Bishop and knight checkmate

The bishop and knight checkmate in chess is the checkmate of a lone king which can be forced by a bishop, knight, and king. With the stronger side to move and with perfect play, checkmate can be forced in at most thirty-three moves from any starting position where the defender cannot quickly win one of the pieces.[1][2] The exceptions occur when (1) the defending king may be forking the bishop and knight so that one of them is lost on the next move, or (2) the knight may be trapped in a corner by the defending king and the knight is lost in one or two moves, and the position is not in the "stalemate trap" (see below). These exceptions constitute about 0.5% of the positions.[3] Checkmates are possible with the defending king on any square at the edge of the board, but can be forced only from positions with different material or if the defending king is in a corner controlled by the bishop or on a square on the edge next to a corner, but mate adjacent to the corners not controlled by the bishop is only two moves deep (with the same material), so is not generally encountered unless the defending side plays inaccurately. Although this is classified as one of the four basic or elementary checkmates (Fine & Benko 2003:1) (the others being king and queen; king and rook; or king and two bishops against a lone king), it occurs in practice approximately only once in every 6,000 games.[4]

A.
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Checkmate with bishop and knight (Müller & Lamprecht 2001:19)
B.
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An alternate checkmate (Dvoretsky 2006:279)
C.
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Alternate checkmate that cannot be forced
D.
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Alternate checkmate that cannot be forced
E.
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Alternate checkmate that can be forced
F.
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Checkmate in "wrong" corner that cannot be forced
G.
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White checkmates in 33 moves with optimal play on both sides, which is the longest distance to checkmate for these positions (Müller & Lamprecht 2001:400).


History and methods

A method for checkmate applicable when the lone king is in the corner of the opposite color from the bishop (the "wrong" corner, where checkmate cannot be forced), was given by Philidor in the 1777 update[5] to his famous 1749 treatise, L'Analyse des Échecs.[6] Another method, known as "Delétang's Method" or "Delétang's Triangles",[7] applicable when the lone king is unable to reach the longest diagonal of the color opposite to that of the bishop, involves confining the lone king in a series of three increasingly smaller triangles, ultimately forcing it into a corner of the same color as the bishop (the "right" corner). Some of the ideas of this method date back to 1780, but the complete system was first published in 1923 by Daniel Delétang.[8] The method as propounded is not optimal, but it is relatively simple; so long as White has trapped the king behind the diagonal in a reasonable number of moves, it will lead to mate before the fifty-move rule takes effect. His "second triangle" or "middle triangle" occurs also in the analysis of play with the king in the corner of opposite color to the bishop shown in Fine (1941:4), as well as in Philidor's analysis. Fine's analysis improves on Philidor's. Checkmate can be forced without using either method to complete the mate.

Importance

Opinions differ among chess authors as to whether or not a player should learn this checkmate procedure. James Howell omits the checkmate with two bishops in his book because it rarely occurs, but includes the bishop and knight checkmate. Howell says that he has had it three times (always on the defending side) and that it occurs more often than the checkmate with two bishops (Howell 1997:138). On the other hand, Jeremy Silman includes the checkmate with two bishops but not the bishop plus knight checkmate because he has encountered the latter only once and his friend John Watson has never encountered it (Silman 2007:33,188). Silman says:

[...] mastering it would take a significant chunk of time. Should the chess hopeful really spend many of his precious hours he's put aside for chess study learning an endgame he will achieve (at most) only once or twice in his lifetime?

International Master Jonathan Hawkins has encountered the position only once in games (Hawkins 2012:192). Grandmaster Andy Soltis says that he has never played this endgame and most players will never have it in their career. However, learning it teaches techniques that can be applied elsewhere (Soltis 2010:13).

Although bishop, knight, and king versus king may never be encountered in the careers of many chess players, a notable example of it occurring in an important occasion was in Tal Shaked's victory over Alexander Morozevich in the penultimate round of the 1997 World Junior Chess Championship. Shaked knew the correct mating pattern, and his victory catapulted him to becoming World Junior Champion, whereas a draw would have prevented him from winning the title.[9]

Method

Overview

It is assumed in this section that White has the bishop and knight.

Since checkmate can only be forced in the corner of the same color as the squares on which the bishop moves (the "right" corner), an opponent who is aware of this will try to stay first in the center of the board, and then in the "wrong" corner. Thus there are three phases in the checkmating process:

  1. Driving the opposing king to the edge of the board.
  2. Forcing the king out of the "wrong" corner to the "right" corner, if necessary.
  3. Delivering the checkmate.

(Müller & Lamprecht 2001:18)

Positions in this endgame fall into four categories:

  1. Positions which are stalemate, or in which White cannot prevent stalemate or the loss of one of their pieces, such as in the positions H and J (below). These form a significant minority, in almost all of which Black to play can immediately take a piece or irrecoverably fork the pieces or White to play has their pieces irrecoverably forked. Such positions are clearly drawn. All other positions can be won by White.
  2. Positions in which White can force mate on a square adjacent to the "wrong" corner, such as position K after 1...Kh8. These form a tiny minority.
  3. Positions in which White can prevent the black king reaching the longest diagonal of the color opposite to that of the bishop, such as positions O–S. These form a substantial minority. In such positions White can force mate using Delétang's triangle method, described below.
  4. Positions in which the black king can reach the longest diagonal of the color opposite to that of the bishop, such as positions L–N. These are the majority, in which the general method beginning with Phase 1 as described below can be applied.

Checkmate is usually quicker from the third type of position than the fourth type, (Müller & Lamprecht 2001:Kindle locn. 381), so White should usually aim for the former and Black the latter.

H.
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Black to play draws.
J.
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Black to play draws.
K.
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Black cannot play to the corner:

1...Kh8, 2.Ng6+ Kg8 3.Bc4#.

(After 1...Kf8 2.Bc4 Ke7 3.Kg7 Kd6 4.Nd3, White reaches Delétang's first net.)

Phase 1

L. From Seirawan
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White uses his pieces to force the black king to the side

PGN text ➤

M.
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After 5.Be4, White has a wall.

In the first phase, White uses their pieces to force the black king to the edge of the board. As noted above, White achieves mate more quickly by preventing the black king from reaching the longest diagonal of the color opposite to that of the bishop.

Here is an example of how the first phase can be accomplished from the position L.

1. Bg2 Kd4
2. Kd2 Ke5
3. Ke3 Kf5
4. Nd3 Sealing off the e5-square.
4... Kg5
5. Be4 White has a wall and will push the king into a corner, see diagram M.
5... Kf6 The black king is too close to the h8 corner.
[Editorial note: Seirawan's comment appears to be a misprint: the black king should try to avoid the h1 corner and head for the h8 corner. Thus 5...Kg4 would be worse. If instead the black king moves to the h-file White can play Kf4–f5 followed by Kf6 and Ne5 (in some order) reaching a position of type N on move 9.]
6. Kd4
[Editorial note: The white king heads for the left hand side of the wall, but this checkmates more slowly by one move than 6.Kf4 heading directly for f6.[10]]
6... Ke6
7. Kc5 Ke7
8. Kd5 The black king now must decide where to go, so he goes to the h8 corner, where checkmate cannot be forced.
8... Kf6
9. Kd6 Kf7
10. Ke5 Kg7!
11. Ke6 Kg8
[Editorial note: Here Black miscalculates the moves. White arrives at a position equivalent to N on move 13 but with Black to move. Had Black instead played 11...Kf8 or 11...Kh8, White would be in zugzwang at that point.]
12. Ne5! Centralizing the knight and preparing to force the black king out of the h8 corner.
12... Kf8
13. Kf6 Kg8
14. Nf7!

Keeping the black king out of the h8 corner. Now White can force the king to the a8 corner (the "right" corner for checkmate) by one of the methods below, or by similar techniques.[11]


Phases 2 and 3

W manoeuvre

The position on the right is one that typically arises after the first phase has been completed and the defender has headed to a corner of opposite color to that of the bishop. The following method to push the king to the "right" corner is commonly given (Müller & Lamprecht 2001:18, Dvoretsky 2006:279):

N.
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White to move begins executing the W manoeuvre
1. Nf7+

First White forces the king to leave the corner. The white bishop is positioned so that the next two moves, gaining control of g8, are possible.

1... Kg8 2. Bf5

A waiting move, forcing Black's king to move so White can play 3.Bh7, taking away g8 from the king.

2... Kf8 3. Bh7 Ke8 4. Ne5

The key to the standard winning method is the Nf7–e5–d7–c5–b7 movement of the knight, forming a "W" shape. Now there are two possible defenses:

Defense A: 4...Kf8

Black clings to the "safe" corner, but loses more quickly.

5. Nd7+ Ke8 6. Ke6 Kd8 7. Kd6 Ke8 8. Bg6+ Kd8 9. Bf7 Kc8 10. Nc5 (continuing the knight's manoeuvre)
10... Kd8 11. Nb7+ Kc8 12. Kc6 Kb8 13. Kb6 (now the king is in the correct position, a knight's move away from the right corner) 13... Kc8 14. Be6+ Kb8 15. Bd7 (now the defending king is confined to the right corner, and checkmate can be given)
15... Ka8 16. Nc5 Kb8 17. Na6+ Ka8 18. Bc6#
Defense B: 4...Kd8

Here, the defending king tries to leave the edge of the board. This holds out longer.

5. Ke6 Kc7 6. Nd7! White continues the knight's W manoeuvre, even though Black's king has temporarily left the back rank.
6... Kb7 7. Bd3!
O.
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Position after 8...Kc7

Black's king is now restricted to the correct-colored corner. The perimeter is bounded by a6, b6, b5, c5, d5, d6, d7, e7, f7, f8. White's subsequent moves tighten this area further.

7... Kc6 8. Be2 Kc7

At this point several ways of continuing are possible, including the following two:

Continue the W manoeuvre

One continuation from the position after Black's eighth move is to continue the W manoeuvre of the knight, by bringing it to c5 and b7. Müller & Lamprecht (2001:19) give 9. Bf3 Kd8 10. Kd6 Ke8 11. Bh5+ Kd8 12. Bf7 Kc8 13. Nc5 Kd8 14. Nb7+ Kc8 15. Kc6 Kb8 16. Kb6 Kc8 17. Be6+ Kb8 18. Nc5 Ka8 19. Bd7 Kb8 20. Na6+ Ka8 21. Bc6# (the first checkmate diagram). However, the following improvement is possible 12. Nc5 after which Fine (1941:4) continues 12... Kc8 13. Be2 Kd8 14. Bb5 Kc8 15. Bd7+ Kb8 16. Kc6 Ka7 17. Kc7 Ka8 18. Kb6 Kb8 19. Na6+ Ka8 20. Bc6#.

Delétang's second triangle
P.
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Position after Black's move 11 (Delétang's second net)

Alternatively, from the position after Black's eighth move (with the irrelevant difference of the bishop on d3 instead of e2), Fine (1941:4) shows that Delétang's triangle method is equally quick: 9. Bb5 Kd8 10. Nb6 Kc7 11. Nd5+ Kd8 12. Kd6 Kc8 13. Ke7 Kb7 14. Kd7 Kb8 15. Ba6 (Delétang's third triangle) 15... Ka7 16. Bc8 Kb8 17. Ne7 Ka7 (17...Ka8 18.Kc7 Ka7 19.Nc6+ Ka8 20.Bb7#) 18. Kc7 Ka8 19. Bb7+ Ka7 20. Nc6#.

Delétang's triangle method

Delétang's triangle method produces checkmate by confining the king in successively smaller areas. In the first set of three diagrams, the king is confined inside the marked area and a corner in which the checkmate can occur is in the area. The king cannot escape the area nor attack the bishop or knight. The second set of three diagrams shows the triangles and how the bishop controls the hypotenuse of the triangle (Pandolfini 2009:48ff).

Q.
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First net
R.
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Second net
S.
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Third net

In the first net all three pieces are required to confine the king. In the second net only the bishop and knight are needed. In the third net, the king and bishop confine the king, allowing the knight to either checkmate or assist in the checkmate (de la Villa 2008:205). The winning procedure consists of making the king move so that the bishop can reach the hypotenuse of the next smaller triangle (Pandolfini 2009:48ff).

T.
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First triangle

PGN text ➤

U.
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Second triangle
V.
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Third triangle

Starting from the position of the first triangle, White wins:

1. Bc2 (to push the king toward the corner)
1... Ke3 (the king stays as close to the middle as possible)
2. Kc1 (plan is to guard e2, probably from d1)
2... Ke2
W.
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After 8...Kh3 – bishop is ready for the second hypotenuse
3. Bg6 (a waiting move)
3... Ke3
4. Kd1 (guarding e2)
4... Kf2
5. Kd2 Kf3
6. Kd3 (still guarding e2)
6... Kg4
7. Ke3 Kh4 (preventing the bishop from going to h5)
8. Kf4 Kh3
9. Bh5! (the bishop is on the hypotenuse of the second triangle)
9... Kg2
10. Nc5 Kf2
11. Ne4+ Kg2
X.
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After 16...Kg1 – bishop is ready for the third hypotenuse
12. Bg4 (the second net)
12... Kf1
13. Kf3 Ke1
14. Ke3 Kf1
15. Kd2 Kg2
16. Ke2 Kg1
17. Bh3! (the hypotenuse of the third triangle)
17... Kh2
18. Bf1 Kg1
19. Ng5 (preparing to guard h2)
19... Kh1
20. Kf2 Kh2
21. Nf3+ Kh1
22. Bg2# (Pandolfini 2009:48–51).

Examples from games

The comments in this section are mostly editorial additions and not included in the cited references.

Karttunen vs. Rasik
Y1. Karttunen vs. Rasik, 2003
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White to move

PGN text ➤

The ending of the game between Mika Karttunen and Vitezslav Rasik[12] at the 2003 European Chess Club Cup shows the knight's W manoeuvre. From position Y1, it continued:

84. Bc5 Kb7 85. Nd5 Kb8 86. Kc6 Ka8 87. Nc7+ Kb8 88. Bd4 Kc8 89. Ba7 Kd8 90. Nd5 Ke8 91. Kd6 Kf7 92. Ne7 Kf6? 93. Be3 Kf7 94. Bd4 Ke8 95. Ke6 Kd8 96. Bb6+ Ke8 97. Nf5 Kf8 98. Bc7? Ke8 99. Ng7+ Kf8 100. Kf6 Kg8 101. Bd6 Kh7 102. Nf5 Kg8 103. Kg6 Kh8 104. Bc5 1–0 (Müller & Pajeken 2008:106–7).

Checkmate follows after 104...Kg8, 105.Nh6+ Kh8 106.Bd4#. Black could have held out a move longer with 92...Kg7 (Müller & Lamprecht 2001) and 98.Bd8 would have been faster for White.

Ljubojević vs. J. Polgár
Y2. Ljubojević vs. J. Polgár, 1994
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Position after 83...Nxg6+

PGN text ➤

Position Y2 is from a blindfold game between Ljubomir Ljubojević and Judit Polgár at the 1994 Amber chess tournament.[13] Play continued: 84. Kd6 Kf6? (Better is 84...Nf4. The white king should run towards a1 so the black king should follow it towards that corner.) 85. Kc5 Ke5 86. Kc4 Bd5+ 87. Kd3 Nf4+ 88. Ke3? (White can resist about seven moves longer by 88.Kc3) 88... Be4 89. Kd2 Kd4 90. Kc1 Kc3 91. Kd1 Bc2+ 92. Ke1 Kd3 93. Kf2 Ke4 94. Kg3 Bd1 95. Kf2 Nd3+ 96. Kg3 Ke3 97. Kh4 Kf4 98. Kh3 Ne1 99. Kh4 Ng2+ 100. Kh3 Kf3 101. Kh2 Kf2 102. Kh3 Be2 103. Kh2 Bg4 104. Kh1 Ne3 105. Kh2 Nf1+ 106. Kh1 Bf3# 0–1

Grandmasters failing to mate

Delivering checkmate is difficult if the technique has not been studied and practiced. Even grandmasters, including GM Vladimir Epishin and Women's World Champion GM Anna Ushenina, have obtained the endgame but failed to win it. In the Kempinski vs. Epishin game, both players made suboptimal moves. The superior side was unable to win and ended up stalemating several moves after the inferior side could have claimed a draw under the fifty-move rule.[14]

Kempinski vs. Epishin
Z.
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Position after 126...Nxd3
AA.
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Position after 140.Ka8

Robert Kempinski (2498) – Vladimir Epishin (2567) [E60] Bundesliga 0001 Germany (5.3), 07.01.2001

From position Z: 127. Kf3 Bc5 128. Ke4 Kc4 129. Kf5 Kd5 130. Kf6 Bd6 131. Kf7 Ne5+ 132. Ke8 Ke6 133. Kd8 Nf7+ 134. Kc8 Kd5 135. Kb7 Kc5 136. Ka6 Bc7 137. Kb7 Kd6 138. Ka6 Kc6 139. Ka7 Nd6 140. Ka8 (position AA) Bd8? 140...Nc4 141.Ka7 Nb6 142.Ka6 Bb8 is optimal. 141. Ka7 Kb5 142. Kb8 Kb6 143. Ka8 Nb7 144. Kb8 Bc7+ 145. Ka8 Kc6 146. Ka7 Nc5 147. Ka8 Nd7 148. Ka7 Nb6 149. Ka6 Bb8! Reaching the same position Black could have forced earlier (see previous note). 150. Ka5 Kc5? 150...Nd5 is optimal. 151. Ka6 Bd6? 152. Kb7 Kb5 153. Ka7 Kc6 154. Ka6 Bb8! Reaching the same position as after Black's 149th move. 155. Ka5 Nd5! Belatedly finding the winning move he missed five moves ago. 156. Ka6 Objectively best was 156.Ka4. 156... Bc7? Missing 156...Nb4+. 157. Ka7 Bb6+ 158. Kb8 Bc5 159. Ka8 Nc7+ 160. Kb8 Nb5 161. Ka8 Kb6 162. Kb8 Na7 163. Ka8 Ka6 164. Kb8 Bb6 165. Ka8 Nb5 166. Kb8 Nd6 167. Ka8 Kb5 168. Kb8 Kc6 169. Ka8 Bc7 170. Ka7 Nb7 171. Ka8 Nc5 172. Ka7 Bb6+ 173. Ka8 Bc7 174. Ka7 Nd7 175. Ka8 Bd6 176. Ka7 Nb6 177. Ka6 Bb8 178. Ka5 Bc7 179. Ka6 Nc8 stalemate ½–½

After the basic king, bishop, and knight versus king position arrived, White was kind enough to allow his king to retreat to the last rank in only six moves. But Black seemed to try to mate White in the wrong corner. Black eventually found a winning line, up to a point, but then failed to find 156...Nb4+ and instead tried again to mate in the wrong corner.

In the Anna Ushenina vs. Olga Girya game, played in the Geneva tournament of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–2014, White started Phase 2 correctly but missed two chances to finish it.

Ushenina vs. Girya
AB.
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Position after 72.Nxc3
AC.
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Position after 81...Kf2

From position AB: 72... Ka1 73. Nd1 Ka2 74. Bc2 Ka1 75. Kc3 Ka2 76. Bb3+ Ka1 77. Ne3 Kb1 78. Nc2 Kc1 79. Ba2 Kd1 80. Nd4 Ke1 81. Kd3 Kf2 (position AC) 82. Bd5? (White should have played this move in place of the previous move or should now continue the W manoeuvre with 82.Ne2! It looks at first as if the black king might run away with 82...Kf3 or 82...Kg2, but in either case 83.Be6 reins it in again. Playing Bd5 at this stage is a half dozen moves slower than continuing the W manoeuvre, but White can still continue to mate in the h1 corner by e.g. Ne6, Bc4 sealing the black king behind the b1–h7 diagonal and leading to Delétang's first net.) 82... Kg3 83. Ke3 (After this move White cannot prevent the black king escaping the b1–h7 diagonal. The black king can play up the g-file to g6 and the white king has no option but to follow with opposition on the e-file to at least e5, otherwise the black king can escape to the third perimeter at f5 or f6.) 83... Kg4 84. Be4 (The black king can now escape to f6.) 84... Kg5 85. Kf3 Kf6 86. Kf4 Kg7 87. Kg5 Kf7 88. Kf5 Kg7 89. Bd5 Kh6 90. Ne6 Kh7 91. Kf6 Kg8 92. Nf4+ Kh8 93. Be4 (This wastes two moves because the knight needs three moves to reach e7 instead of one to reach g6. White should have immediately started the W manoeuvre along the h8–h1 edge, e.g. 94.Bf7 reproducing the position after White's move 77.) 93... Kg8 94. Nh3 Kh8 95. Ng5 Kg8 96. Nf7 Kf8 97. Bh7 Ke8 98. Bf5 (Quickest is to continue the W manoeuvre with Ne5, but White plans to control g8 with knight instead of bishop, which is three moves slower.) 98... Kf8 99. Nh6 Ke8 (Now 100.Be6 would seal the king behind the a2–g8 diagonal. White has time to relocate the knight to d3 reaching Delétang's first net.) 100. Nf7 (White instead abandons the idea.) 100... Kf8 101. Ne5 Kg8 102. Ng6 (On both preceding moves, playing the W manoeuvre along the h8–a8 edge would have been best.) 102... Kh7 103. Be6 (White could have reached this position in two moves after move 92.) 103... Kh6 104. Bg8 Kh5 105. Ne5 Kh4 106. Kf5 Kg3 107. Bc4? (Missing a second chance to continue the W manoeuvre with 107.Ng4!. After White missed this opportunity, Black can now with best play stave off checkmate long enough for the 50-move draw to come into effect.) 107... Kf2 108. Kf4 Ke1 109. Ke3 Kd1 110. Bd3 Kc1 111. Nc4 Kd1 112. Nb6 Kc1 113. Na4 Kd1 114. Be4 Kc1 115. Bd3 Kd1 116. Nb2+ Kc1 117. Nc4 Kd1 118. Bg6 Kc1 119. Bf5 Kd1 120. Nb6 Kc1 121. Na4 Kd1 122. Nb2+ (As both players now have made fifty consecutive moves without a capture or pawn move, Black could claim the draw now by the 50-move rule. Girya played on for another four moves, before actually taking the draw.) 122... Kc1 123. Nc4 Kd1 124. Kd3 Kc1 125. Kc3 Kd1 126. Bd3 ½–½[15]

A stalemate trap
AD.
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Black to move
AE.
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Black to move, draw! Note that the position would also be drawn if the knight were at a7 or e7 (marked with dots).

A surprising stalemate trap, not mentioned in endgame treatises, was noted by the American master Frederick Rhine in 2000 and published in Larry Evans' "What's the Best Move?" column in Chess Life magazine. In the position in diagram AD, after 1...Nb6+?? 2.Kb7?? Nd5, Black would be well on their way to setting up Delétang's second triangle. However, White draws instantly with 2.Kd8! (diagram AE), when the only way for Black to save their bishop is to move it, resulting in stalemate. The position (diagram AE) would also be drawn if the knight were at a7 or e7 instead. Rhine later used this discovery as the basis for a "White to play and draw" composition. A stalemate idea essentially identical to that shown in diagram AE occurs at the climax of a study by A. H. Branton, second prize, New Statesman, 1966 (Roycroft 1972:246) (White: king on c1; Black: king on c3, knight on a3, bishop on d1), though it may have been known even earlier.

From the position in diagram AD, instead of 1...Nb6+??, Black would win quickly by threatening mate on d8 by 1...Na5, e.g. 2.Kd8 Ba4 3.Kc8 Bd7+ and the white king is forced to b8 with mate in 6.

Quotations
  • "... I have seen how many chess players, including very strong ones, either missed learning this technique at an appropriate time or had already forgotten it." – Mark Dvoretsky (Dvoretsky 2006:279)
  • "Some masters have already gone back home red with embarrassment after failing or showing poor technique in the execution of this checkmate." – Jesus de la Villa (de la Villa 2008:204)
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See also

References
  1. Müller, Karsten (2001). Fundamental Chess Endings. Gambit Publications. p. 19. ISBN 1-901983-53-6.
  2. Speelman, Jon; Tisdall, Jon; Wade, Bob (1993). Batsford Chess Endings. London England: B.T. Batsford. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7134-4420-9.
  3. Speelman, et. al, p. 7
  4. Müller, Karsten; Lamprecht, Frank (2001). Fundamental Chess Endings. Gambit Publications. p. 11. ISBN 1-901983-53-6.
  5. L'Analyze des Echecs 1777 edition
  6. L'Analyze des Echecs Original edition
  7. de la Villa, Jesús (2008). 100 Endgames You Must Know: Vital Lessons for Every Chess Player. New in Chess. pp. 17, 204–209. ISBN 978-90-5691-244-4.
  8. Daniel Delétang (February 1923) "Mat avec le fou et le cavalier" (Mate with the bishop and knight), La Stratégie, 56 (2) : 25–32.
  9. Where Have You Gone, Rachels, Shaked & Rao? (USCF membership required)
  10. Shredder online endgame database
  11. (Seirawan 2003:8–16).
  12. Karttunen vs. Rasik
  13. Ljubojević vs. Polgár
  14. Kempinski vs. Epishin
  15. "Women's Grand Prix under way in Geneva, Lagno in the lead". Chessvibes. 7 May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.

Bibliography

  • Dvoretsky, Mark (2006), Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual (2nd ed.), Russell Enterprises, ISBN 1-888690-28-3
  • Fine, Reuben (1941), Basic Chess Endings, McKay, ISBN 0-679-14002-6
  • Fine, Reuben; Benko, Pal (2003) [1941], Basic Chess Endings, McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3493-8
  • Hawkins, Jonathan (2012), Amateur to IM: Proven Ideas and Training Methods, Mongoose, ISBN 978-1-936277-40-7
  • Howell, James (1997), Essential Chess Endings: The tournament player's guide, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8189-7
  • Müller, Karsten; Lamprecht, Frank (2001), Fundamental Chess Endings, Gambit Publications, ISBN 1-901983-53-6
  • Müller, Karsten; Pajeken, Wolfgang (2008), How to Play Chess Endings, Gambit Publications, ISBN 978-1-904600-86-2
  • Pandolfini, Bruce (2009), Endgame Workshop: Principles for the Practical Player, Russell Enterprises, ISBN 978-1-888690-53-8
  • Roycroft, John (1972), Test Tube Chess, London: Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-09573-9
  • Seirawan, Yasser (2003), Winning Chess Endings, Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-348-9
  • Silman, Jeremy (2007), Silman's Complete Endgame Course: From Beginner to Master, Siles Press, ISBN 1-890085-10-3
  • Soltis, Andy (2010), Studying Chess Made Easy, Batsford, ISBN 978-1-906388-67-6
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