George Steiner

Francis George Steiner,[2] FBA (April 23, 1929 – February 3, 2020)[3][4] was a Franco-American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator.[5] He wrote extensively about the relationship between language, literature and society, and the impact of the Holocaust.[6] An article in The Guardian described Steiner as a "polyglot and polymath".[7]

George Steiner
Steiner speaking at the Nexus Institute, The Netherlands, 2013
BornFrancis George Steiner
(1929-04-23)April 23, 1929
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
DiedFebruary 3, 2020(2020-02-03) (aged 90)
Cambridge, England
OccupationAuthor, essayist, literary critic, professor
NationalityFrench, American
Period1960–2020
GenreHistory, literature, literary fiction
Notable worksAfter Babel (1975)
Notable awardsTruman Capote Lifetime Achievement Award (1998)
Spouse
(
m. 1955⁠–⁠2020)
(his death)[1]
Children2

Among his admirers, Steiner is ranked "among the great minds in today's literary world".[3] English novelist A. S. Byatt described him as a "late, late, late Renaissance man ... a European metaphysician with an instinct for the driving ideas of our time".[7] Harriet Harvey-Wood, a former literature director of the British Council, described him as a "magnificent lecturer – prophetic and doom-laden [who would] turn up with half a page of scribbled notes, and never refer to them".[7]

Steiner was Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Geneva (1974–94), Professor of Comparative Literature and Fellow at the University of Oxford (1994–95), Professor of Poetry at Harvard University (2001–02), and an Extraordinary Fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge (since 1969).[2]

Personal life

George Steiner was born in 1929 in Paris, to Viennese Jewish parents Else (née Franzos) and Frederick Georg Steiner. He had an elder sister, Ruth Lilian, who was born in Vienna in 1922.[2] Frederick Steiner was a senior lawyer at Austria's central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank, and Else Steiner was a Viennese grande dame.[8]

Five years before Steiner's birth, his father had moved his family from Austria to France to escape the growing threat of Nazism. He believed that Jews were "endangered guests wherever they went"[7] and equipped his children with languages. Steiner grew up with three mother tongues: German, English, and French; his mother was multilingual and would often "begin a sentence in one language and end it in another".[7]

When he was six years old, his father who believed in the importance of classical education taught him to read the Iliad in the original Greek.[7][9][10] His mother, for whom "self-pity was nauseating",[7] helped Steiner overcome a handicap he had been born with, a withered right arm. Instead of allowing him to become left-handed, she insisted he use his right hand as an able-bodied person would.[7]

Steiner's first formal education took place at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris. In 1940, during World War II, Steiner's father once again relocated his family, this time to New York City. Within a month of their move, the Nazis occupied Paris, and of the many Jewish children in Steiner's class at school, he was one of only two who survived the war.[7] Again his father's insight had saved his family, and this made Steiner feel like a survivor, which profoundly influenced his later writings. "My whole life has been about death, remembering and the Holocaust."[7] Steiner became a "grateful wanderer", saying that "Trees have roots and I have legs; I owe my life to that."[7] He spent the rest of his school years at the Lycée Français de New York in Manhattan, and became a United States citizen in 1944.[4]

After high school, Steiner went to the University of Chicago, where he studied literature as well as mathematics and physics, and obtained a BA degree in 1948. This was followed by an MA degree from Harvard University in 1950. He then attended Balliol College, Oxford, on a Rhodes Scholarship.[4]

After his doctoral thesis at Oxford, a draft of The Death of Tragedy (later published by Faber and Faber), was rejected, Steiner took time off from his studies to teach English at Williams College and to work as leader writer for the London-based weekly publication The Economist between 1952 and 1956. It was during this time that he met Zara Shakow, a New Yorker of Lithuanian[7] descent. She had also studied at Harvard, and they met in London at the suggestion of their former professors. "The professors had had a bet ... that we would get married if we ever met."[11] They married in 1955, the year he received his DPhil from Oxford University.[7] They have a son, David Steiner (who served as New York State's Commissioner of Education from 2009 to 2011) and a daughter, Deborah Steiner (Professor of Classics at Columbia University). He last lived in Cambridge, England.[2] Zara Steiner died on 13 February 2020, ten days after her husband.[1]

Career

In 1956 Steiner returned to the United States, where for two years he was a scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He also held a Fulbright professorship in Innsbruck, Austria, from 1958 to 1959. In 1959, he was appointed Gauss Lecturer at Princeton, where he lectured for another two years. He then became a founding fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge in 1961. Steiner was initially not well received at Cambridge by the English faculty.[12] Some disapproved of this charismatic "firebrand with a foreign accent"[7] and questioned the relevance of the Holocaust he constantly referred to in his lectures. Bryan Cheyette, professor of 20th-century literature at the University of Southampton said that at the time, "Britain [...] didn't think it had a relationship to the Holocaust; its mythology of the war was rooted in the Blitz, Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain."[7] While Steiner received a professorial salary, he was never made a full professor at Cambridge with the right to examine. He had the option of leaving for professorships in the United States, but Steiner's father objected, saying that Hitler, who said no one bearing their name would be left in Europe, would then have won. Steiner remained in England because "I'd do anything rather than face such contempt from my father."[7] He was elected an Extraordinary Fellow at Churchill College in 1969.[13]

After several years as a freelance writer and occasional lecturer, Steiner accepted the post of Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Geneva in 1974; he held this post for 20 years, teaching in four languages. He lived by Goethe's maxim that "no monoglot truly knows his own language."[7] He became Professor Emeritus at Geneva University on his retirement in 1994, and an Honorary Fellow at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1995. He later held the positions of the first Lord Weidenfeld Professor of Comparative European Literature and Fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, from 1994 to 1995,[14] and Norton Professor of Poetry at Harvard University from 2001 to 2002.[15]

Steiner was called "an intelligent and intellectual critic and essayist."[3] He was active on undergraduate publications while at the University of Chicago and later became a regular contributor of reviews and articles to many journals and newspapers including The Times Literary Supplement and The Guardian. He wrote for The New Yorker for over thirty years, contributing over two hundred reviews.[16]

While Steiner generally took things very seriously, he also revealed an unexpected deadpan humor: when he was once asked if he had ever read anything trivial as a child, he replied, Moby-Dick.[7]

Views

Steiner was regarded as a polymath and is often credited with having recast the role of the critic by having explored art and thought unbounded by national frontiers or academic disciplines. He advocated generalisation over specialisation, and insisted that the notion of being literate must encompass knowledge of both arts and sciences. Steiner believed that nationalism is too inherently violent to satisfy the moral prerogative of Judaism, having said "that because of what we are, there are things we can't do."[7]

Among Steiner's non-traditional views, in his autobiography titled Errata (1997), Steiner related his sympathetic stance towards the use of brothels since his college years at the University of Chicago. As Steiner stated, "My virginity offended Alfie (his college room-mate). He found it ostentatious and vaguely corrupt in a nineteen-year-old... He sniffed the fear in me with disdain. And marched me off to Cicero, Illinois, a town justly ill famed but, by virtue of its name, reassuring to me. There he organized, with casual authority, an initiation as thorough as it was gentle. It is this unlikely gentleness, the caring under circumstances so outwardly crass, that blesses me still."[17]

Central to Steiner's thinking, he stated, "is my astonishment, naïve as it seems to people, that you can use human speech both to love, to build, to forgive, and also to torture, to hate, to destroy and to annihilate."[16]

Steiner received criticism and support[18][19] for his views that racism is inherent in everyone and that tolerance is only skin deep. He is reported to have said: "It's very easy to sit here, in this room, and say 'racism is horrible'. But ask me the same thing if a Jamaican family moved next door with six children and they play reggae and rock music all day. Or if an estate agent comes to my house and tells me that because a Jamaican family has moved next door the value of my property has fallen through the floor. Ask me then!"[18]

Works

Steiner's literary career spanned half a century. He published original essays and books that address the anomalies of contemporary Western culture, issues of language and its "debasement" in the post-Holocaust age.[7][20] His field was primarily comparative literature, and his work as a critic tended toward exploring cultural and philosophical issues, particularly dealing with translation and the nature of language and literature.[21]

Steiner's first published book was Tolstoy or Dostoevsky: An Essay in Contrast (1960), which was a study of the different ideas and ideologies of the Russian writers Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. The Death of Tragedy (1961) originated as his doctoral thesis at the University of Oxford and examined literature from the ancient Greeks to the mid-20th century. His best-known book, After Babel (1975), was an early and influential contribution to the field of translation studies. It was adapted for television as The Tongues of Men (1977),[22] and was the inspiration behind the creation in 1983 of the English avant-rock group News from Babel.[23]

Works of literary fiction by Steiner include four short story collections, Anno Domini: Three Stories (1964), Proofs and Three Parables (1992), The Deeps of the Sea (1996), and A cinq heures de l'après-midi (2008); and his controversial[24] novella, The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. (1981). Portage to San Cristobal, in which Jewish Nazi hunters find Adolf Hitler (the "A.H." of the novella's title) alive in the Amazon jungle thirty years after the end of World War II, explored ideas about the origins of European anti-semitism first expounded by Steiner in his critical work In Bluebeard's Castle (1971). Steiner has suggested that Nazism was Europe's revenge on the Jews for inventing conscience.[7] Cheyette sees Steiner's fiction as "an exploratory space where he can think against himself." It "contrasts its humility and openness with his increasingly closed and orthodox critical work." Central to it is the survivor's "terrible, masochistic envy about not being there – having missed the rendezvous with hell".[7]

No Passion Spent (1996) is a collection of essays on topics as diverse as Kierkegaard, Homer in translation, Biblical texts, and Freud's dream theory. Errata: An Examined Life (1997) is a semi-autobiography,[3] and Grammars of Creation (2001), based on Steiner's 1990 Gifford Lectures delivered at the University of Glasgow, explores a range of subjects from cosmology to poetry.[25]

Awards and honors

George Steiner received many honors, including:

He has also won numerous awards for his fiction and poetry, including:

  • Remembrance Award (1974) for Language and Silence: Essays 1958–1966.
  • PEN/Macmillan Silver Pen Award (1992) for Proofs and Three Parables.[3]
  • PEN/Macmillan Fiction Prize (1993) for Proofs and Three Parables.[3]
  • JQ Wingate Prize for Non-Fiction (joint winner with Louise Kehoe and Silvia Rodgers) (1997) for No Passion Spent.

Bibliography
Main article: George Steiner bibliography
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References
  1. Schudel, Matt (February 16, 2020). "Zara Steiner, distinguished scholar of diplomatic history, dies at 91". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  2. "The Papers of George Steiner". Janus. Retrieved March 26, 2008. [Steiner] has not used the name Francis since his undergraduate days.
  3. Hahn, Daniel. "George Steiner". Contemporary Writers in the UK. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  4. Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher; Grimes, William (February 3, 2020). "George Steiner, Prodigious Literary Critic, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  5. Murphy, Rex. "ERRATA: An Examined Life by George Steiner". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, January 3, 1998. Archived from the original on January 24, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  6. Cheyette, Bryan. "Between Repulsion and Attraction: George Steiner's Post-Holocaust Fiction". Jewish Social Studies. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  7. Jaggi, Maya (March 17, 2001). "George and his dragons". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  8. Steiner, George. "Büchner lives on". The Times Literary Supplement, December 13, 2006. London. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  9. Baker, Kenneth (April 12, 1998). "Steiner's Memoir a Sketchy Mix of Reminiscence and Complaint". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  10. "Errata: An Examined Life". University of Chicago Magazine. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  11. Cowley, Jason (September 22, 1997). "A traveller in the realm of the mind". The Times. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  12. "Letters to the Editor: George Steiner, Maugham in China, George Sand, etc". The Times Literary Supplement. 27 March 2020. ISSN 0307-661X. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  13. Homberger, Eric (February 5, 2020). "George Steiner obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  14. "The Weidenfeld Chair in Comparative European Literature". St Anne's College, Oxford. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  15. "George Steiner named Norton Professor". The Harvard Gazette. March 15, 2001. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  16. "Grammars of Creation" (PDF). National Adult Literacy Database. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  17. Steiner, George (1997). Errata, Yale University Press, 1997, pp. 43–44.
  18. Simpson, Aislinn; Salter, Jessica (August 11, 2008). "Cambridge academic says he would not tolerate Jamaican neighbours". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  19. Johns, Lindsay (September 3, 2008). "Out of touch, but not a racist". The Guardian. London.
  20. "Literary Critic George Steiner wins Truman Capote Award". Stanford Online Report. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  21. Steiner, George (2013). After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-4804-1185-2. OCLC 892798474.
  22. Maia, Rita Bueno; Pinto, Marta Pacheco; Pinto, Sara Ramos (April 1, 2015). How Peripheral is the Periphery? Translating Portugal Back and Forth: Essays in Honour of João Ferreira Duarte. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 244–245. ISBN 978-1-4438-8304-7.
  23. "November News 2005". Paris Transatlantic. November 2005. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  24. Rosenbaum, Ron (March 17, 2002). "Mirroring Evil? No, Mirroring Art Theory". The New York Observer. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  25. "The Gifford Lectures: George Steiner". www.giffordlectures.org. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  26. "Professor George Steiner, 23 April 1929 – 3 February 2020". Churchill College Cambridge. February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  27. "George Steiner". Prince of Asturias Awards. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2008.

Sources
  • Averil Condren, Papers of George Steiner, Churchill Archives Centre, 2001
  • The Harvard Gazette (27.09.01)
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