World Chess Championship 1975

The 1975 World Chess Championship was not played due to a dispute over the match format. Champion Bobby Fischer (United States) was to play Anatoly Karpov (Soviet Union) in Manila, commencing June 1, 1975. Fischer refused to play the then-standard "Best of 24 games" match, and after FIDE was unable to work out a compromise, forfeited his title instead. Karpov was named World Champion by default on April 3, 1975.

1973 Interzonal tournaments

Two 18-player, single round robin Interzonals were played with the top three from each qualifying for the Candidates Tournament. Leningrad and Petropolis, Brazil were the venues.

June 1973 Interzonal, Leningrad
Rating123456789101112131415161718TotalTie break (not used)
1 Viktor Korchnoi (Soviet Union)2635-½1½11½1½111½1011113½108.25
2 Anatoly Karpov (Soviet Union)2545½-½1½½1½1½1½11111113½104.25
3 Robert Byrne (United States)25700½-½½1½½½111½1111112½
4 Jan Smejkal (Czechoslovakia)2570½0½-00½½110111111111
5 Robert Hübner (West Germany)26000½½1-0½11½½1½1½½011079.50
6 Bent Larsen (Denmark)26200½011-100½011½1½111075.00
7 Gennady Kuzmin (Soviet Union)2565½0½½½0-10½½½1½111½9½
8 Mikhail Tal (Soviet Union)26550½½½010-1½11½001018½67.25
9 Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia)2595½0½00110-½½½½1½0118½64.00
10 Mark Taimanov (Soviet Union)25950½00½½½½½-½1½½1½1½8½63.00
11 Miguel Quinteros (Argentina)24800001½1½0½½-00½½1½17½55.75
12 Ivan Radulov (Bulgaria)25100½0000½0½01-11½½117½49.50
13 Wolfgang Uhlmann (East Germany)2550½0½0½00½½½10-½½½½1751.75
14 Eugenio Torre (Philippines)243000000½½10½½0½-½111745.00
15 Josip Rukavina (Yugoslavia)24601000½001½0½½½½-01½6½
16 Vladimir Tukmakov (Soviet Union)25600000½½001½0½½01-½16
17 Guillermo Estévez Morales (Cuba)23850000100100½0½00½-14½
18 Miguel Cuéllar (Colombia)2400000000½00½0000½00-1½

Korchnoi, Karpov, and Byrne qualified for the Candidates Tournament.

July–August 1973 Interzonal, Petropolis
Rating123456789101112131415161718TotalTie break (not used)
1 Henrique Mecking (Brazil)2575-½½½1½½1½½1½½1½11112
2 Efim Geller (Soviet Union)2585½-½½½1½½½1½½11011111½89.50
3 Lev Polugaevsky (Soviet Union)2640½½-1½½½½½½½011111111½88.00
4 Lajos Portisch (Hungary)2645½½0-½½½½1½1½1½111111½85.50
5 Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union)26000½½½-01½½1½½11½11111
6 David Bronstein (Soviet Union)2585½0½½1-0½½111½1½11010½
7 Vlastimil Hort (Czechoslovakia)2610½½½½01-1001½½½1½1110
8 Vladimir Savon (Soviet Union)25700½½½½½0-½011½½11½19½
9 Borislav Ivkov (Yugoslavia)2535½½½0½½1½-½½½½½½1½½972.75
10 Ljubomir Ljubojević (Yugoslavia)2570½0½½0011½-01½01½11967.50
11 Samuel Reshevsky (United States)25750½½0½000½1-1½½11½18½
12 Oscar Panno (Argentina)2580½½1½½0½0½00-½½½½11862.50
13 Paul Keres (Soviet Union)2605½0000½½½½½½½-½½111854.25
14 Florin Gheorghiu (Romania)2530000½00½½½1½½½-1½½17½
15 Peter Biyiasas (Canada)2395½100½½00½00½½0-½116½
16 Tan Lian Ann (Singapore)2365000000½00½0½0½½-½0322.00
17 Werner Hug (Switzerland)24450000000½½0½00½0½-½320.25
18 Shimon Kagan (Israel)240500000100½0000001½-319.50

Mecking qualified outright for the Candidates Tournament, while the three players tied for second place contested a playoff in Portoroz for the remaining two spots.

September 1973 playoff, Portoroz
Rating123Total
1 Lajos Portisch (Hungary)2650-11===1==5½
2 Lev Polugaevsky (Soviet Union)262500==-110=3½
3 Efim Geller (Soviet Union)2605=0==001=-3

Portisch and Polugaevsky qualified.

1974 Candidates tournament

The 1974 Candidates Tournament was played as knockout matches. Spassky as the loser of the last championship match and Petrosian as loser of the previous candidates final were seeded directly into the tournament and joined by the top three from each of the two interzonals.

The first round matches were first to win three games, draws not counting. Semifinals were first to four wins, while the final was first to five wins but with a maximum of 24 games. Karpov beat Korchnoi 3–2 with 19 draws, earning the right to challenge Fischer.

  Quarterfinals
 Semifinals
 Final
                           
  Moscow, Jan–Feb 1974
    Anatoly Karpov 5½  
    Lev Polugaevsky 2½     Leningrad, Apr–May 1974
      Anatoly Karpov 7  
  San Juan, Puerto Rico, Jan 1974     Boris Spassky 4  
    Boris Spassky 4½
    Robert Byrne 1½     Moscow, Sep–Nov 1974
      Anatoly Karpov 12½
  Augusta, Georgia, USA 1974       Viktor Korchnoi 11½
    Viktor Korchnoi 7½  
    Henrique Mecking 5½     Odessa, Apr 1974
      Viktor Korchnoi 3½
  Palma de Mallorca 1974     Tigran Petrosian (forfeit) 1½  
    Tigran Petrosian 7
    Lajos Portisch 6  

The semifinal stage was marked by the presence of two ex-champions, Petrosian and Spassky, playing in different matches. The two had faced each other in the 1966 and 1969 title matches. Both were eliminated in this stage of the current cycle. Although the match rules called for four wins in the semifinals, Petrosian resigned the match after losing three games.

Candidates Final Match
Candidates Match 1974[1]
123456789101112131415161718192021222324Points
 Anatoly Karpov (USSR) ½1½½½1½½½½½½½½½½1½0½0½½½12½
 Viktor Korchnoi (USSR) ½0½½½0½½½½½½½½½½0½1½1½½½11½

Championship match

Fischer had, prior to his 1972 match against Spassky, felt that the first-to-12½-points format was not fair, since it encouraged whoever was leading to play for draws instead of wins. He himself espoused this strategy in the match: after having taken a comfortable lead, he drew games 14–20. With each game, he coasted closer to the title, while Spassky lost a chance to fight back. This style of chess offended Fischer. Instead he demanded the format be changed to that used in the very first World Championship, between Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort, where the winner was the first player to score 10 wins with draws not counting. In case of a 9–9 score, the champion would retain title, and the prize fund split equally.[2][3] A FIDE Congress was held in 1974 during the Nice Olympiad. The delegates voted in favor of Fischer's 10-win proposal, but rejected the 9–9 clause as well as the possibility of an unlimited match.[4] In response, Fischer refused to defend his title. Deadlines were extended for Fischer's reconsideration, but he did not respond, so Karpov was named World Champion by default on April 3, 1975.

Aftermath

After Fischer defaulted, Karpov became World Champion by forfeit. Whether Karpov could have beaten Fischer is a matter of speculation. Future world champion Garry Kasparov argued that Karpov would have had good chances, because he had beaten Spassky convincingly and was a new breed of tough professional, and indeed had higher quality games, while Fischer had been inactive for three years.[5] This view is echoed by Karpov himself.[6] Spassky thought that Fischer would have won in 1975 but Karpov would have qualified again and beaten Fischer in 1978.[7]

Karpov had become world champion without defeating the previous champion in a match, causing some to question the legitimacy of his title. He combated these questions by participating in nearly every major tournament for the next ten years.[8] He convincingly won the very strong Milan tournament in 1975, and captured his first of three Soviet titles in 1976. He created a phenomenal streak of tournament wins against the strongest players in the world. Karpov held the record for most consecutive tournament victories (9) until it was shattered by Garry Kasparov (14). As a result, most experts soon acknowledged him as a legitimate world champion.[9][10][11]

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References
  1. "Karpov - Korchnoi Candidates Final (1974)". Chessgames Services LLC.
  2. Seirawan, Yasser. Winning Chess Brilliancies. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1857443479.
  3. Kasparov, Garry. My Great Predecessors, Volume IV. Gloucester Publishers. ISBN 1-85744-395-0.
  4. Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, pp. 412–13
  5. Kasparov, My Great Predecessors, part IV: Fischer, p. 474
  6. "Karpov on Fischer, Korchnoi, Kasparov and the chess world today". Chessbase. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  7. In an article (PDF) published in 2004 on the Chesscafe website Susan Polgar wrote: "I spoke to Boris Spassky about this same issue and he believes that Bobby would have won in 1975, but that Anatoly would have won the rematch."
  8. Seirawan, Yasser. Winning Chess Strategies. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1857443851.
  9. Seirawan, Yasser. Winning Chess Brilliancies. Microsoft Press. ISBN 9781857443479.
  10. Goodman, David (1986). The Centenary Match Kasparov-Karpov III. Macmillan Pub Co. ISBN 978-0020287001.
  11. Fine, Reuben (1976). The world's great chess games. Ishi Press. ISBN 978-4871875325.

Further reading
  • Anatoly Karpov: The Road to the World Chess Championship, Robert Byrne, Bantam Books, 1976
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