82–83.
Brady 2011, p. 165.
Schonberg 1973, p. 267.
Bobby Fischer: His Games and His Openings 1969 through 1971. Chess Digest. 1971. pp. 83–92.
Denker & Parr 1995, p. 105.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 188–89.
Kasparov 2004, p. 343.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 183.
Lombardy 2011, p. 90. "I was among the best blitz players around [due to the fact that] I trained regularly with Bobby since he was 11-years old."
Lombardy 2011, pp. 90–91. "As for Bobby's ability at speed chess, it came as no shock that Bobby would win the world blitz championship in 1970 in Belgrade. I expected Bobby to win by a wide margin, but his winning by a margin of 4½ points ahead of Tal did come as a pleasant surprise!"
Kasparov 2004, p. 342.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 263–70.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 271–78.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 201–02.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 279.
Kasparov 2004, pp. 342–44.
Di Felice 2013c, pp. 320–21.
Mark Weeks (1997–2008). "World Chess Championship 1970 Palma de Mallorca Interzonal Tournament". Printer. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
Kažić 1974, pp. 171–72. "Fischer's 3½-point margin set a new record for an Interzonal, beating Alexander Kotov's 3-point margin at Saltsjöbaden 1952."
Brady 1973, p. 179. "Panno refused to play in protest of the organizers' rescheduling of the game to accommodate Fischer's desire not to play on his religion's Sabbath. Panno was not present when the game was to begin. Fischer waited ten minutes before playing his first move (1.c4) and went to get Panno to convince him to play. Forty-five minutes later, Panno came to the board and resigned."
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 344, 410.
Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 137.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 214.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 86.
Brady 2011, p. 167.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 88.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 220–22.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 225–26.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 226.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 232. "'What happened next during the resumption of the 5th game,' Tal wrote later, 'had to be seen to be believed. It is simply incredible that three grandmasters could have left a rook en prise a mere three moves after the resumption of the game.'"
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 412–16.
Leonard Barden "From Portorož to Petrosian", in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 345. "The record books showed that the only comparable achievement to the 6–0 score against Taimanov was Wilhelm Steinitz's 7–0 win against Joseph Henry Blackburne in 1876 in an era of more primitive defensive technique."
Brady 1973, p. 188. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 168.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 91–92.
Brady 2011, p. 168.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 92.
Bernard Cafferty (1972). Candidates Matches 1971. The Chess Player. p. 102. ASIN B0007APXZK.
Müller 2009, p. 360. "… the chess world… was positively sent reeling by Bobby's crushing 6–0 defeat of Larsen."
Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 19.
Kasparov 2004, pp. 405–06.
Jeff Sonas (April 28, 2005). "The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part II". chessbase.com. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
Gino Di Felice (2014). Chess Results, 1971–1974: A Comprehensive Record with 966 Tournament Crosstables and 148 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-1-4766-1891-3.
Steiner 1974, p. 21. "Petrosian's opponents have declared him to be 'the hardest player in history to defeat.'"
Karpov 1991, p. 114.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 273. "Karpov: It was already clear that the winner [of the Petrosian-Korchnoi Semi-Final Candidates Match] would have to play Fischer, who on the other staircase was rapidly ascending to the chess throne. There was practically no doubt that Spassky would be able to deal with him, but in the Sports Committee they decided that it was better if it didn't come to this… And so the officials summoned Petrosian and Korchnoi and asked them directly which of them had the better chances against Fischer. Korchnoi said that the 'generation beaten by Fischer' had practically no chances. But Petrosian said that he believed in himself. After this it was suggested to Korchnoi that he should allow Petrosian to win, and in compensation they promised to send him to three major tournaments (which for a Soviet player in those times was a princely reward)."
Brady 2011, p. 169.
Brady 1973, p. 195.
Kasparov 2004, pp. 408–17.
Jan Timman (1980) The Art of Chess Analysis, R.H.M. Press, pp. 36–42. ISBN 0-89058-048-0.
Soltis 2003, pp. 259–62.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 311–12.
Mednis 1997, pp. 266–70.
Bobby Fischer, el Vincent van Gogh de nuestro tiempo by Miguel Quinteros
Reuben Fine (1971) The Final Candidates Match Buenos Aires, 1971: Fischer vs Petrosian, Hostel Chess Association. pp. 13–32.
Robert Cantwell (November 8, 1971). "Bobby Clears The Board For The Title". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 96.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 289.
Schonberg 1973, p. 269.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 293.
Alexander 1972, p. 74.
Chess Informant, Volume 14, Šahovski Informator, 1973, pp. 302–07.
"All Time Rankings". Archived from the original on November 26, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
Arpad Elo (1978). The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present. Batsford. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-668-04721-0.
Brad Darrach (November 12, 1971). "Bobby Fischer is a ferocious winner". Life. Vol. 71 no. 20. pp. 50A–53. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
Kasparov 2004, p. 429.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 336. "[Petrosian:]' … I must warn Spassky that Fischer is armed with all the new ideas in chess. As soon as Fischer gains even the slightest advantage, he begins playing like a machine. You cannot hope for some mistake. Fischer is a quite extraordinary player. His match with Spassky will be tough.'"
Gligorić 1972, pp. 10–11.
Gligorić 1972, pp. 11–12.
Gligorić 1972, p. 13.
Gligorić 1972, p. 47.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 308.
Brady 1973, p. 225, p. 253.
Brady 1973, p. 248.
Alexander 1972, p. 141.
Stephen Moss (January 19, 2008). "Death of a madman driven sane by chess". The Guardian. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Alexander 1972, pp. 84–87.
Gligorić 1972, p. 37.
Alexander 1972, p. 87.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 271–73.
Byrne & Nei 1974, p. vii.
Donner 2006, p. 136 (originally published in De Tijd, June 28, 1972). "Even before a move has been made, this breathtaking, blood-curdling and heartrending encounter is justly being labelled as 'the Match of the Century'."
Richard Roberts; Harold C. Schonberg; I. A. Horowitz & Samuel Reshevsky (1972). Fischer/Spassky: The New York Times Report on the Chess Match of the Century. Bantam Books. pp. 195–96. ISBN 978-0-553-07667-7.
Müller 2009, p. 370. The match made the covers of Time and Newsweek. Id. at 19.
Kasparov 2004, p. 206.
Müller 2009, p. 15.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 89.
Müller 2009, p. 13.
Soltis 2003, pp. 10–11.
Anthony Saidy & Norman Lessing (1974). The World of Chess. Random House. pp. 224–226. ISBN 978-0-394-48777-9. Wearing city's gold medal and accompanied by Mayor John Lindsay, Bobby shakes hands with some 3,000 fans attending …
Larry Evans, in Müller 2009, p. 13.
"Bobby's Chessboard Mastery". Sports Illustrated. August 14, 1972. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
Dick Cavett (February 8, 2008). "Was It Only a Game?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
"2016 US Chess Yearbook" (PDF). uschess.org. 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 2–3. "The 1972 championship will become immortalized in film, on the stage, in song. It will remain incontrovertibly the most notorious chess duel in history. There will never be another like it… A lone American star was challenging the long Soviet grip on the world title. His success would dispose of the Soviet's claim that their chess hegemony reflected the superiority of their political system …"
Robert Byrne (1976). Anatoly Karpov: The Road to the World Chess Championship. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-02876-8.
Kasparov 2004, p. 471.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 412–13.
Brady 2011, pp. 218–19.
Kasparov 2004, p. 472.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 413–14.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 414.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 46. "Grandmaster Hans Ree remarked of Fischer's demand that the champion keep his title in the event of a 9–9 tie, 'They [FIDE] thought that this demand was too severe. It was rejected, understandably'."
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 417–18.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 418–19.
Donaldson & Tangborn 1999, p. 159. "In a letter to Larry Evans, published in Chess Life in November 1974, Fischer claimed the usual system (24 games with the first player to get 12½ points winning, and the champion retaining his title in the event of a 12–12 tie) encouraged the player in the lead to draw games, which he regarded as bad for chess. Not counting draws would be 'an accurate test of who is the world's best player'."
Denker & Parr 1995, pp. 110–11. "Former US Champion Arnold Denker, who was in contact with Fischer during the negotiations with FIDE, claimed that Fischer wanted a long match to be able to play himself into shape after a three-year layoff."
Mednis 1997, p. 282.
Bozidar Kazic (1975). "Anatoly Karpov New World Champion." Chess Informant 19.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 414–16.
Kasparov 2004, p. 473.
Karpov 1991, pp. 159–165.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 419–20.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 418.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 419.
Brady 2011, p. 247. "Roger Cohen: Why, after turning down so many offers to make a comeback, did you accept this one? Bobby Fischer: That's not quite true. As I recall, for example, Karpov in 1975 was the one who refused to play me under my conditions …"
Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 22.
Arthur Bisguier (June 22, 1988). "When Bobby Fischer took on a computer". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Brady 2011, p. 210. "His connection to the Church was always somewhat ambiguous. He was not a registered member, since he hadn't agreed to be baptized by full immersion in water by Armstrong or one of his ministers. And since he wasn't considered a duly recognized convert, he was sometimes referred to as a 'co-worker' or, less politely, as a 'fringer'—someone on the fringes or edges of the Church but not totally committed to its mission. The Church imposed a number of rules that Bobby thought were ridiculous and refused to adhere to [...]"
Fischer 1982, p. 1.
Fischer 1982, p. 2.
Fischer 1982, pp. 3–14.
Fischer 1982, pp. 10–12.
Fischer 1982, p. 14.
Bobby Fischer (1982). "I Was Tortured in the Pasadena Jailhouse!". Printer. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Rene Chun (December 2002). "Bobby Fischer's Pathetic Endgame". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 302.
Brady 2011, p. 224.
William Nack (July 29, 1985). "Bobby Fischer". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
Petra Dautov (1995). Bobby Fischer – wie er wirklich ist. Ein Jahr mit dem Schachgenie (in German). Darmstadt: California-Verlag. ISBN 9783980428132.
Brady 2011, p.225
Mark Weeks (1997–2008). "1992 Fischer – Spassky Rematch Highlights". Printer. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 8.
"Bobby Fischer arrives in Iceland". BBC News. March 25, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Soltis 2003, p. 280.
Müller 2009, p. 382.
Waitzkin 1993, p. 298.
Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 283.
Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992. The content of the first nine press conferences, in full, at pp. 13, 15–21, 53–57, 86–90, 114–18, 149–54, 170–75, 208–14, 227–31, 256–60. The tenth press conference was not transcribed, p. 272.
Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 291.
Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, pp. 85, 96, 303.
Brady 2011, pp. 243–44.
Roger Cohen (September 2, 1992). "Bobby Fischer Ends Silence With Rancor". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Stephen Labaton (December 16, 1992). "FISCHER IS INDICTED OVER CHESS MATCH". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
"Indictment" (PDF). U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (Federal Circuit). December 15, 1992. Retrieved January 28, 2014 – via chessbase.com.
Brady 2011, p. 255. "On December 15, 1992, a single count indictment in federal court in Washington, D.C., was handed down by a grand jury against Bobby Fischer for violating economic sanctions, through an executive order issued by President George Bush. A letter to that effect was sent to Bobby in Belgrade, and upon announcement of the indictment, federal officials issued a warrant for his arrest."
Edward Winter. "Fischer v Gligorić Training Match (1992)", Chess Notes
"Portrait of a Genius As a Young Chess Master". Ralph Ginzburg's January 1962 interview, Harper's Magazine. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
Ginzburg 1962, p. 54.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 26–27.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 15.
Brady, Frank (1974). Bobby Fischer:Profile of a Prodigy. Dover Publications. pp. 151–153. ISBN 978-0-486-25925-3.
Chess Life, April 2009, p. 10.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 301–02. "Where was Fischer? For several years, he lived in the bosom of the Worldwide Church of God in Pasadena, where he was called 'a co-worker'. The church fed him, they gave him comfortable accommodation in Mocking Bird Lane, they even flew him around in a private jet. In return, Fischer handed over around a third ($61,200) of his Icelandic prize money."
Brad Darrach (August 11, 1972). "Bobby is Not a Nasty Kid". Life. p. 40. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
Brady 2011, p. 143. "Bobby tried to live and practice his beliefs; he felt truly born again, and he was applying the same sense of discipline and reverence to the Bible that he had all his life to chess. [...] But eventually his religious commitments began tearing him apart. He couldn't spend ten or twelve hours a day studying chess and another six to eight hours on Bible studies [...]"
This led Fischer to believe that Armstrong was really a "false prophet". Brady 2011, p. 212.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 30, 44.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 41, 45, 61, 66, 90, 92, 95, 101, 107, 117–20.
Larry Parr (May 2001). "Is Bobby Fischer Anti-Semitic?". Chess News.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 123.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 41, 65–66, 118–19, 121.
Fischer on Icelandic Radio April 11, 2006.
Bobby Fischer and Sigurður Tómassyni (October 2006). Interview on Útvarp Saga. Iceland.
DeLucia 2009, pp. 160–62, 166
Edward Winter (2009). "Chess Note 6189. Bobby Fischer Uncensored". chesshistory.com. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
Fischer wrote of Nature's Eternal Religion in a 1979 letter to Benko, "'The book shows that Christianity itself is just a Jewish hoax and one more Jewish tool for their conquest of the world. ... Unfortunately the author is an extreme racist and this somewhat spoils the book.'" David DeLucia (2007) [1997]. David DeLucia's Chess Library: A Few Old Friends (2nd ed.). p. 280.
DeLucia 2009, pp. 290, 292
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 27.
John Daniszewski (September 4, 1992). "Fischer's 19-Year-Old Companion Shares Chess Limelight". The Seattle Times. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 65, 106–09.
Brady 2011, pp. 255–62.
"Sofia Polgar discussing Bobby Fischer". Retrieved November 12, 2011 – via YouTube.
"Peter Leko talks about Bobby Fischer staying at his home". April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018 – via YouTube.
Vincent Cabreza (January 19, 2008). "Fischer has a Pinoy heir born in Baguio – friends". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
"Fischer's daughter Jinky files claim to his estate". chessbase.com. November 11, 2009. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
Francis Ochoa (February 7, 2008). "Fischer's Filipino heirs going after estate". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
"Bobby Fischer's Pinay heir may get settlement". GMANews.tv. February 26, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
David Bamber & Chris Hastings (December 2, 2001). "Bobby Fischer speaks out to applaud Trade Centre attacks". The Sunday Telegraph. p. 17.
"The Bin Laden defense; Diatribe; Bobby Fischer speaks out in favor of 9/11 attacks; Brief Article; Transcript". Harper's Magazine. Vol. 304 no. 1822. March 1, 2002. p. 27. 0017-789X.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 122.
Bruce Weber (January 19, 2008). "Bobby Fischer, Troubled Genius of Chess, Dies at 64". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
Fischer's radio broadcasts show that he was "out of his mind ... a victim of his own mental illness". Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 66–67.
"Executive Board Actions (EB 02-40)" (PDF). USCF. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2014.
"Unofficial summary of the February, 2007, meeting of the USCF Executive Board" (PDF). Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jim Frederick (August 23, 2004). "King's Gambit". TIME. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
"Will Fischer be extradited?". chessbase.com. July 19, 2004. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Brady 2011, p. 2. "[Fischer's] worry was that the U.S. government might finally have caught up with him. He'd violated State Department economic sanctions against Yugoslavia by playing a $5 million chess match against Boris Spassky in Sveti Stefan, Montenegro, in 1992, and an arrest warrant had been issued at that time. If he went back to the United States, he'd have to stand trial, and the penalty, if he was convicted, would be anywhere from ten years in prison to $250,000 in fines, or both, plus possible forfeiture of his $3.5 million winnings."
"Fischer er jákvæður og skýr í hugsun" (in Icelandic).
Brady 2011, pp. 281–82. "There were problems with the revocation of the passport, however. Fischer never received the notice and therefore couldn't appeal it, which according to law he had the right to do. The Justice Department claimed that the letter had been sent to the hotel in Bern (the location Bobby had given to the embassy) and was returned to them with no forwarding address appended. It was dated December 11, 2003, and when a faxed copy of the letter was ultimately examined, it didn't have an address for Fischer on it, the implication being that the embassy had never sent the letter to Bern."
Brady 2011, p. 282. "Not knowing that his arrest was imminent, and believing that his passport was legal, on July 13, 2004, [Fischer] went to Narita Airport in Tokyo to board a plane bound for Manila. He was arrested and shackled in chains."
Brady 2011, pp. 282, 293. "... on July 13, 2004... [Fischer] was arrested ..." "... on March 23, 2005, [Fischer] was released from his cell."
Hiroshi Suzuki (August 6, 2004). "Bobby Fischer Renounces U.S. Citizenship, Seeks Refugee Status". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
"Spassky to Bush: Arrest me!". chessbase.com. August 10, 2004. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015. I would not like to defend or justify Bobby Fischer. He is what he is. I am asking only for one thing. For mercy, charity. If for some reason it is impossible, I would like to ask you the following: Please correct the mistake of President François Mitterrand in 1992. Bobby and myself committed the same crime. Put sanctions against me also. Arrest me. And put me in the same cell with Bobby Fischer. And give us a chess set.
"Profile: Bobby Fischer: Endgame on the darker side of genius". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
"Fischer's next moves: renounce U.S. citizenship and marry a Japanese". The Japan Times Online. August 17, 2004. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
"Fischer renounces US citizenship". chessbase.com. August 15, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
"Bobby Fischer's Deportation Appeal Rejected". FoxNews.com. Associated Press. July 28, 2004. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
"Iceland grants Fischer passport". BBC News. March 21, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
AP wire story, March 23, 2005. "[Fischer] was picked up by limousine supplied by the Icelandic embassy, given his new Icelandic passport, and he and Miyoko, hand in hand, sped to Narita Airport." Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 293.
Brady 2011, pp. 288–89. '"Honorable Members of Althingi: I … sincerely thank the Icelandic nation for the friendship it has shown to me ever since I came to your country many years ago and competed for the title of World Champion in chess… For the past six months I have been forcibly and illegally imprisoned in Japan… During this period my health has steadily deteriorated… I would therefore like to formally request that Althingi grant me Icelandic citizenship so that I may actually enjoy the offer of residence in Iceland that your Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. David Oddsson had so graciously extended to me. Most Respectfully, BOBBY FISCHER'"
"Fangavist fáránleikans" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Morgunbladid. February 2, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Helgi Ólafsson (2014). Bobby Fischer Comes Home: The Final Years in Iceland, a Saga of Friendship and Lost Illusions. New in Chess. p. 67. ASIN B00IEOZ2N4.
"Bobby Fischer: ich bin ein Icelander!". chessbase.com. March 21, 2005.
Brady 2011, p. 293. "The RJF [Robert James Fischer] members called virtually every member of parliament to lobby for citizenship: full, permanent citizenship... an Extraordinary Session of Parliament was called for Saturday, Match 21, 2005. Three rounds of discussion took place in the space of twelve minutes, and questions were posed regarding the extent of the emergency. The answers were succinct and forthcoming: Bobby Fischer's improper incarceration was a violation of his rights; all he was really guilty of was moving some wooden pieces across a chessboard; he'd been a friend of Iceland and had a historical connection to it, and now he needed the country's help". Act Respecting the Granting of Citizenship, no. 16/2005.
Laura Smith-Spark (March 23, 2005). "Fischer 'put Iceland on the map'". BBC. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
Doug Kennedy (May 9, 2005). "Chess legend still intrigues people". PittsburghLIVE. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009.
"Bobby Fischer gestures is surrounded by members of the press while speaking to the media for the first time since landing in his hew home of Reykjavik Iceland Friday March 25th 2005". echecs-photos.be. March 11, 2008. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
"Bobby Fischer dies in Iceland". chessbase.com. January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Brady 2011, p. 305.
Brady 2011, p. 319.
"Bobby Fischer's final manoeuvre". The Sunday Times. April 20, 2008.
"Bobby Fischer and the missed combination". chessbase.com. December 17, 2006. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
"Bobby Fischer's life for sale – on eBay". chessbase.com. December 13, 2005. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 118.
Death:
- "Fischer, outspoken ex-chess champion, dies of kidney failure". Associated Press. January 18, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- David Batty (January 18, 2008). "Chess champion Bobby Fischer dies". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
- "Dánarorsök Fischers var nýrnabilun". mbl.is (in Icelandic). January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- "Chess genius Bobby Fischer, from American hero to paranoid fugitive". AFP. January 18, 2008. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- "Obituary: Bobby Fischer". BBC News. January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- "Chess legend Fischer dies at 64". BBC News. January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- "Bobby Fischer: Obituary". The Sunday Times. January 19, 2008.
- Bruce Weber (January 19, 2008). "Bobby Fischer, Chess Master, Dies at 64". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Brady 2011, p. 317.
Brady 2011, pp. 316–17. "Bobby started to have urinary problems and thought it might simply be caused by an enlarged prostate gland, at first denying that anything was seriously wrong with him. His lungs were also bothering him and he was having difficulty breathing. Since he had a lifelong distrust of doctors, he tolerated the discomfort until late September 2007, when his pain and inability to urinate became excruciating. He went to a doctor... [who conducted a blood test which showed that] he had a blocked urinary tract... [and that] his kidneys... were not functioning properly... Bobby refused to take any medicine, and the idea of being hooked up to a dialysis machine to cleanse his blood every few days for the rest of his life was out of the question."
Brady 2011, p. 317. "'It's possible that Bobby was just giving up, letting go of his life, beginning a slow form of suicide'. Interview of Pal Benko by author, summer 2008, New York."
Michael Dirda (February 10, 2011). "A chess master who defeated himself". The Washington Post.
Brady 2011, p. 318.
Burial:
- "Bobby Fischer buried in Iceland". chessbase.com. January 22, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- "Bobby Fischer". Find A Grave. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- "Útför Fischers í kyrrþey" [Fischer's funeral is quiet] (in Icelandic). RÚV. January 21, 2008. Archived from the original on January 23, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- "Unnustan ræður hvílustað Bobbys" (in Icelandic). visir.is. January 19, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014..
- Kristin Arna Bragadottir (January 21, 2008). "Chess champion Bobby Fischer buried in Iceland". Reuters. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- "Bobby Fischer – his final weeks". chessbase.com. January 25, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- Neil Tweedie (January 25, 2008). "Bobby Fischer's final bizarre act". The Telegraph. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
"4 gera kröfu í dánarbú Fischers" [4 claim Fischer's estate] (in Icelandic). RÚV. April 22, 2008. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
Andy Soltis (November 15, 2009). "Fi$cher Family Feud". New York Post. Retrieved November 16, 2009.
Dylan Loeb McClain (July 5, 2010). "Bobby Fischer Is Exhumed". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"Fischer's Pinay love child in Iceland to claim inheritance". Manila Bulletin. December 4, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
"Fischer's remains to be exhumed?". chessbase.com. April 1, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Dylan Loeb McClain (June 17, 2010). "Iceland: Bobby Fischer's Estate Dispute". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"Court rules Bobby Fischer's body can be exhumed". CNN.com. June 17, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Gudjon Helgason (July 5, 2010). "Chess icon Fischer's body exhumed over paternity". The Washington Times. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"DNA tests on chess champion's corpse exclude paternity". Reuters. August 17, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"DNA results settle Bobby Fischer paternity case". Cnn.com. August 18, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
"Miyoko Watai Ruled Bobby Fischer's Legal Heir". Iceland Review Online. March 3, 2011. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Dylan Loeb McClain (March 4, 2011). "Iceland Court Hands Bobby Fischer Estate to Japanese Claimant". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Joseph Ponterotto (December 10, 2010). "A psychological autopsy of Bobby Fischer". Pacific Standard. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
Bobby Fischer's Conquest of the World's Chess Championship: The Psychology and Tactics of the Title Match, 1973. ISBN 0-923891-47-1.
Bobby Fischer (Summer 1961). A Bust to the King's Gambit. American Chess Quarterly. pp. 3–9.
Brady 1973, p. 78.
Bantam Books, May 1972, ISBN 0-553-26315-3.
Soltis 2003, p. 10. "[Fischer] contributed some ideas, but chiefly his name, to Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess."
Gary Kasparov (March 10, 2011). "The Bobby Fischer Defense". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Hooper & Whyld 1992, pp. 138–39.
Brady 2011, pp. 227–28.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 251. "Fischer's main and almost exclusive weapon with White is 1 e4. The range of stratagems that he employs after 1 e4 is extremely wide."
"Fischer vs. Hort, Herceg Novi Blitz (1970)". Chessgames.com.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 270. "He employs a limited range of openings. Of course, this is not a sign of Fischer's limited creativity, since he compensates for this by a very profound and sound knowledge of the variations he favours [sic]."
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 251–62.
Müller 2009, p. 31.
Fischer 1969, p. 151.
Bisguier & Soltis 1974, p. 208.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 322 (quoting March 20, 1972 letter from Paul Keres to the USSR Chess Federation).
Garry Kasparov and Keene Raymond (1989). Batsford Chess Openings 2. Collier Books. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-02-033991-5. The Exchange Variation was a feared weapon in the hands of Bobby Fischer
Larry Kaufman (2004). The Chess Advantage in Black and White. David McKay. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8129-3571-4. The modern version of the Spanish Exchange variation, in which White moves 5.0-0 after the exchange on move 4, should be named after former World Champion Bobby Fischer. [Fischer, after finding an improvement on a 1965 game Barendregt-Teschner, which Black won,] started to play the Exchange with the move 5.0-0, winning game after game with it, and continued to play it with success even in his 1992 rematch with Boris Spassky, his final formal chess event.
"Robert James Fischer, Ruy Lopez, Exchange (C68–C69)". Chessgames.com. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Andrew Soltis, in Müller 2009, pp. 29, 32–33.
L.S. Blackstock, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 36.
Andrew Soltis, in Müller 2009, p. 25.
Carsten Hansen (2003). The Nimzo-Indian: 4 e3. Gambit Publications. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-901983-58-6.
Leon Pliester (1995). Rubinstein Complex of the Nimzo-Indian Defense. International Chess Enterprises. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-879479-25-8.
Svetozar Gligorić (1985). Play the Nimzo-Indian Defense. Pergamon Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-08-026927-6.
John Watson (2006). Mastering the Chess Openings, Volume 1. Gambit Publications. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-904600-60-2. 7...Qb6 is an astonishing move that those raised with classical chess principles would simply reject as a typical beginner's mistake. Black goes running after a pawn when he is undeveloped and already under attack.
John Watson (1998). Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances since Nimzowitsch. Gambit Publications. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-901983-07-4. ... the brilliant, classically oriented grandmaster Salo Flohr commented, even as late as 1972: 'In chess, there is an old rule: in the opening, one must make haste to develop the pieces, and must not move the same piece several times, particularly the queen. This ancient law holds good even for Bobby Fischer.
Lev Polugevsky; Jeroen Piket & Christophe Guéneau (1995). Sicilian Love: Lev Polugaevsky Chess Tournament, Buenos Aires 1994. New in Chess. p. 83. ISBN 978-90-71689-99-4. The Poisoned Pawn Variation was considered dubious by certain GMs and crazy by Bent Larsen
Andrew Soltis, in Müller 2009, p. 30.
"Robert James Fischer, Sicilian, Najdorf (B97)". Chessgames.com. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Kiril Georgiev & Atanas Kolev (2007). The Sharpest Sicilian: A Black Repertoire with 1.e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6. Simolini 94 (Sofia, Bulgaria). p. 6. ISBN 978-954-8782-56-2.
Mednis 1997, pp. 56, 146.
Mednis calls 6.Bc4 against the Najdorf Variation "Fischer's 6 B-QB4". Mednis 1997, pp. 56, 74, 80, 88.
"Boris Spassky vs. Robert James Fischer – Mar del Plata (1960), Mar del Plata ARG, rd 2, Mar-30". Chessgames.com. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Fischer 1961, pp. 4–9.
Yakov Estrin & I.B. Glazkov (1982). Play the King's Gambit, Volume 1: King's Gambit Accepted. Pergamon Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-08-026872-9.
Viktor Korchnoi & Vladimir Zak (1975). The King's Gambit. Chess Digest. p. 39.
Andrew Soltis, in Müller 2009, p. 29.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 27, 76–77, 253, 256.
Bisguier & Soltis 1974, p. 214.
Jeremy Silman (2007). Silman's Complete Endgame Course: From Beginner to Master. Siles Press. pp. 510–23. ISBN 978-1-890085-10-0.
Karsten Müller & Frank Lamprecht (2001). Fundamental Chess Endings. Gambit Publications. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-901983-53-1.
Steve Mayer (1997). Bishop versus Knight: The Verdict. Batsford. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-879479-73-9.
Steve Giddins (2012). Greatest Ever Chess Endgames. Everyman Chess. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-85744-694-4.
Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 422.
Brady 2011, p. 246.
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 307.
Rene Chun (January 12, 2003). "The madness of King Bobby". The Observer.
Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 17
Brady 2011, p. 260.
Svetozar Gligorić (2002). Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?. B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7134-8764-0. At the beginning of the 21st century, grandmasters have been slowly but surely expressing interest in Fischerandom Chess
Kasparov 2004, p. 207.
Brady 2011, p. 328.
Müller 2009, p. 23.
Schonberg 1973, p. 270. "William Lombardy characterized Fischer's game as machinelike, with 'terrifically accurate positional play but never boring... His opening repertory is encompassing... His end game is practically flawless. Bobby is the most complete player I've ever seen'."
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 22. "Referring to the future chess computer, Jim Sherwin [aka: James Sherwin], an American [chess] player who knew Fischer well, described him as 'a prototype Deep Blue.' The Soviet analysis showed that even when faced with an unexpected position, Fischer took not longer than fifteen or twenty minutes to make his move; other grandmasters might take twice as long. Nor did Fischer appear to be governed by any psychologically predetermined system or technique."
Edward Winter (1981). World Chess Champions. Pergamon. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-08-024117-3. [Fischer's] play approached so close to perfection that it seemed to transcend style
Anthony Saidy & Norman Lessing (1974). The World of Chess. Random House. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-394-48777-9.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 43.
Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 143. "Petrosian: 'Fischer is exceptionally hard-working. Without fear of over-exaggerating, I am prepared to compare the amount of time spent by him at the board between competitions with the hours devoted to chess by all the members of the Soviet national team taken together'."
Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 23.
Garry Kasparov (January 26, 2008). "The Chessman". TIME. Archived from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"Fischer is greatest ever, says Anand". Telegraphindia.com. Calcutta, India. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"chess games". Chessgames.com. September 22, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Andrew Allerson (September 9, 2001). "Bobby Fischer takes on all comers – in cyberspace". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"The third coming of Bobby Fischer?". chessbase.com. September 18, 2001. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Daaim Shabazz (February 24, 2008). "Did R.O. Mitchell meet Bobby Fischer?". thechessdrum.net. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"Chess960 (FRC): Fischer and 'Wild Variant 22'". chess960frc.blogspot.com. December 21, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
William Hartston (1986) Chess: The Making of the Musical, Pavilion Books, p. 10. ISBN 1-85145-006-8.
Musin Zhaskyran (January 2001). "Chess Problems (about chess songs of Vladimir Vysotsky)" (in Russian). Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"Spartan Cheerleaders at a Chess Tournament". nbc.com. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
"Bobby Fischer, King of the Chess People". cc.com. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
Roger Ebert (August 11, 1993). "Searching for Bobby Fischer review". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993)". imdb.com. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Brady 2011, p. 267.
"Bobby Fischer Moves to a Satisfying Peace". Chicago Sun-Times. September 26, 1993. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 268.
"Bobby Fischer Live (2009)". imdb. October 1, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
David Edmonds (July 4, 2011). "Bobby Fischer: Chess's beguiling eccentric genius". BBC News. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
"Pawn Sacrifice". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Renzo Verwer (2010). Bobby Fischer for Beginners. New In Chess. pp. 116–118. ISBN 978-90-5691-315-1.
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 92
New York Times, New York, NY, Monday, October 3, 1955 – Page 27.
Atlantic Chess News Sept 2010
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 97
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 98
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 122
Fischer won first game on forfeit.
Includes one forfeit: 10/12 (9/11 with 11 games played)
Chess Life, 1963, pp. 196–99.
includes one game where opponent refused to play and resigned on the first move
Brady 1973
Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 11.
Müller 2009, p. 400.
Donaldson & Tangborn 1999, pp. 51–52.
Fischer lost second game on forfeit
Includes one forfeit : 12½/21
Only played games counted: 12½/20
Only decisive games counted; percentage = won ÷ (won+lost).
Includes all games
"Donald Byrne vs. Robert James Fischer, New York 1956". Chessgames.com.
Kasparov 2004, p. 213.
Chess Review, December 1956, p. 374.
"Svetozar Gligoric vs. Robert James Fischer, Bled 1961". Chessgames.com.
Kasparov 2004, p. 281.
Andy Soltis (2006). The 100 Best Chess Games of the 20th Century, Ranked. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2741-8.
"Robert Eugene Byrne vs. Robert James Fischer, 1963/64 US Championship, New York". Chessgames.com.
Brady 1973, p. 74.
"Robert James Fischer vs. Mark Taimanov, Candidates Quarterfinal, Vancouver 1971". Chessgames.com.
Danny Kopec & Daniel Kostovetsky (March 2014). "The Fischer Ending". Chess Life. pp. 39–43.
"Robert James Fischer vs. Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian, Candidates Final, Buenos Aires 1971". Chessgames.com.
Soltis 2003, p. 264. "Annotating a Short–Svidler game from the 2002 Russia-World match, the magazine 64 commented that even a superbly placed Black knight on an open file will interfere with heavy pieces and therefore should be removed in 'the classic example of the seventh game of the Fischer–Petrosian match'."
"Robert James Fischer vs. Boris Spassky, World Championship Match (1972), Reykjavik, rd 6". Chessgames.com.
Kasparov 2004, p. 438.
"Boris Spassky vs. Robert James Fischer, World Championship Match (1972), Reykjavik, rd 13". Chessgames.com.
Soltis 2003, p. 271.
"Robert James Fischer vs. Boris Spassky, Fischer–Spassky (1992), Sveti Stefan & Belgrade, rd 1". Chessgames.com.
Kasparov 2004, p. 488.

Bibliography

Alexander, C. H. O'D. (1972). Fischer v. Spassky. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-394-71830-9.
Benko, Pal; Silman, Jeremy (2003). Pal Benko: My Life, Games and Compositions. Siles Press. ISBN 978-1-890085-08-7.
Bisguier, Arthur; Soltis, Andrew (1974). American Chess Masters from Morphy to Fischer. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-511050-2.
Böhm, Hans; Jongkind, Kees (2003). Bobby Fischer: The Wandering King. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-8935-4.
Brady, Frank (1965). Profile of a Prodigy (1st ed.). David McKay. OCLC 2574422.
Brady, Frank (1973). Profile of a Prodigy (2nd ed.). David McKay. OCLC 724113.
Brady, Frank (2011). Endgame: Bobby Fischer's Remarkable Rise and Fall – from America's Brightest Prodigy to the Edge of Madness (1st ed.). Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-46390-6.
Bronstein, David; Fürstenberg, Tom (2009) [1995]. The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2nd ed.). New in Chess. ISBN 978-90-5691-272-7.
Byrne, Robert; Nei, Ivo (1974). Both Sides of the Chessboard. Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Company. ISBN 978-0-8129-0379-9.
Collins, John W. (1974). My Seven Chess Prodigies. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-21941-3.
DeLucia, David; DeLucia, Alessandra (2009). Bobby Fischer Uncensored.
Denker, Arnold; Parr, Larry (1995). The Bobby Fischer I Knew and Other Stories. Hypermodern Press. ISBN 978-1-886040-18-2.
Di Felice, Gino (2010). Chess Results, 1956–1960: A Comprehensive Record With 1,390 Tournament Crosstables and 142 Match Scores, With Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4803-6.
Di Felice, Gino (2013a). Chess Results, 1961–1963: A Comprehensive Record with 938 Tournament Crosstables and 108 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7572-8.
Di Felice, Gino (2013b). Chess Results, 1964–1967: A Comprehensive Record with 1,204 Tournament Crosstables and 158 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7573-5.
Di Felice, Gino (2013c). Chess Results, 1968–1970: A Comprehensive Record with 854 Tournament Crosstables and 161 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7574-2.
Donaldson, John; Tangborn, Eric (1999). The Unknown Bobby Fischer. International Chess Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-879479-85-2.
Donner, J. H. (2006). The King: Chess Pieces. New in Chess. ISBN 978-90-5691-171-3.
Edmonds, David; Eidinow, John (2004). Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-051025-1.
Fischer, Bobby (2008) [1959]. Bobby Fischer's Games of Chess. Simon and Schuster, Ishi Press. ISBN 978-0-923891-46-6.
Fischer, Bobby (2008) [1969]. My 60 Memorable Games. Simon and Schuster, Faber and Faber, Batsford. ISBN 978-1-906388-30-0.
Fischer, Bobby (1982). I Was Tortured in the Pasadena Jailhouse!. Printer. ASIN B0006Y6EHI.
Ginzburg, Ralph (January 1962). "Portrait of a Genius as a Young Chess Master". Harper's Magazine. pp. 49–55.
Gligorić, Svetozar (2012) [1972]. Fischer vs. Spassky: World Chess Championship Match 1972. Ishi. ISBN 978-4-87187-514-1.
Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992) [1984]. The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280049-7.
Karpov, Anatoly (1991) [1990]. Karpov on Karpov: Memoirs of a Chess World Champion (1st English ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-689-12060-2.
Kasparov, Garry (2004). My Great Predecessors, Volume IV. Gloucester Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85744-395-0.
Kažić, B.M. (1974). International Championship Chess: A Complete Record of FIDE Events. Pitman. ISBN 978-0-273-07078-8.
Lombardy, William (2011). Understanding Chess: My System, My Games, My Life. Russell Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-936490-22-6.
Mednis, Edmar (1997) [1997]. How to Beat Bobby Fischer (2nd ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-29844-3.
Müller, Karsten (2009). Bobby Fischer: The Career and Complete Games of the American World Chess Champion. Russell Enterprises, Inc. ISBN 978-1-888690-68-2.
Plisetsky, Dmitry; Voronkov, Sergey (2005). Russians versus Fischer (2nd ed.). Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-380-6.
Schonberg, Harold C. (1973). Grandmasters of Chess. J.B. Lippincott. ISBN 978-0-397-01004-2.
Seirawan, Yasser; Stefanovic, George (1992). No Regrets: Fischer-Spassky 1992. International Chess Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-879479-09-8.
Soltis, Andrew (2003). Bobby Fischer Rediscovered. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-8846-3.
Steiner, George (1974) [1973]. Fields of Force. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-31178-1.
Wade, Robert G.; O'Connell, Kevin J. (1973) [1972]. Bobby Fischer's Chess Games (2nd ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-08627-1.
Waitzkin, Fred (1993). Mortal Games: The Turbulent Genius of Garry Kasparov. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-13827-0.

External links

Bobby Fischer player profile and games at Chessgames.com
A list of books about Fischer and Kasparov compiled by Edward Winter
Archive of Fischer's personal homepage
Bobby Fischer Live Radio Interviews (1999–2006)
Extensive collection of Fischer photographs, Echecs-photos online
"Bobby Fischer's Pathetic Endgame", Rene Chun, The Atlantic, December 2002

Awards
Preceded by Boris Spassky	World Chess Champion 1972–1975	Succeeded by Anatoly Karpov
Preceded by Arthur Bisguier	United States Chess Champion 1958–1960	Succeeded by Larry Evans
Preceded by Larry Evans	United States Chess Champion 1962–1966	Succeeded by Larry Evans
Achievements
Preceded by None	FIDE world No. 1 July 1, 1971 – December 31, 1975	Succeeded by Anatoly Karpov
Preceded by Boris Spassky	Youngest chess grandmaster ever 1958–1991	Succeeded by Judit Polgár

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[111] Just before Larsen played Fischer in their individual game, Larsen predicted that he would be victorious, only to find out quite the opposite: "Once we were well into the tournament, Larsen, Fridrik Olafsson and I were engaged in a friendly debate over Fischer's performance. 'Lucky to have 50%!' quipped Larsen, who went on to say, 'I will spank that baby!'… With wisdom Fridrik supplied a thought for me, 'Watch out the baby doesn't spank you!' At that comment, Larsen waved his hand. In the very next round, Fischer crushed Larsen …"[110]

[116] This record stood until 1991, when it was broken by Judit Polgár.[114]

[136] It has been reported that Fischer scored 180 on an IQ test while a student at Erasmus Hall.[133]

[207] According to Lombardy, Fischer's lack of a sole second proved a main reason for his failure.[203]

[273] Fischer was intrigued and agreed to play on first board for the 'Rest of the World' team.

[330] According to Miguel Quinteros, Fischer had the flu at the beginning of the match.[324]

[360] Perhaps the best-selling book on the match was subtitled The New York Times Report on the Chess Match of the Century.[353]

[454] Marilyn Young's name was written behind a photograph dated December 14, 2000, sent to her by Fischer.[446]

[1] "Fischer, Robert James". Olimpbase. Retrieved September 18, 2015.

[greatest-2] Greatest player ever:
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 47 (Ree interview), 91 (Timman interview), 113 (Short interview).

Lombardy 2011, p. 220.

Müller 2009, p. 23.

Waitzkin 1993, p. 275 (quoting Kasparov).

[11] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 47 (Ree interview), 91 (Timman interview), 113 (Short interview).

[12] Lombardy 2011, p. 220.

[13] Müller 2009, p. 23.

[14] Waitzkin 1993, p. 275 (quoting Kasparov).

[arguably-3] Arguably greatest player ever:
Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 133–34.

Nathan Divinsky (1990). The Batsford Chess Encyclopedia. Batsford. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7134-6214-2.

James Eade (2011) [1996]. Chess For Dummies (3rd ed.). For Dummies. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-118-01695-4.

Kasparov 2004, p. 490.

Mednis 1997, p. xiii.

Soltis 2003, p. 9.

[16] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 133–34.

[17] Nathan Divinsky (1990). The Batsford Chess Encyclopedia. Batsford. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7134-6214-2.

[18] James Eade (2011) [1996]. Chess For Dummies (3rd ed.). For Dummies. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-118-01695-4.

[19] Kasparov 2004, p. 490.

[20] Mednis 1997, p. xiii.

[21] Soltis 2003, p. 9.

[Wolff-4] Patrick Wolff (2001) [1997]. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chess (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 273. ASIN B00AR16QPU.

[Brady_1973,_p._2-5] Brady 1973, p. 2.

[6] William Addams Reitwiesner. "Ancestry of Bobby Fischer (Extracts from the U.S. Federal Decennial Census)". ancestry.com. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[Quinn-7] Ben Quinn & Alan Hamilton (January 28, 2008). "Bobby Fischer, chess genius, heartless son". The Sunday Times. Retrieved September 14, 2008.(subscription required)

[8] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 313.

[9] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 27. "… she appears to have been religiously unobservant."

[10] André Von Schulz (October 8, 2004). "Mutmaßungen über Fischer". chessbase.com. Retrieved October 17, 2008.

[11] "WHO WAS FISCHER'S FATHER?". Chess Life. US Chess Federation. March 2004. p. 10.

[Brady_2011,_pp._7-8-12] Brady 2011, pp. 7–8.

[Brady_2011,_p._8-13] Brady 2011, p. 8.

[14] Brady 2011, p. 9. "The family lived in [California, Idaho, Oregon, Illinois, and Arizona] before moving to New York. Regina's flexibility and desperation led her to a surprising gamut of jobs. She was a welder, schoolteacher, riveter, farm worker, toxicologist's assistant, stenographer, all throughout the early and mid-1940s."

[Edmonds_&_Eidinow_2004,_p._5-15] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 5.

[la-times-16] Peter Nicholas (September 21, 2009). "Chasing the king of chess". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[17] Brady 2011, p. 10. "In early 1949 Regina Fischer took the least expensive housing she could find when she moved the family—Bobby, Joan, and herself—to East 13th Street in Manhattan, facing the kitchen back entrance of the famed Luchow's restaurant, where many of the best chess players would occasionally dine. The Fischers could never afford to eat there. The apartment's entrance was marred by a rusty fire escape running up the front, and there was only one small bedroom—but the rent was $45 a month."

[NicholasBenson-18] Peter Nicholas & Clea Benson (November 17, 2002). "Files reveal how FBI hounded chess king". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2018.

[LifeGame-19] Peter Nicholas & Clea Benson (February 9, 2003). "Life is not a board game (page 3 of 7)". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2010.

[20] Nicholas, Peter (September 21, 2009), "Chasing the king of chess", Los Angeles Times, retrieved May 14, 2019

[21] Charles Laurence (November 24, 2002). "FBI targeted chess genius Bobby Fischer and his mother". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved September 13, 2008.

[22] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 22.

[23] Regina Fischer entry, passenger manifest, SS Manhattan, January 18, 1939, p. 74, line 6, accessed January 20, 2008 via ancestry.com

[24] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 22, 135.

[25] "Bobby Fischer Autobiographical Essay". Parade. October 27, 1957. p. 22. In March of 1949, on a rainy day when Bobby had just turned six, his sister, Joan … bought a plastic chess set for $1 at the candy store [located just below their apartment] … Neither Joan nor Bobby had ever seen a chess set before but they followed instructions printed on the inside of the top of the box … Quoted in Brady 2011, pp. 10–11.

[26] Brady 2011, pp. 10–12.

[27] Brady 1973, p. 5.

[28] Brady 2011, p. 12.

[29] Fischer 1959, p. xi.

[30] Brady 1973, pp. 5–6.

[31] Brady 2011, pp. 17–18.

[Brady_2011,_p._18-32] Brady 2011, p. 18.

[33] Brady 2011, p. 20.

[34] Fischer 1959, pp. xi–xii.

[35] Brady 1973, p. 7.

[36] Brady 2011, pp. 19–21.

[37] Fischer 1959, p. 2.

[38] Brady 2011, p. 21.

[39] Fischer 1959, p. xii.

[40] Brady 2011, pp. 38–39.

[41] Brady 2011, p. 52.

[42] "Carmine Nigro, 91, Bobby Fischer's First Chess Teacher". The New York Times. September 2, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2013.

[43] Brady 2011, p. 6.

[nytbio-44] Dylan Loeb McClain (December 4, 2001). "John W. Collins, 89, Dies; Was Fischer's Chess Tutor". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2014.

[45] Collins 1974, p. 47. "'He taught Bobby Fischer to play chess' is the way I am sometimes publicly and privately introduced."

[46] "Collins, for his part, said that he never 'taught' Bobby in the strictest sense" and that Fischer "knew before instructed". Collins 1974, pp. 48–49. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 52.

[47] "Fischer was also extremely fortunate in having John W. (Jack) Collins, a chess master, who was a friend, guide, and mentor to him during his early formative years". Arthur Bisguier, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 44.

[48] Brady 1973, pp. 10–11.

[49] Collins 1974, pp. 34–35.

[50] Fischer 1959, p. xiii.

[51] Chess Life, May 20, 1956, p. 4. Also available on DVD (p. 76 in "Chess Life 1956" PDF file").

[52] Chess Life, May 20, 1956, p. 1. Also available on DVD (p. 73 in "Chess Life 1956" PDF file").

[53] Brady 2011, p. 53.

[54] Brady 1973, p. 15.

[55] Collins 1974, pp. 55–56.

[56] The New York Times, March 5, 1956, p. 36. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 49.

[57] Chess Life, July 20, 1956, p. 1. Also available on DVD (p. 105 in "Chess Life 1956" PDF file").

[58] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 100.

[59] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 101.

[60] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 105.

[61] Di Felice 2010, p. 76.

[Brady_1973,_p._16-62] Brady 1973, p. 16.

[63] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 108.

[64] Brady 2011, p. 65.

[65] Di Felice 2010, p. 48.

[66] Chess Review, December 1956, p. 374. Also available on DVD (p. 418 in Chess Review 1956 PDF file).

[67] Fred Wilson (1981). A Picture History of Chess. Dover. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-486-23856-2. While, objectively, it is not one of the greatest games ever played, it is certainly the finest game ever produced by one so young

[68] Brady 2011, p. 64.

[69] AP wire story, February 24, 1957. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 64.

[70] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 123.

[71] Brady 1973, p. 17.

[72] Brady 2011, p. 67. "To wrest a draw from a former World Champion was neither small cheese nor minor chess, but Bobby was unhappy since he'd lost the match, 1½–½."

[73] Chess Life, May 5, 1957, p. 3. Also available on DVD (p. 67 in "Chess Life 1957" PDF file").

[74] Bill Wall (August 2002). "Bobby Fischer Trivia". chessville.com. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

[75] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 127.

[76] Brady 2011, p. 73.

[77] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 130.

[Collins_1974,_p._56-78] Collins 1974, p. 56.

[79] Chess Review, September 1957, p. 260. Also available on DVD (p. 294 in "Chess Review 1957" PDF file).

[80] Brady 2011, p. 75. "No one as young as Bobby had won the United States Open before, and no one had ever held the United States Junior and Open titles concurrently. When Bobby returned to New York, both the Marshall and Manhattan chess clubs conducted victory celebrations, and he was lauded as America's new chess hero."

[81] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 138–40.

[Brady_1973,_p._19-82] Brady 1973, p. 19.

[83] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 135–37.

[84] Kenneth Harkness (1967). Official Chess Handbook. David McKay. p. 272. ASIN B009NNTGSM.

[Brady_1973,_p._20-85] Brady 1973, p. 20.

[86] A writer in Chess Life, apparently Editor Fred M. Wren, expected Fischer to score about 50%. "The Monday-Morning Quarterback Speaks", Chess Life, January 20. 1958, p. 4. Also available on DVD (p. 12 on Chess Life 1958 PDF file).

[87] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 51.

[88] Di Felice 2010, p. 196.

[89] Brady 1973, pp. 20–21.

[90] Edward Winter, Chess Note 6428 (citing Chess Life, February 5, 1958).

[91] Edward Winter, Chess Note 6436 (citing FIDE Revue, April 1958, p. 106).

[92] Chess Life, March 5, 1958. Quoted in Müller 2009, p. 92.

[93] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 8.

[94] Brady 2011, pp. 89–90.

[95] ""Teenage Appreciation" episode of "I've Got a Secret"". March 26, 1958. Event occurs at 17:40 – via YouTube.

[96] Regina Fischer (June 1958). "none". Letter to Bobby Fischer – via Marshall Chess Foundation Archive. The Soviet Union had agreed to invite Bobby to Moscow, and generously pay all expenses for him and his sister … Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 93.

[97] Brady 2011, p. 91.

[Brady_2011,_p._92-98] Brady 2011, p. 92.

[99] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 9.

[100] Linder V.I. & Linder I.M. 1994. Quoted in Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 120–21.

[101] Harry Golombek (1977). Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess. Crown Publishers. pp. 236–37. ISBN 978-0-517-53146-4.. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 93.

[102] Brady 2011, p. 94.

[103] Daniel Johnson (2007). White King and Red Queen: How the Cold War Was Fought on the Chessboard. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-547-13337-9.. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 94.

[104] Brady 2011, pp. 94–96.

[105] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 163–64.

[106] Brady 2011, pp. 98–100.

[107] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 26.

[108] Brady 1973, p. 25.

[109] Leonard Barden, "From Portorož to Petrosian", in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 332.

[110] Lombardy 2011, p. 87.

[112] Wade & O'Connell 1973. pp. 332–34, 347.

[113] Kasparov 2004, pp. 225–26.

[114] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 20–21.

[115] Cathy Forbes (1992). The Polgar Sisters: Training or Genius?. Henry Holt. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8050-2426-5.

[117] Allen Kaufman (April 9, 2006). "Interview". Anything to Win: The Mad Genius of Bobby Fischer (television documentary).

[118] Di Felice 2010, p. 301.

[119] Di Felice 2010, p. 340.

[120] Di Felice 2010, p. 356.

[121] Brady 1973, p. 28.

[122] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 27.

[123] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 165, 171, 176.

[124] Paul Keres "From the Opposite Side of the Board" in Wade & O'Connell 1973

[125] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 41.

[126] Brady 1965, p. 34.

[127] Brady 1965, p. 35.

[128] Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 136. "At 16 he was able to earn his living from chess, and soon began to dress well, with suits tailored in London and New York."

[129] Ginzburg 1962, pp. 53–54.

[130] Di Felice 2010, p. 310.

[131] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 356.

[132] Brady 2011, pp. 105, 125.

[133] Joseph G. Ponterotto (2012). A Psychobiography of Bobby Fischer. Charles C. Thomas. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-398-08742-5.

[134] Brady 2011, p. 25. "Attempts by Regina and Joan to engage Bobby in schoolwork were usually fruitless. Bobby could concentrate on puzzles or chess for hours, but he fidgeted and grew restless when confronted with reading, writing, and arithmetic… he was accepted by Community Woodward with the understanding that he'd teach the other students to play, and also as a result of his astronomically high IQ test score of 180."

[135] "The Mind of Bobby Fischer". Retrieved September 3, 2018.

[137] Christopher Andersen (2006). Barbra: The Way She Is. HarperCollins. pp. 15, 41. ISBN 978-0-06-056256-4. Streisand later said that Fischer was "always alone and very peculiar … But I found him very sexy." Id. at 41.

[138] David Boyer (March 11, 2001). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: FLATBUSH; Grads Hail Erasmus as It Enters a Fourth Century". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2009.

[139] Brady 1965, pp. 1, 25.

[140] Collins 1974, p. 52.

[141] Arthur Bisguier, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 47.

[142] Brady 1965, p. 25.

[143] Ginzburg 1962, p. 51.

[144] Schonberg 1973, p. 261. "In his junior year Bobby left school for good because 'the stuff they teach you in school I can't use one way or the other.'"

[145] Ginzburg 1962, p. 55.

[146] Brady 2011, p. 131. "Probing into the activities of the American Chess Foundation, she demonstrated that some players (such as Reshevsky) received support while others (such as Bobby) did not… she sent out indignant press releases, [and] letters to the government demanding a public accounting."

[Bisguier_&_Soltis_1974,_pp._282-84-147] Bisguier & Soltis 1974, pp. 282–84.

[148] Hooper & Whyld 1992, pp. 136–37.

[149] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 51 (1-point margin in 1957/58), 57 (1-point margin in 1958/59), 62 (1-point margin in 1959/60), 67 (2-point margin in 1960/61), 71 (1-point margin in 1962/63), 77 (2½-point margin in 1963/64), 82 (1-point margin in 1965), 87 (2-point margin in 1966/67).

[Müller_2009,_pp._399-400-150] Müller 2009, pp. 399–400.

[151] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 51, 57, 62, 67, 71, 76, 82, 87.

[152] Müller 2009, p. 85.

[153] Müller 2009, p. 104.

[154] Müller 2009, p. 148.

[155] Müller 2009, p. 181.

[156] Müller 2009, p. 231.

[Müller_2009,_p._243-157] Müller 2009, p. 243.

[158] Müller 2009, p. 262.

[159] Müller 2009, p. 263.

[160] Müller 2009, p. 285.

[161] Bisguier & Soltis 1974, p. 283.

[162] Mednis 1997, pp. x–xi, 179–83, 202–11.

[163] Larry Evans, in Müller 2009, p. 7.

[164] Robert Wade (1972). "Olympiads". In Robert G. Wade & Kevin J. O'Connell (eds.). The Games of Robert J. Fischer. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-713-40370-1.

[165] "Fischer, Robert James, Men's Chess Olympiads". Olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.

[166] "United States (USA) Men's Chess Olympiads". Olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.

[167] Di Felice 2010, p. 485.

[168] Di Felice 2013a, p. 251.

[169] Di Felice 2013b, p. 326.

[Di_Felice_2013c,_p._366-170] Di Felice 2013c, p. 366.

[171] Kažić 1974, pp. 75, 81, 94, 108.

[172] "Fischer, Robert James". Olimpbase. August 2003. Retrieved February 17, 2014.

[173] Müller 2009, pp. 276–77.

[174] Brady 1973, p. 120. "Later Gheorghiu stated that when he offered Fischer the draw, he was convinced he actually had a won game but that he wanted Fischer to be awarded the gold medal. It was obvious that Fischer was trying too hard and had tired and overextended himself. He lost the game decisively. Nevertheless, all of the players and spectators considered Bobby to be the real hero of the most magnificent chess event in history."

[175] Brady 1973, p. 65.

[176] Müller 2009, pp. 224–25.

[177] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 286–87.

[178] Kasparov 2004, p. 335. "'It is important to draw a distinction between the myth of the 'extravagant, capricious, uncontrollable' Fischer and those actions that he undertook quite consciously. Many of his demands in Lugano were absolutely justified. 'It was not only Fischer who did not like the conditions,' writes Petrosian. 'This also applied to me and my colleagues. Imagine a hall, in which three thousand players, trainers and spectators are gathered, a hall without any ventilation and in addition with poor lighting. I have never complained about my eyesight, but I only needed once or twice in a game to think intensively over a move, and my eyes began to hurt.'"

[179] Lombardy 2011, p. 184. "Fischer was clearly the best and highest rated U.S. player and also the U.S. Champion. But in consideration of his lifelong prestige, Reshevsky would not yield first board."

[180] Müller 2009, p. 156.

[181] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 183.

[EEp12-182] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 12.

[183] Bronstein & Fürstenberg 1995, p. 121. "They became friends instantly and have remained so until this day."

[Donner_2006,_p._228-184] Donner 2006, p. 228.

[185] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 189.

[186] Benko & Silman 2003, p. 422 (interview with Evans).

[187] Donner 2006, p. 228. "One of his rivals in that tournament was American grandmaster Larry Evans, and the story goes that he found a Bovaryan lady prepared for a small sum to surround Fischer with her charms. This approach proved successful for Evans, as Fischer finished thirteenth in the tournament …"

[188] Benko & Silman 2003, pp. 426–27 (interview with Benko).

[189] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 196–97.

[190] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 198.

[191] Brady 2011, p. 135. "The officers of the American Chess Foundation maintained that Reshevsky was the better player, and they arranged to have him prove it."

[192] Brady 1973, pp. 42–46.

[193] Di Felice 2013a, p. 17.

[194] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 68.

[195] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 199.

[196] Di Felice 2013a, p. 223.

[197] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 75.

[198] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 369.

[199] Brady 1973, p. 51.

[200] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 81.

[201] Brady 1973, pp. 53–54.

[lbobt-202] Leonard Barden (January 18, 2008). "Obituary, Bobby Fischer". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[203] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 82.

[204] Kažić 1974, pp. 188–89.

[BSp155-205] Benko & Silman 2003, p. 155.

[206] Lombardy 2011, p. 122. "As a second, Grandmaster Arthur Bisguier had to divide his talents between Bobby and Pal Benko… Bobby was hopping mad over the miserable arrangement made by the American Chess Foundation, which was responsible for the funding for the American participants at Curaçao."

[208] Bobby Fischer (August 20, 1962). "The Russians Have Fixed World Chess". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 17 no. 8. pp. 18–19, 64–65. Retrieved January 14, 2020.

[209] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 29–30, 37, 40, 83.

[His_Own_Success_2008-210] "Victim of His Own Success: The Tragedy of Bobby Fischer". The Wall Street Journal. January 22, 2008. p. D8.

[Wade_&_O'Connell_1972,_p._331-211] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 331–46.

[212] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 207–08.

[Bisguier,_in_Wade_&_O'Connell_1973,_p._49-213] Arthur Bisguier, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 49.

[214] Müller 2009, p. 237. "At the time he was also writing for Chess Life, a column called "Fischer Talks Chess," and he made some very favorable comments about the overall quality of the opposition he faced as well as the organization of the tournaments."

[215] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 49, 149–51.

[216] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 49, 152–53.

[217] Brady 1973, p. 70.

[Levy_1975,_p._91-218] David Levy (1975). How Fischer Plays Chess. R.H.M. Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-89058-011-0.

[219] "The Amazing Victory Streak of Bobby Fischer". Sports Illustrated. January 13, 1964. Retrieved May 12, 2007.

[220] Arthur Bisguier, in Wade & Connell 1973, pp. 49–50.

[Hooper_&_Whyld_1992,_p._81-221] Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 81.

[s2002-222] Andy Soltis (2002). Chess Lists (2nd ed.). McFarland and Company. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-0-7864-1296-9.

[223] Anne Sunnucks (1976) [1970]. The Encyclopaedia of Chess (2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1.

[224] Fischer 1969, p. 305.

[225] Quoted in Brady 1973, p. 74.

[Müller_2009,_p._248-226] Müller 2009, p. 248.

[227] Chess Life, August 1964, p. 202. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 155.

[228] Brady 1973, pp. 80–81.

[don-229] John Donaldson (2005). A Legend on the Road: Bobby Fischer's 1964 Simul Tour. International Chess Enterprises. pp. 7, 11. ISBN 978-1-888690-25-5.

[230] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 285.

[231] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 127–28.

[Wade_p._209-232] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 209.

[233] Bisguier & Soltis 1974, p. 213.

[234] Brady 1973, pp. 86–89.

[235] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 127–31.

[236] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 160, 209.

[Pachman_1975,_p._215-237] Luděk Pachman (1975). Pachman's Decisive Games. Pitman. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-273-31812-5.

[238] Brady 1973, pp. 88–89.

[239] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 127.

[240] Brady 1973, pp. 86–88.

[Di_Felice_2013b,_p._167-241] Di Felice 2013b, p. 167.

[242] Brady 1973, pp. 92–94.

[243] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 82–86.

[244] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 134.

[245] Isaac Kashdan (1977) [1968]. Second Piatigorsky Cup: International Grandmaster Tournament held in Santa Monica, California August 1966. Dover. p. v. ISBN 978-0-486-23572-1.

[Kasparov_2004,_p._322-246] Kasparov 2004, p. 322.

[247] Müller 2009, pp. 284–85.

[248] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 87–91.

[249] Di Felice 2013b, p. 396.

[250] Di Felice 2013b, pp. 423–24.

[251] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 236–47.

[252] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 450–53.

[253] Schonberg 1973, pp. 256–57. "[At the Sousse Internzonal], Fischer quit at the halfway mark… faced with four games in four consecutive days… for religious reasons, [Bobby] will not play between sundowns on Friday and Saturday. He objected to the consecutive playoffs, claiming that the judges were taking advantage of him, subjecting him to cruel and inhuman punishment. He also pointed out, correctly, that he had entered the tournament with the assurance that such conditions would not prevail. But the judges would not change their ruling …"

[254] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 161–66.

[255] Al Horowitz (1973) The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. New York.

[256] Di Felice 2013c, pp. 56–57.

[257] Di Felice 2013c, p. 91.

[258] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 248–59.

[259] Müller 2009, pp. 320–21.

[260] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 154–55.

[261] Donaldson & Tangborn 1999, p. 170.

[262] Brady 2011, pp. 162–63. "In this new book, his first—and, ultimately, only—serious work as an adult, Fischer was anything but sparse… what he produced was one of the most painstakingly precise and delightful chess books ever written, rivaling the works of Tarrasch, Alekhine, and Reti… If Fischer had never played another game of chess, his reputation, certainly as an analyst, would have been preserved through its publication."

[263] Benko & Silman 2003, p. 426.

[264] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 84–86.

[265] Müller 2009, p. 343.

[266] Leonard Barden, in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 342.

[Brady_1973,_p._174-267] Brady 1973, p. 174.

[268] Chess Life & Review, July 1975, Vol. XXX, No. 7. "The only condition I asked for stepping down was for Fischer to agree not to withdraw from the Interzonal or the ensuing matches should he qualify for them – and he fulfilled this condition."

[269] Jeff Sonas (May 25, 2005). "The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV". chessbase.com. Retrieved February 23, 2014.

[270] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 82.

[271] Larry Melvyn Evans (April 20, 1970). "The Rest Of The World Sort Of Strikes Back". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 19, 2015 – via chessgames.com. I was acting as Fischer's second …

[272] Brady 2011, p. 164.

[Müller_2009,_p._321-274] Müller 2009, p. 321.

[275] "USSR vs Rest of the World: Belgrade 1970". Olimpbase. August 2003. Retrieved September 19, 2015.

[276] Brady 1973, p. 161.

[277] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 82–83.

[278] Brady 2011, p. 165.

[Schonberg_1973,_p._267-279] Schonberg 1973, p. 267.

[CD-280] Bobby Fischer: His Games and His Openings 1969 through 1971. Chess Digest. 1971. pp. 83–92.

[Denker_&_Parr_1995,_p._105-281] Denker & Parr 1995, p. 105.

[282] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 188–89.

[Kasparov_2004,_p._343-283] Kasparov 2004, p. 343.

[284] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 183.

[285] Lombardy 2011, p. 90. "I was among the best blitz players around [due to the fact that] I trained regularly with Bobby since he was 11-years old."

[286] Lombardy 2011, pp. 90–91. "As for Bobby's ability at speed chess, it came as no shock that Bobby would win the world blitz championship in 1970 in Belgrade. I expected Bobby to win by a wide margin, but his winning by a margin of 4½ points ahead of Tal did come as a pleasant surprise!"

[287] Kasparov 2004, p. 342.

[288] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 263–70.

[289] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 271–78.

[290] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 201–02.

[291] Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 279.

[292] Kasparov 2004, pp. 342–44.

[293] Di Felice 2013c, pp. 320–21.

[294] Mark Weeks (1997–2008). "World Chess Championship 1970 Palma de Mallorca Interzonal Tournament". Printer. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

[295] Kažić 1974, pp. 171–72. "Fischer's 3½-point margin set a new record for an Interzonal, beating Alexander Kotov's 3-point margin at Saltsjöbaden 1952."

[296] Brady 1973, p. 179. "Panno refused to play in protest of the organizers' rescheduling of the game to accommodate Fischer's desire not to play on his religion's Sabbath. Panno was not present when the game was to begin. Fischer waited ten minutes before playing his first move (1.c4) and went to get Panno to convince him to play. Forty-five minutes later, Panno came to the board and resigned."

[297] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 344, 410.

[298] Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 137.

[299] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 214.

[300] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 86.

[Brady_2011,_p._167-301] Brady 2011, p. 167.

[302] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 88.

[303] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 220–22.

[304] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 225–26.

[305] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 226.

[306] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 232. "'What happened next during the resumption of the 5th game,' Tal wrote later, 'had to be seen to be believed. It is simply incredible that three grandmasters could have left a rook en prise a mere three moves after the resumption of the game.'"

[307] Wade & O'Connell 1973, pp. 412–16.

[308] Leonard Barden "From Portorož to Petrosian", in Wade & O'Connell 1973, p. 345. "The record books showed that the only comparable achievement to the 6–0 score against Taimanov was Wilhelm Steinitz's 7–0 win against Joseph Henry Blackburne in 1876 in an era of more primitive defensive technique."

[309] Brady 1973, p. 188. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 168.

[310] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 91–92.

[311] Brady 2011, p. 168.

[312] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 92.

[313] Bernard Cafferty (1972). Candidates Matches 1971. The Chess Player. p. 102. ASIN B0007APXZK.

[314] Müller 2009, p. 360. "… the chess world… was positively sent reeling by Bobby's crushing 6–0 defeat of Larsen."

[315] Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 19.

[316] Kasparov 2004, pp. 405–06.

[317] Jeff Sonas (April 28, 2005). "The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part II". chessbase.com. Retrieved November 1, 2009.

[318] Gino Di Felice (2014). Chess Results, 1971–1974: A Comprehensive Record with 966 Tournament Crosstables and 148 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-1-4766-1891-3.

[319] Steiner 1974, p. 21. "Petrosian's opponents have declared him to be 'the hardest player in history to defeat.'"

[320] Karpov 1991, p. 114.

[321] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 273. "Karpov: It was already clear that the winner [of the Petrosian-Korchnoi Semi-Final Candidates Match] would have to play Fischer, who on the other staircase was rapidly ascending to the chess throne. There was practically no doubt that Spassky would be able to deal with him, but in the Sports Committee they decided that it was better if it didn't come to this… And so the officials summoned Petrosian and Korchnoi and asked them directly which of them had the better chances against Fischer. Korchnoi said that the 'generation beaten by Fischer' had practically no chances. But Petrosian said that he believed in himself. After this it was suggested to Korchnoi that he should allow Petrosian to win, and in compensation they promised to send him to three major tournaments (which for a Soviet player in those times was a princely reward)."

[322] Brady 2011, p. 169.

[323] Brady 1973, p. 195.

[324] Kasparov 2004, pp. 408–17.

[325] Jan Timman (1980) The Art of Chess Analysis, R.H.M. Press, pp. 36–42. ISBN 0-89058-048-0.

[326] Soltis 2003, pp. 259–62.

[327] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 311–12.

[328] Mednis 1997, pp. 266–70.

[329] Bobby Fischer, el Vincent van Gogh de nuestro tiempo by Miguel Quinteros

[331] Reuben Fine (1971) The Final Candidates Match Buenos Aires, 1971: Fischer vs Petrosian, Hostel Chess Association. pp. 13–32.

[332] Robert Cantwell (November 8, 1971). "Bobby Clears The Board For The Title". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 12, 2016.

[333] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 96.

[334] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 289.

[335] Schonberg 1973, p. 269.

[Plisetsky_&_Voronkov_2005,_p._293-336] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 293.

[337] Alexander 1972, p. 74.

[Informant14ratinglist-338] Chess Informant, Volume 14, Šahovski Informator, 1973, pp. 302–07.

[AllTimeRankings-339] "All Time Rankings". Archived from the original on November 26, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2017.

[340] Arpad Elo (1978). The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present. Batsford. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-668-04721-0.

[341] Brad Darrach (November 12, 1971). "Bobby Fischer is a ferocious winner". Life. Vol. 71 no. 20. pp. 50A–53. Retrieved January 16, 2020.

[342] Kasparov 2004, p. 429.

[343] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 336. "[Petrosian:]' … I must warn Spassky that Fischer is armed with all the new ideas in chess. As soon as Fischer gains even the slightest advantage, he begins playing like a machine. You cannot hope for some mistake. Fischer is a quite extraordinary player. His match with Spassky will be tough.'"

[344] Gligorić 1972, pp. 10–11.

[345] Gligorić 1972, pp. 11–12.

[Gligoric_1972,_p._13-346] Gligorić 1972, p. 13.

[347] Gligorić 1972, p. 47.

[348] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 308.

[349] Brady 1973, p. 225, p. 253.

[350] Brady 1973, p. 248.

[Alexander_1972,_p._141-351] Alexander 1972, p. 141.

[352] Stephen Moss (January 19, 2008). "Death of a madman driven sane by chess". The Guardian. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

[353] Alexander 1972, pp. 84–87.

[354] Gligorić 1972, p. 37.

[355] Alexander 1972, p. 87.

[356] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 271–73.

[357] Byrne & Nei 1974, p. vii.

[358] Donner 2006, p. 136 (originally published in De Tijd, June 28, 1972). "Even before a move has been made, this breathtaking, blood-curdling and heartrending encounter is justly being labelled as 'the Match of the Century'."

[Roberts-359] Richard Roberts; Harold C. Schonberg; I. A. Horowitz & Samuel Reshevsky (1972). Fischer/Spassky: The New York Times Report on the Chess Match of the Century. Bantam Books. pp. 195–96. ISBN 978-0-553-07667-7.

[361] Müller 2009, p. 370. The match made the covers of Time and Newsweek. Id. at 19.

[362] Kasparov 2004, p. 206.

[363] Müller 2009, p. 15.

[364] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 89.

[365] Müller 2009, p. 13.

[366] Soltis 2003, pp. 10–11.

[367] Anthony Saidy & Norman Lessing (1974). The World of Chess. Random House. pp. 224–226. ISBN 978-0-394-48777-9. Wearing city's gold medal and accompanied by Mayor John Lindsay, Bobby shakes hands with some 3,000 fans attending …

[368] Larry Evans, in Müller 2009, p. 13.

[369] "Bobby's Chessboard Mastery". Sports Illustrated. August 14, 1972. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2007.

[Cavett-370] Dick Cavett (February 8, 2008). "Was It Only a Game?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2014.

[371] "2016 US Chess Yearbook" (PDF). uschess.org. 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2018.

[372] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 2–3. "The 1972 championship will become immortalized in film, on the stage, in song. It will remain incontrovertibly the most notorious chess duel in history. There will never be another like it… A lone American star was challenging the long Soviet grip on the world title. His success would dispose of the Soviet's claim that their chess hegemony reflected the superiority of their political system …"

[373] Robert Byrne (1976). Anatoly Karpov: The Road to the World Chess Championship. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-02876-8.

[374] Kasparov 2004, p. 471.

[375] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 412–13.

[376] Brady 2011, pp. 218–19.

[377] Kasparov 2004, p. 472.

[378] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 413–14.

[379] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 414.

[380] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 46. "Grandmaster Hans Ree remarked of Fischer's demand that the champion keep his title in the event of a 9–9 tie, 'They [FIDE] thought that this demand was too severe. It was rejected, understandably'."

[381] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 417–18.

[382] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 418–19.

[383] Donaldson & Tangborn 1999, p. 159. "In a letter to Larry Evans, published in Chess Life in November 1974, Fischer claimed the usual system (24 games with the first player to get 12½ points winning, and the champion retaining his title in the event of a 12–12 tie) encouraged the player in the lead to draw games, which he regarded as bad for chess. Not counting draws would be 'an accurate test of who is the world's best player'."

[384] Denker & Parr 1995, pp. 110–11. "Former US Champion Arnold Denker, who was in contact with Fischer during the negotiations with FIDE, claimed that Fischer wanted a long match to be able to play himself into shape after a three-year layoff."

[385] Mednis 1997, p. 282.

[386] Bozidar Kazic (1975). "Anatoly Karpov New World Champion." Chess Informant 19.

[387] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 414–16.

[388] Kasparov 2004, p. 473.

[389] Karpov 1991, pp. 159–165.

[390] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 419–20.

[391] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 418.

[392] Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 419.

[393] Brady 2011, p. 247. "Roger Cohen: Why, after turning down so many offers to make a comeback, did you accept this one? Bobby Fischer: That's not quite true. As I recall, for example, Karpov in 1975 was the one who refused to play me under my conditions …"

[394] Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 22.

[395] Arthur Bisguier (June 22, 1988). "When Bobby Fischer took on a computer". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 27, 2014.

[396] Brady 2011, p. 210. "His connection to the Church was always somewhat ambiguous. He was not a registered member, since he hadn't agreed to be baptized by full immersion in water by Armstrong or one of his ministers. And since he wasn't considered a duly recognized convert, he was sometimes referred to as a 'co-worker' or, less politely, as a 'fringer'—someone on the fringes or edges of the Church but not totally committed to its mission. The Church imposed a number of rules that Bobby thought were ridiculous and refused to adhere to [...]"

[397] Fischer 1982, p. 1.

[398] Fischer 1982, p. 2.

[399] Fischer 1982, pp. 3–14.

[400] Fischer 1982, pp. 10–12.

[401] Fischer 1982, p. 14.

[402] Bobby Fischer (1982). "I Was Tortured in the Pasadena Jailhouse!". Printer. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[chun_atlantic-403] Rene Chun (December 2002). "Bobby Fischer's Pathetic Endgame". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[Edmonds_&_Eidinow_2004,_p._302-404] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 302.

[405] Brady 2011, p. 224.

[Nack-406] William Nack (July 29, 1985). "Bobby Fischer". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 12, 2016.

[407] Petra Dautov (1995). Bobby Fischer – wie er wirklich ist. Ein Jahr mit dem Schachgenie (in German). Darmstadt: California-Verlag. ISBN 9783980428132.

[408] Brady 2011, p.225

[409] Mark Weeks (1997–2008). "1992 Fischer – Spassky Rematch Highlights". Printer. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[410] Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 8.

[411] "Bobby Fischer arrives in Iceland". BBC News. March 25, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[412] Soltis 2003, p. 280.

[Müller_2009,_p._382-413] Müller 2009, p. 382.

[414] Waitzkin 1993, p. 298.

[415] Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 283.

[416] Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992. The content of the first nine press conferences, in full, at pp. 13, 15–21, 53–57, 86–90, 114–18, 149–54, 170–75, 208–14, 227–31, 256–60. The tenth press conference was not transcribed, p. 272.

[417] Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, p. 291.

[418] Seirawan & Stefanovic 1992, pp. 85, 96, 303.

[419] Brady 2011, pp. 243–44.

[420] Roger Cohen (September 2, 1992). "Bobby Fischer Ends Silence With Rancor". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[421] Stephen Labaton (December 16, 1992). "FISCHER IS INDICTED OVER CHESS MATCH". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[422] "Indictment" (PDF). U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (Federal Circuit). December 15, 1992. Retrieved January 28, 2014 – via chessbase.com.

[423] Brady 2011, p. 255. "On December 15, 1992, a single count indictment in federal court in Washington, D.C., was handed down by a grand jury against Bobby Fischer for violating economic sanctions, through an executive order issued by President George Bush. A letter to that effect was sent to Bobby in Belgrade, and upon announcement of the indictment, federal officials issued a warrant for his arrest."

[424] Edward Winter. "Fischer v Gligorić Training Match (1992)", Chess Notes

[Fischer-Harper-425] "Portrait of a Genius As a Young Chess Master". Ralph Ginzburg's January 1962 interview, Harper's Magazine. Retrieved January 21, 2008.

[426] Ginzburg 1962, p. 54.

[427] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 26–27.

[428] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 15.

[brady-429] Brady, Frank (1974). Bobby Fischer:Profile of a Prodigy. Dover Publications. pp. 151–153. ISBN 978-0-486-25925-3.

[430] Chess Life, April 2009, p. 10.

[431] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 301–02. "Where was Fischer? For several years, he lived in the bosom of the Worldwide Church of God in Pasadena, where he was called 'a co-worker'. The church fed him, they gave him comfortable accommodation in Mocking Bird Lane, they even flew him around in a private jet. In return, Fischer handed over around a third ($61,200) of his Icelandic prize money."

[darrach19720811-432] Brad Darrach (August 11, 1972). "Bobby is Not a Nasty Kid". Life. p. 40. Retrieved March 25, 2013.

[433] Brady 2011, p. 143. "Bobby tried to live and practice his beliefs; he felt truly born again, and he was applying the same sense of discipline and reverence to the Bible that he had all his life to chess. [...] But eventually his religious commitments began tearing him apart. He couldn't spend ten or twelve hours a day studying chess and another six to eight hours on Bible studies [...]"

[434] This led Fischer to believe that Armstrong was really a "false prophet". Brady 2011, p. 212.

[435] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 30, 44.

[436] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 41, 45, 61, 66, 90, 92, 95, 101, 107, 117–20.

[437] Larry Parr (May 2001). "Is Bobby Fischer Anti-Semitic?". Chess News.

[438] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 123.

[439] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 41, 65–66, 118–19, 121.

[Fischer_on_Icelandic_Radio-440] Fischer on Icelandic Radio April 11, 2006.

[Interview_on_Útvarp_Saga-441] Bobby Fischer and Sigurður Tómassyni (October 2006). Interview on Útvarp Saga. Iceland.

[442] DeLucia 2009, pp. 160–62, 166

[443] Edward Winter (2009). "Chess Note 6189. Bobby Fischer Uncensored". chesshistory.com. Retrieved January 20, 2014.

[444] Fischer wrote of Nature's Eternal Religion in a 1979 letter to Benko, "'The book shows that Christianity itself is just a Jewish hoax and one more Jewish tool for their conquest of the world. ... Unfortunately the author is an extreme racist and this somewhat spoils the book.'" David DeLucia (2007) [1997]. David DeLucia's Chess Library: A Few Old Friends (2nd ed.). p. 280.

[445] DeLucia 2009, pp. 290, 292

[446] Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 27.

[447] John Daniszewski (September 4, 1992). "Fischer's 19-Year-Old Companion Shares Chess Limelight". The Seattle Times. Retrieved November 12, 2011.

[448] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 65, 106–09.

[449] Brady 2011, pp. 255–62.

[450] "Sofia Polgar discussing Bobby Fischer". Retrieved November 12, 2011 – via YouTube.

[451] "Peter Leko talks about Bobby Fischer staying at his home". April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018 – via YouTube.

[pdi-452] Vincent Cabreza (January 19, 2008). "Fischer has a Pinoy heir born in Baguio – friends". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2008.

[chessbase_fischerchild-453] "Fischer's daughter Jinky files claim to his estate". chessbase.com. November 11, 2009. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2010.

[pdi_filheirs-455] Francis Ochoa (February 7, 2008). "Fischer's Filipino heirs going after estate". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2010.

[456] "Bobby Fischer's Pinay heir may get settlement". GMANews.tv. February 26, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2010.

[Sunday_Telegraph-457] David Bamber & Chris Hastings (December 2, 2001). "Bobby Fischer speaks out to applaud Trade Centre attacks". The Sunday Telegraph. p. 17.

[Harper's_Magazine-458] "The Bin Laden defense; Diatribe; Bobby Fischer speaks out in favor of 9/11 attacks; Brief Article; Transcript". Harper's Magazine. Vol. 304 no. 1822. March 1, 2002. p. 27. 0017-789X.

[459] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 122.

[Weber-460] Bruce Weber (January 19, 2008). "Bobby Fischer, Troubled Genius of Chess, Dies at 64". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2013.

[BöhmJongkind-461] Fischer's radio broadcasts show that he was "out of his mind ... a victim of his own mental illness". Böhm & Jongkind 2003, pp. 66–67.

[462] "Executive Board Actions (EB 02-40)" (PDF). USCF. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2014.

[463] "Unofficial summary of the February, 2007, meeting of the USCF Executive Board" (PDF). Retrieved March 17, 2016.

[TimeKingsGambit-464] Jim Frederick (August 23, 2004). "King's Gambit". TIME. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.

[465] "Will Fischer be extradited?". chessbase.com. July 19, 2004. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[466] Brady 2011, p. 2. "[Fischer's] worry was that the U.S. government might finally have caught up with him. He'd violated State Department economic sanctions against Yugoslavia by playing a $5 million chess match against Boris Spassky in Sveti Stefan, Montenegro, in 1992, and an arrest warrant had been issued at that time. If he went back to the United States, he'd have to stand trial, and the penalty, if he was convicted, would be anywhere from ten years in prison to $250,000 in fines, or both, plus possible forfeiture of his $3.5 million winnings."

[mbl.is-467] "Fischer er jákvæður og skýr í hugsun" (in Icelandic).

[468] Brady 2011, pp. 281–82. "There were problems with the revocation of the passport, however. Fischer never received the notice and therefore couldn't appeal it, which according to law he had the right to do. The Justice Department claimed that the letter had been sent to the hotel in Bern (the location Bobby had given to the embassy) and was returned to them with no forwarding address appended. It was dated December 11, 2003, and when a faxed copy of the letter was ultimately examined, it didn't have an address for Fischer on it, the implication being that the embassy had never sent the letter to Bern."

[469] Brady 2011, p. 282. "Not knowing that his arrest was imminent, and believing that his passport was legal, on July 13, 2004, [Fischer] went to Narita Airport in Tokyo to board a plane bound for Manila. He was arrested and shackled in chains."

[470] Brady 2011, pp. 282, 293. "... on July 13, 2004... [Fischer] was arrested ..." "... on March 23, 2005, [Fischer] was released from his cell."

[471] Hiroshi Suzuki (August 6, 2004). "Bobby Fischer Renounces U.S. Citizenship, Seeks Refugee Status". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 2, 2010.

[472] "Spassky to Bush: Arrest me!". chessbase.com. August 10, 2004. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015. I would not like to defend or justify Bobby Fischer. He is what he is. I am asking only for one thing. For mercy, charity. If for some reason it is impossible, I would like to ask you the following: Please correct the mistake of President François Mitterrand in 1992. Bobby and myself committed the same crime. Put sanctions against me also. Arrest me. And put me in the same cell with Bobby Fischer. And give us a chess set.

[473] "Profile: Bobby Fischer: Endgame on the darker side of genius". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2009.

[474] "Fischer's next moves: renounce U.S. citizenship and marry a Japanese". The Japan Times Online. August 17, 2004. Retrieved January 4, 2014.

[475] "Fischer renounces US citizenship". chessbase.com. August 15, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2014.

[476] "Bobby Fischer's Deportation Appeal Rejected". FoxNews.com. Associated Press. July 28, 2004. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2014.

[477] "Iceland grants Fischer passport". BBC News. March 21, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[478] AP wire story, March 23, 2005. "[Fischer] was picked up by limousine supplied by the Icelandic embassy, given his new Icelandic passport, and he and Miyoko, hand in hand, sped to Narita Airport." Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 293.

[479] Brady 2011, pp. 288–89. '"Honorable Members of Althingi: I … sincerely thank the Icelandic nation for the friendship it has shown to me ever since I came to your country many years ago and competed for the title of World Champion in chess… For the past six months I have been forcibly and illegally imprisoned in Japan… During this period my health has steadily deteriorated… I would therefore like to formally request that Althingi grant me Icelandic citizenship so that I may actually enjoy the offer of residence in Iceland that your Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. David Oddsson had so graciously extended to me. Most Respectfully, BOBBY FISCHER'"

[480] "Fangavist fáránleikans" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Morgunbladid. February 2, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.

[481] Helgi Ólafsson (2014). Bobby Fischer Comes Home: The Final Years in Iceland, a Saga of Friendship and Lost Illusions. New in Chess. p. 67. ASIN B00IEOZ2N4.

[482] "Bobby Fischer: ich bin ein Icelander!". chessbase.com. March 21, 2005.

[483] Brady 2011, p. 293. "The RJF [Robert James Fischer] members called virtually every member of parliament to lobby for citizenship: full, permanent citizenship... an Extraordinary Session of Parliament was called for Saturday, Match 21, 2005. Three rounds of discussion took place in the space of twelve minutes, and questions were posed regarding the extent of the emergency. The answers were succinct and forthcoming: Bobby Fischer's improper incarceration was a violation of his rights; all he was really guilty of was moving some wooden pieces across a chessboard; he'd been a friend of Iceland and had a historical connection to it, and now he needed the country's help". Act Respecting the Granting of Citizenship, no. 16/2005.

[484] Laura Smith-Spark (March 23, 2005). "Fischer 'put Iceland on the map'". BBC. Retrieved September 13, 2008.

[485] Doug Kennedy (May 9, 2005). "Chess legend still intrigues people". PittsburghLIVE. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009.

[486] "Bobby Fischer gestures is surrounded by members of the press while speaking to the media for the first time since landing in his hew home of Reykjavik Iceland Friday March 25th 2005". echecs-photos.be. March 11, 2008. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2018.

[Bobby_Fischer_dies_in_Iceland-487] "Bobby Fischer dies in Iceland". chessbase.com. January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2014.

[488] Brady 2011, p. 305.

[489] Brady 2011, p. 319.

[suntimes-490] "Bobby Fischer's final manoeuvre". The Sunday Times. April 20, 2008.

[491] "Bobby Fischer and the missed combination". chessbase.com. December 17, 2006. Retrieved January 27, 2014.

[492] "Bobby Fischer's life for sale – on eBay". chessbase.com. December 13, 2005. Retrieved February 22, 2019.

[493] Böhm & Jongkind 2003, p. 118.

[494] Death:
"Fischer, outspoken ex-chess champion, dies of kidney failure". Associated Press. January 18, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2018.

David Batty (January 18, 2008). "Chess champion Bobby Fischer dies". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

"Dánarorsök Fischers var nýrnabilun". mbl.is (in Icelandic). January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

"Chess genius Bobby Fischer, from American hero to paranoid fugitive". AFP. January 18, 2008. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

"Obituary: Bobby Fischer". BBC News. January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

"Chess legend Fischer dies at 64". BBC News. January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

"Bobby Fischer: Obituary". The Sunday Times. January 19, 2008.

Bruce Weber (January 19, 2008). "Bobby Fischer, Chess Master, Dies at 64". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

[505] "Fischer, outspoken ex-chess champion, dies of kidney failure". Associated Press. January 18, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2018.

[506] David Batty (January 18, 2008). "Chess champion Bobby Fischer dies". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[507] "Dánarorsök Fischers var nýrnabilun". mbl.is (in Icelandic). January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

[508] "Chess genius Bobby Fischer, from American hero to paranoid fugitive". AFP. January 18, 2008. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

American chess masters by birth year
pre-1910	Weaver W. Adams David Graham Baird John Washington Baird Newell W. Banks Jacob Bernstein A. T. Bigelow Horace Bigelow Roy Turnbull Black Boris Blumin Constant Ferdinand Burille Oscar Chajes Irving Chernev Eugene Delmar Leonids Dreibergs Louis Eisenberg Arpad Elo Samuel Factor Julius Finn Albert Fox Selim Franklin James Grundy Milton Hanauer James Hanham Hermann Helms Albert Hodges Israel Albert Horowitz Henry Hosmer Clarence Howell Charles Jaffe Nicolai Jasnogrodsky Max Judd Paul Morphy
1910s	Sidney Norman Bernstein John W. Collins Arthur Dake Arnold Denker Reuben Fine Samuel Reshevsky
1920s	Pal Benko Hans Berliner Arthur Bisguier Robert Byrne Russ Chauvenet Bill Hook
1930s	William Addison Curt Brasket Donald Byrne Kenneth Clayton John Curdo Leroy Dubeck Larry Evans Arthur Feuerstein William Lombardy
1940s	Jude Acers Lev Alburt Boris Baczynsky Ralph Betza Walter Browne Roman Dzindzichashvili Edward W. Formanek Bobby Fischer Bill Goichberg Mike Goodall John Grefe Boris Gulko Dan Harrington Asa Hoffman
1950s	Randy Bauer Calvin Blocker Larry Christiansen Mark Diesen William John Donaldson James Eade Esther Epstein John Fedorowicz Nick de Firmian David S. Goodman Dmitry Gurevich Dan Heisman Ron Henley Alexander Ivanov Gregory Kaidanov
1960s	Maurice Ashley Joel Benjamin Maxim Dlugy Jaan Ehlvest Ben Finegold Alexander Fishbein Alexander Goldin Yasser Seirawan
1970s	Ilya Gurevich Gata Kamsky Alexander Onischuk Julio Becerra Rivero Yury Shulman Alexander Stripunsky
1980s	Varuzhan Akobian Salvijus Bercys Vinay Bhat Sergey Erenburg Florin Felecan Joshua Friedel Timur Gareyev Aleksandr Lenderman Hikaru Nakamura Alejandro Ramírez
1990s	Marc Tyler Arnold Fabiano Caruana Akshat Chandra Robert Hess Conrad Holt Daniel Naroditsky Ray Robson Samuel Shankland Wesley So Andrew Tang Kayden Troff
2000s	John M. Burke Awonder Liang Maximillian Lu Samuel Sevian Jeffery Xiong