2010s in United States political history

2010s in United States political history is a narrative summary of major political events and issues in the United States from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2019. The first part is divided chronologically by Congressional sessions and the second part highlights major issues that span several years or even the entire decade. There are links for further information.

See also: 2020s in United States political history

History by era

2009–2011, 111th Congress
See also: Obama Presidency and 111th United States Congress

Democrats swept into 2009 with control over the White House and both Houses of Congress. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) was Speaker of the House of Representatives and Harry Reid (D-NV) was Senate Majority Leader. The Democratic supermajority in the Senate was guaranteed with the election of Al Franken (D-MN) in January and when Republican Arlen Specter (D-PA) switched to the Democratic Party. Major legislative victories included the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 (providing equal pay for women), American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (designed to preserve existing jobs and to create new ones), Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (extending health-care coverage to millions; popularly called "Obamacare"), Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the first major financial reform since the 1930s), Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 (providing financing for small businesses), 2010 Tax Relief Act (temporary tax relief for the middle class), Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 (allowing gay, lesbian, and transgender people to serve openly in the military), and the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act (provides support for first responders who survived the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks).[1]

The Senate confirmed the appointments of two women to the Supreme Court: Sonia Sotomayor (the first Latino to hold the post)[2] and Elena Kagan.[3]

President Barack Obama's September 9, 2009, Congressional address promoting health care reform was interrupted by Congressman Joe Wilson (R-SC) who shouted: "You lie!" when Obama said his health care plan would not cover undocumented immigrants.[4] The Democrats' supermajority in the Senate ended on February 4, 2010, with the election of Scott Brown (R-MA).[5]

President Obama unsuccessfully tried to close Guantanamo Bay detention camp for suspected terrorists.[6] Conservative opponents of Obama formed the Tea Party movement in February 2009. Obama was granted the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, despite presiding over the war in Afghanistan and the Iraq War.[7] The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was a major ecological disaster from April through September 2010.[8] A renegotiated free trade agreement with South Korea went into effect on December 3, 2010.[9]

The 2010 United States elections resulted in major victories for the Republican Party.[10]

2011–2013, 112th Congress
See also: Obama Presidency and 112th United States Congress

Following the 2010 elections, Republicans gained control of the House of Representatives while the Democratic majority in the Senate was narrowed. John Boehner (R-OH) was Speaker of the House and Harry Reid (D-NV) was Senate Majority Leader. The Congress was unproductive, passing only 219 bills that were signed into law, compared to 383 in the 111th Congress. Congress failed to pass legislation to keep the Postal Service solvent, and they allowed the Violence Against Women Act to lapse for the first time since it was passed in 1994.[11]

The United States entered trade agreements with Colombia[12] and Panama.[13] Payroll Taxes were cut and the low income tax rates established by the George W. Bush administration were kept in place. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 not only provided funding for the DoD and authorization for state governors to request military help in the case of natural disasters but also controversially contained anti-terrorist provisions that allow the indefinite detention of American citizens on American soil. The Budget Control Act of 2011 called for a reduction in spending in order to lower the federal debt.

Congresswoman Gabby Giffords (D-AZ) and nineteen other people were shot in Tucson on January 8, 2011.[14] Twenty children and six adults were killed in a shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, sparking a debate about gun laws.[15]

The United States joined NATO in military intervention in Libya,[16] which led to the death of Muammar Gaddafi.[17] In May 2011 Navy SEALS killed Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. On September 11, 2012, members of Ansar al-Sharia attacked the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, resulting in the deaths of U.S. Ambassador to Libya J. Christopher Stevens and three other Americans.[18] The United States stepped up drone attacks in Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen, targeting Yemeni-American Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki on September 30, 2011.[19] His 16-year-old son, American-born Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, was killed two weeks later.[20]

The popular movement against income inequality known as Occupy Wall Street began with a march on Wall Street, New York City in February 2011.[21]

Trayvon Martin, an unarmed black 17-year-old, was fatally shot by George Zimmerman in Sanford, Florida. The killing received widespread attention focusing on aspects including the possible role of Martin's race and the initial lack of prosecution against Zimmerman, and it raised questions about Florida's "Hold your ground" gun law.[22]

In June 2012, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker won a recall election against Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett.[23]

President Obama was reelected in 2012, defeating Republican Mitt Romney.[24] Democrats gained two Senate seats.[25] Democrats won the popular vote and eight House seats, but it was not enough to regain control of the lower chamber.[26]

2013–2015, 113th Congress
See also: Obama Presidency and 113th United States Congress

The Senate had a Democratic majority, but the House had a Republican majority. Harry Reid (D-NV) was Senate Majority Leader and John Boehner (R-OH) was Speaker of the House.[27] The 113th was one of the least productive in history, notable for brinkmanship (shutting down the government for 16 days in 2013 and almost shutting it down again in 2014). According to Gallup (company), only 15% of Americans approved of the Congress' work, only 1% more than the all-time low of the 112th Congress. The Senate passed immigration legislation but House Republicans killed it; the House passed gun control legislation, but it did not pass the Senate. House Republicans offered legislation on the economy and health care (voting 50 times to repeal Obamacare), but these did not pass the Senate. Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) filibustered the nomination of John Brennan as CIA director for thirteen hours.[28] Ted Cruz (R-TX) wasted a record 21 hours of the Senate's time by reading Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Seuss as a complaint (but not a fillibuster) against health care.[29] Senator John McCain (R-AZ) called the Senate's lack of work "disgraceful."[30]

Among the few bills passed were a five-year farm bill and reform of VA benefits.[30] They reauthorized the Violence Against Women Act[31] and the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act.[32] They supported the government of Ukraine[33] and the opposition in Venezuela.[34]

Information about global surveillance was released in June 2013.[35] The Supreme Court overturned key provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Defense of Marriage Act.

Republicans swept the November 2014 elections.[30]

2015–2017, 114th Congress
See also: Obama Presidency and 114th United States Congress

Republicans controlled the House of Representatives with John Boehner (R-OH) as Speaker until October 29, 2015, when Paul D. Ryan (R–WI) was chosen to replace him.[36] Mitch McConnell (R-KY) was Senate Majority leader.[37]

The USA Freedom Act was an updated version of the Patriot Act with certain restrictions on spying on American civilians. President Obama threatened to veto the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015, but the bill passed the Senate 98-1 and Obama withdrew his threat. The Every Student Succeeds Act replaced the No Child Left Behind Act. The Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, which allows survivors of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks to sue Saudi Arabia, which passed over Obama's veto. Obama also vetoed a bill authorizing the Keystone Pipeline.[38] The Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act provided $305 billion for highway improvement without increasing the gas tax.[39] The Internet Tax Freedom Act made the prohibition on taxing Internet services permanent.[40] The Sexual Assault Survivors' Rights Act provides increased rights for victims of sexual assault.[41] The 21st Century Cures Act was a victory for Big Pharma, allowing new drugs to get on the market more easily.[42]

The Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu was invited by Speaker Boehner to address a joint session of Congress regarding sanctions against Iran without consulting President Obama in March 2015.[43] Other world leaders to address Congress were Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani (March 2015),[44] Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe (April 2015),[45] Pope Francis (September 2015),[46] and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi[47] addressed joint sessions of Congress. President Obama thawed relations with Cuba, removing the country from the list of state sponsors of terrorism,[48] reestablishing diplomatic relations,[49] and ending the wet foot, dry foot policy that gave preferential treatment to Cuban immigrants.[50] The United States joined the Paris Agreement to lower carbon emissions in an effort to keep the global average rise in temperatures below 2 °C on September 3, 2016.[51]

In June 2016, a domestic terrorist killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in the Orlando nightclub shooting. When Speaker Ryan refused to allow debate on gun legislation, 60 Democratic House Members staged a 2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in[52] but failed to force a vote.[53] In the Senate, Chris Murphy (D-CT), successfully launched a 15-hour filibuster that led to two votes on gun control, barring guns from suspected terrorists and expanding background checks on gun purchasers.[54] Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) blamed "Republicans who take their marching orders from the National Rifle Association" for the defeat of both bills.[55] In March 2016 Obama nominated Judge Merrick Garland, 63, to fill the Supreme Court seat vacated by the death of Antonin Scalia, but Majority Leader Mitch McConnell refused to hold hearings or bring the nomination up for a vote. Short-handed, the court deadlocked on a number of issues and declined to hear others.[56]

In an upset victory, Donald Trump (R) defeated Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 United States presidential election. Clinton won the popular vote (62,523,126 to 61,201,031) but Trump won the Electoral College (306 to 232) and the election.[57] There were seven Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential election.[58] Democrats gained two Senate seats but Republicans retained control.[59] Democrats had a net gain of six House seats but Republicans retained their majority.[60] Each party won six of the twelve gubernatorial elections.[61] Six states approved ballot measures liberalizing marijuana use, five passed gun or hunting legislation, and four increased the minimum wage.[62]

2017–2019, 115th Congress
See also: Trump Presidency and 115th United States Congress

The inauguration of Donald Trump (R) as 45th President was on January 20, 2017.[63] The 2017 Women's March on January 21, 2017, involved between 3.3. million and 4.6 million marchers and was the largest demonstration in American history.[64]

Republicans controlled the House of Representatives with Paul D. Ryan (R–WI) as Speaker.[65] Mitch McConnell (R-KY) continued as Senate Majority leader.[37]

The 115th Congress reformed the federal criminal justice system, responded to the opioid crisis, imposed sanctions on Russia, North Korea, and Iran, and legalized industrial hemp via the 2018 farm bill. They passed tax reform legislation, which is expected to increase the deficit by $1.4 trillion. Despite multiple attempts, they failed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, pass comprehensive immigration reform, or restrict SNAP benefits. The government was shut down three times:[66] in January 2018 over a dispute about Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals DACA) and the Mexican border wall,[67] Senator Ron Paul's (R-KY) tantrum on February 9,[68] and the December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019 shutdown over the border wall. The last resulted in Trump's declaration of a State of Emergency on February 15.[69] Day Without Immigrants 2017 protests were held throughout the United States in February 2017 to demonstrate the importance of immigration.[70]

On June 14, 2017, Congressman Steve Scalise (R-LA) and two aides were hit by gunfire during a practice session for the annual Congressional baseball game.[71]

President Trump nominated and the Senate approved two Supreme Court justices: Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh. Kavanaugh's Judiciary Committee was concerned primarily with allegations of sexual misconduct.[72] The Music Modernization Act modernizes music copyright laws and America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 relaxes water pollution restrictions.

Trump signed a number of executive orders to overturn actions undertaken by President Obama, prioritizing economic expediency over environmental concerns. He withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and restricted immigration by refugees. He began construction of the border wall and instituted a Temporary ban on immigration from several Muslim majority countries.

Allegations about Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and during the November 2016 – January 2017 transition period surface, resulting in the resignation of National Security Advisor Michael Flynn. FBI Director James Comey is fired because of the way he handled the investigation. The first call for the impeachment of President Trump is issued on May 7, 2017.[73] Robert Mueller began his investigation on May 17.[74]

2019, 116th Congress
See also: Trump Presidency and 116th United States Congress

Democrats controlled the House of Representatives[75] with Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) as Speaker.[76]

Jeff Van Drew (R-NJ) changed from Democrat to Republican on December 19, 2019.[77] Mitch McConnell (R-KY) continued as Senate Majority leader.[37]

History by issue

Environment and climate change
Main articles: Environmental issues in the United States, Climate change in the United States, and Climate change policy of the United States
See also: Paris Agreement, United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, Renewable energy in the United States, and Climate change and agriculture in the United States

Foreign and military policy
Main articles: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration
See also: Climate security

Afghanistan
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

Africa
Main articles: Boko Haram insurgency and Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act

India
Main article: India–United States relations

Iran
Main articles: Iran–United States relations, Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident, Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, and 2019–20 Persian Gulf crisis

Iraq
Main articles: Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011) and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
See also: Protests against the Iraq War

Latin America
Main article: Latin America–United States relations

Libya
Main articles: Libyan Civil War (2014–present) and 2012 Benghazi attack
See also: Investigation into the 2012 Benghazi attack and United States House Select Committee on Benghazi

Syria
Main articles: Syrian civil war and ISIL territorial claims

Venezuela
Main articles: Venezuelan protests (2014–present) and Venezuelan presidential crisis

Yemen
Main articles: Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) and Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

Guns
Main articles: Gun law in the United States, Gun laws in the United States by state, Gun politics in the United States, and Gun violence in the United States
See also: Mass shootings in the United States and School shootings in the United States

Immigration
Main articles: Illegal immigration to the United States, 2014 American immigration crisis, Immigration policy of Donald Trump, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
See also: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, Trump administration migrant detentions, Trump administration family separation policy, Trump travel ban, and Mexico–United States barrier

Recession of 2008
Main article: Great Recession in the United States

The Great Recession was a severe financial crisis from December 2007 to June 2009 that began when the U.S. housing market crashed, and large amounts of mortgage-backed securities and derivatives lost significant value. The United States lost 8.7 million jobs and U.S. households lost $19 trillion of net worth.[78]

The Obama administration spent much of its time and effort into improving the economy and addressing the issues that led to the recession. Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Act on July 21, 2010, to give the government expanded regulatory power over the financial sector. Real GDP regained its pre-recession peak in the second quarter of 2011, and in March 2013, the Dow Jones Industrial Average broke its 2007 high. Workers and households did less well. The unemployment rate was at 5% at the end of 2007, reached 10% in October 2009, and did not recover to 5% until 2015. Household income in the United States did not surpass its pre-recession level until 2016.[78]

Rights and freedoms

LGBTQ rights
Main article: LGBT rights in the United States
See also: Same-sex marriage in the United States and Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military

Voting rights
Main articles: Voting rights in the United States, Shelby County v. Holder, and Voter suppression in the United States
See also: 2016 Washington, D.C. statehood referendum and 2017 Puerto Rican status referendum

Women's rights
See also: Sexual harassment in the workplace in the United States, Gender pay gap in the United States, and Me Too movement

Trade and tariffs
Main articles: United States free-trade agreements and Trump tariffs
See also: Trans-Pacific Partnership, United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, China–United States trade war, and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
gollark: This reminds me of that one OS which runs webassembly in ring 0 actually. Very cool.
gollark: What if the lispoid is !!SOMEWHAT INSECURE!!?
gollark: And a luaoid?
gollark: Does it also contain a forthoid?
gollark: Fascinating.

See also

References
  1. The legacy of the 111th Congress by Richard E. Cohen, Politico, October 1, 2010, retrieved March 10, 2020
  2. "Sotomayor Confirmed as First Hispanic Supreme Court Justice in Victory for Obama" by Queenie Wong, U.S. News & World Report, August 6, 2009, retrieved March 22, 2020
  3. "Senate confirms Kagan's nomination to Supreme Court" The Denver Post, August 5, 2010, retrieved March 22, 2020
  4. "Rep. Wilson shouts, 'You lie' to Obama during speech" CNN Politics, retrieved March 10, 2020
  5. "Brown: Mass. Win about Anger, not Obama" CBS News, January 20, 2010, retrieved March 22, 2020
  6. "Obama signs order to close Guantanamo Bay facility" CNN, retrieved March 10, 2020
  7. The Nobel Peace Prize for 2009 The Nobel Prize.org, retrieved March 22, 2020
  8. Pallardy, Richard (March 13, 2020). "Deepwater Horizon oil spill". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  9. US, South Korea sign sweeping free-trade agreement Taipei Times, December 5, 2010, retrieved March 22, 2020
  10. "Measuring the Size of Election 2010's Republican Sweep" by Peter Roff, U.S. News & World Report, November 5, 2020, retrieved March 22, 2020
  11. "112th Congress set to become least productive in decades" by Sarah Blackwill, MSNBC, September 13, 2013, retrieved March 11, 2020
  12. "Colombia-US free trade agreement comes into force" BBC News, May 12, 2012, retrieved March 22, 2020
  13. "The U.S.-Panama Free Trade Agreement" Every CRSReport, November 8, 2012, retrieved March 22, 2020
  14. "FBI releases new photos, video of 2011 Giffords shooting" by Josh Susong, AZ Central (USA Today), April 5, 2018, retrieved March 11, 2020
  15. "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting" Encyclopaedia, retrieved March 11, 2020
  16. "Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya" The White House, March 28, 2011, retrieved March 11, 2020
  17. The Death of Gaddafi Al Jazeera, November 5, 2018, retrieved March 11, 2020
  18. "U.S. officials: CIA ran Benghazi consulate" UPI, November 2, 2012, retrieved March 11, 2020
  19. "Islamist cleric Anwar al-Awlaki killed in Yemen" BBC News, September 30, 2011, retrieved March 22, 2020
  20. "U.S. airstrike that killed American teen in Yemen raises legal, ethical questions" by Craig Whitlock, The Washington Post, October 22, 2011, retrieved March 22, 2020
  21. "About" OccupyWallStreet.org, retrieved March 11, 2020
  22. "Trayvon Martin: Probe into killing of Florida teenager". BBC News. March 20, 2012.
  23. "Walker's Wisconsin win big blow to unions, smaller one to Obama" by John Helton and Tom Cohen, CNN, June 6, 2012, retrieved March 11, 2020
  24. Michael A. Memoli (January 4, 2013) "It's official: Obama, Biden win second term", Los Angeles Times, retrieved March 22, 2020
  25. "Election 2012 results Liveblog: In Senate, Democrats ward off challenges" The Christian Science Monitor, November 6, 2012, retrieved March 22, 2020
  26. "United States Congressional elections results, 2012" Ballotpedia, retrieved March 22, 2020
  27. "113th Congress by the Numbers" Government Affairs Institute at Georgetown University, retrieved March 11, 2020
  28. "Nearly 13 Hours Later, Sen. Paul Ends His Filibuster; Here's The Video" NPR, March 7, 2013, retrieved March 11, 2020
  29. Mary Troyan (January 4, 2016), "Rick Santorum mocks Ted Cruz for 'Green Eggs and Ham'", USA Today, retrieved March 11, 2020
  30. "Historically unproductive Congress ends" by Cristina Marcos And Ramsey Cox, The Hill, December 16, 2014, retrieved March 11, 2020
  31. "US: Violence Against Women Act Renewed" Human Rights Watch, February 28, 2013, retrieved March 22, 2020
  32. "H.R. 307 (113th): Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013" GovTrack.us, retrieved March 22, 2020
  33. H.R. 4152 (113th): Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 GovTrack.us, retrieved March 22, 2020
  34. "US Congress Passes Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act" by Eunkyung Kim Shin and Paul Amberg, Baker McKenzie Blog Sanctions News, December 17, 2014
  35. "Everything We Learned From Edward Snowden in 2013" National Journal, retrieved March 11, 2020 (paysite)
  36. "Congress Profiles" United States House of Representatives; History, Art, and Archives; retrieved March 11, 2020
  37. "Majority and Minority Leaders" Senate.gov, retrieved March 22, 2020
  38. Barack Obama: Vetoed legislation Ballotpedia, retrieved March 22, 2020
  39. "5-Year, $300 Billion "FAST Act" Will Extend Transpo Policy Status Quo to 2020" by Angie Schmitt, USA.Streetsblog.org, December 2, 2015, retrieved March 22, 2020
  40. "Obama's Best Day in Office?". The Wall Street Journal (Opinion). February 24, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  41. Historic Bill Of Rights For Survivors Of Sexual Assault Is Heading To Obama's Desk by Emma O'Connor, BuzzFeed, September 7, 2016, retrieved March 22, 2020
  42. "With media watchdogs on the sidelines, pharma-funded advocacy groups pushed Cures Act to the finish line" by Trudy Lieberman, Health News Review, retrieved March 22, 2020
  43. Bradner, Eric (January 25, 2015). "Criticism over Netanyahu visit intensifies". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  44. "In U.S., Ghani Vows Afghan Self-Reliance" Archived March 30, 2015, at WebCite. by Deb Riechmann, Northwest Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, 26 March 2015, Retrieved March 22, 2020
  45. "Japan PM Abe to address joint session of Congress" by Patricia Zengerle, Reuters, March 26, 2020, retrieved March 22, 2020
  46. "Pope will address Congress in September" by Jake Sherman, Politico, February 5, 2015, retrieved March 22, 2020
  47. "Modi addresses Congress as U.S.-India ties bloom" by Nicole Gaouette and Elise Labott, CNN, June 9, 2016, retrieved March 22, 2020
  48. "U.S. Officially Removes Cuba From State Sponsors of Terrorism List" by Andrea Mitchell, NBC News, May 29, 20215, retrieved March 22, 2020
  49. "U.S., Cuba re-establish diplomatic relations, reopen embassies", by Patrick Oppmann, CNN Politics, July 20, 2015, retrieved March 22, 2020
  50. Mimi Whitefield (January 12, 2016), "Obama ends controversial policy that allowed Cubans to enter U.S. without visas", Miami Herald, retrieved March 22, 2020
  51. "Paris climate deal: US and China formally join pact". BBC World News. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  52. Bade, Rachael. "Democrats stage sit-in on House floor to force gun vote". Politico. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  53. Stein, Sam. "House Democrats End Their Sit-In Protest Over Gun Reform". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  54. Walsh, Dierdra (June 15, 2016). "Democratic senator launches filibuster over guns". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  55. McAuliff, Michael; Bendery, Jennifer (June 20, 2016). "Orlando Massacre Wasn't Enough To Spur Senate To Pass Gun Control Bills". HuffPost Politics. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  56. "What Happened With Merrick Garland In 2016 And Why It Matters Now" by Ron Elving, NPR, June 29, 2018, retrieved March 22, 2020
  57. 2016 Presidential Election Results, Politico, December 13, 2016, retrieved March 22, 2020
  58. "Which candidates did the seven 'faithless' electors support?" by Julia Boccagno, CBS News, December 21, 2020, retrieved March 22, 2020
  59. 2016 Senate Election Results, Politico, December 13, 2016, retrieved March 22, 2020 "There Were No Purple* States On Tuesday" by Harry Enten, FiveThirtyEight, November 10, 2016, retrieved March 22, 2020
  60. "2016 House Election Results", Politico, December 13, 2016, retrieved March 22, 2020
  61. 2016 Governor Election Results, Politico, December 13, 2016, retrieved March 22, 2020
  62. Key Ballot Measures Election Results by State, Politico, December 13, 2016, retrieved March 22, 2020
  63. Sarah Frostenson January 24, 2017) "A crowd scientist says Trump's inauguration attendance was pretty average", Vox, retrieved March 22, 2020
  64. Matt Broomfield (January 23, 2017), "Women's March against Donald Trump is the largest day of protests in US history, say political scientists", The Independent
  65. Congress Profiles United States House of Representatives; History, Art, and Archives; retrieved March 11, 2020
  66. "The 115th Congress in Review" Gov.Track.us, December 28, 2018, retrieved March 11, 2020
  67. Sabrina Siddiqui and Ben Jacobs (January 20, 2018), "US government goes into shutdown after Senate rejects funding bill", The Guardian, retrieved March 22, 2020
  68. Dylan Matthews (January 12, 2019), "All 20 previous government shutdowns, explained" Vox, retrieved March 22, 2020
  69. "Trump signs bill to temporarily reopen government after longest shutdown in history" by Jacob Pramuk, CNBC, January 25, 2019, retrieved March 22, 2020
  70. "DC preps for 'Day Without Immigrants,' but Hill takes little notice" by Tal Kopan, CNN, February 16, 2017, retrieved March 11, 2020
  71. "Gunman dead after attacking congressmen at Virginia baseball field" BBC News, June 15, 2017, retrieved March 12, 2020
  72. "Brett Kavanaugh sworn in as Supreme Court justice" by Clare Foran and Stephen Collinson, CNN, October 7, 2018, retrieved March 11, 2020
  73. Dem calls for Trump impeachment on House floor by Paulina Firozi, The Hill, May 17, 2020, retrieved March 12, 2020
  74. Trump Russia inquiry: Former FBI boss to lead probe BBC News, May 18, 2017
  75. "Congress's incoming class is younger, bluer, and more diverse than ever" by Beatrice Jin, Politico, November 23, 2018, retrieved March 22, 2020
  76. "Nancy Pelosi elected speaker of the House, ushering in new Democratic majority" by Joe Perticone, Business Insider, January 3, 2019
  77. "Rep. Jeff Van Drew Officially Switches Parties, Pledges 'Undying Support' For Trump" HuffPost, December 19, 2019, retrieved March 2, 2020
  78. Chappelow, Jim (March 10, 2010). "The Great Recession". Investopedia. Retrieved March 19, 2020.

Congress
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.