2012 United States presidential election

The 2012 United States presidential election was the 57th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. The incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama, and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, were elected to a second term. They defeated the Republican ticket of businessman and former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.

For related races, see 2012 United States elections.

2012 United States presidential election

November 6, 2012
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout	54.9%[1] 3.4pp
Nominee Barack Obama Mitt Romney Party Democratic Republican Home state Illinois Massachusetts Running mate Joe Biden Paul Ryan Electoral vote 332 206 States carried 26 + DC 24 Popular vote 65,915,795 60,933,504 Percentage 51.1% 47.2%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Obama/Biden and red denotes those won by Romney/Ryan. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.
President before election Barack Obama Democratic Elected President Barack Obama Democratic

As the incumbent president, Obama secured the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition. The Republicans experienced a competitive primary. Romney was consistently competitive in the polls and won the support of many party leaders, but he faced challenges from a number of more conservative contenders. Romney secured his party's nomination in May, defeating former Senator Rick Santorum, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, and other candidates.

The campaigns focused heavily on domestic issues, and debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession. Other issues included long-term federal budget issues, the future of social insurance programs, and the Affordable Care Act, Obama's marquee legislative program. Foreign policy was also discussed, including the phase-out of the Iraq War, military spending, the Iranian nuclear program, and appropriate counteractions to terrorism. The campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising, including from nominally independent Super PACs.

Obama defeated Romney, winning a majority of both the Electoral College and the popular vote. Obama won 332 electoral votes and 51.1% of the popular vote compared to Romney's 206 electoral votes and 47.2%. Obama was the first incumbent since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to win reelection with fewer electoral votes and a smaller popular vote margin than had been won in the previous election, and was also the first two-term president since Ronald Reagan to win both his presidential bids with a majority of the nationwide popular vote. This was also the first presidential election since 1944 in which neither candidate had military experience. Obama did not hold onto Indiana, North Carolina, or Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, but crucially won all 18 "blue wall" states and defeated Romney in other swing states the Republicans had won in 2000 and 2004, most notably Florida and Ohio. Ultimately, of the 9 swing states identified by the Washington Post in the 2012 election, Obama won 8, losing only North Carolina.

State changes to voter registration and electoral rules

In 2011, several state legislatures passed new voting laws, especially pertaining to voter identification, with the stated purpose of combating voter fraud; the laws were attacked, however, by the Democratic Party as attempts to suppress voting among its supporters and to improve the Republican Party's presidential prospects. Florida, Georgia, Ohio,[2] Tennessee, and West Virginia's state legislatures approved measures to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting. Kansas, South Carolina,[3] Tennessee, Texas[4] and Wisconsin[5] state legislatures passed laws requiring voters to have government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. This meant, typically, that people without driver's licenses or passports had to gain new forms of ID. Obama, the NAACP, and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws.[6] Former President Bill Clinton denounced them, saying, "There has never been in my lifetime, since we got rid of the poll tax and all the Jim Crow burdens on voting, the determined effort to limit the franchise that we see today".[7] He was referring to Jim Crow laws passed in southern states near the turn of the twentieth century that disenfranchised most blacks from voting and excluded them from the political process for more than six decades. Clinton said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, including college students, Blacks, and Latinos.[8][9] Rolling Stone magazine criticized the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) for lobbying in states to bring about these laws, to "solve" a problem that does not exist.[6] The Obama campaign fought against the Ohio law, pushing for a petition and statewide referendum to repeal it in time for the 2012 election.[10]

In addition, the Pennsylvania legislature proposed a plan to change its representation in the electoral college from the traditional winner-take-all model to a district-by-district model.[11] As the governorship and both houses of its legislature were Republican-controlled, the move was viewed by some as an attempt to reduce Democratic chances.[12][13][14]

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Primaries

With an incumbent president running for re-election against token opposition, the race for the Democratic nomination was largely uneventful. The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Democrats Abroad. Additionally, high-ranking party members known as superdelegates each received one vote in the convention. A few of the primary challengers surpassed the president's vote total in individual counties in several of the seven contested primaries, though none made a significant impact in the delegate count. Running unopposed everywhere else, President Obama cemented his status as the Democratic presumptive nominee on April 3, 2012, by securing the minimum number of pledged delegates needed to obtain the nomination.[15][16]

Candidate

Main article: 2012 Democratic Party presidential candidates

Democratic Party (United States) 2012 Democratic Party ticket
Barack Obama	Joe Biden
for President	for Vice President
44th President of the United States (2009–2017)	47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)
Campaign

Republican Party nomination

Main article: 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries

Primaries

Candidates with considerable name recognition who entered the race for the Republican presidential nomination in the early stages of the primary campaign included U.S. Representative and former Libertarian nominee Ron Paul, former Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty, who co-chaired John McCain's campaign in 2008, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, the runner-up for the nomination in the 2008 cycle, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.

The first debate took place on May 5, 2011, in Greenville, South Carolina, with businessman Herman Cain, former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, Ron Paul, Tim Pawlenty, and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum participating. Another debate took place a month later, with Newt Gingrich, Mitt Romney, former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman, and Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann participating, and Gary Johnson excluded. A total of thirteen debates were held before the Iowa caucuses.

The first major event of the campaign was the Ames Straw Poll, which took place in Iowa on August 13, 2011. Michele Bachmann won the straw poll (this ultimately proved to be the acme of her campaign).[17] Pawlenty withdrew from the race after a poor showing in the straw poll, as did Thaddeus McCotter, the only candidate among those who qualified for the ballot who was refused entrance into the debate.[18]

It became clear at around this point in the nomination process that while Romney was considered to be the likely nominee by the Republican establishment, a large segment of the conservative primary electorate found him to be too moderate for their political views. As a result, a number of potential "anti-Romney" candidates were put forward,[19][20] including future President Donald Trump,[21] former Alaska Governor and 2008 vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin,[22] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie,[23] and Texas Governor Rick Perry,[24] the last of whom decided to run in August 2011. Perry did poorly in the debates, however, and Herman Cain and then Newt Gingrich came into the fore in October and November.

Due to a number of scandals, Cain withdrew just before the end of the year, after having gotten on the ballot in several states.[25] Around the same time, Johnson, who had been able to get into only one other debate, withdrew to seek the Libertarian Party nomination.[26]

For the first time in modern Republican Party history, three different candidates won the first three state contests in January (the Iowa caucuses, the New Hampshire primary, and the South Carolina primary).[27] Although Romney had been expected to win in at least Iowa and New Hampshire, Rick Santorum won the non-binding poll at caucus sites in Iowa by 34 votes, as near as can be determined from the incomplete tally, earning him a declaration as winner by state party leaders, although vote totals were missing from eight precincts.[28][29] The election of county delegates at the caucuses would eventually lead to Ron Paul earning 22 of the 28 Iowa delegates to the Republican National Convention.[30] Newt Gingrich won South Carolina by a surprisingly large margin,[31] and Romney won only in New Hampshire.

A number of candidates dropped out at this point in the nomination process. Bachmann withdrew after finishing sixth in the Iowa caucuses,[32] Huntsman withdrew after coming in third in New Hampshire, and Perry withdrew when polls showed him drawing low numbers in South Carolina.[33]

Mitt Romney on the campaign trail

Santorum, who had previously run an essentially one-state campaign in Iowa, was able to organize a national campaign after his surprising victory there. He unexpectedly carried three states in a row on February 7 and overtook Romney in nationwide opinion polls, becoming the only candidate in the race to effectively challenge the notion that Romney was the inevitable nominee.[34] However, Romney won all of the other contests between South Carolina and the Super Tuesday primaries, and regained his first-place status in nationwide opinion polls by the end of February.

The Super Tuesday primaries took place on March 6. Romney carried six states, Santorum carried three, and Gingrich won only in his home state of Georgia.[35] Throughout the rest of March, 266 delegates were allocated in 12 events, including the territorial contests and the first local conventions that allocated delegates (Wyoming's county conventions). Santorum won Kansas and three Southern primaries, but he was unable to make any substantial gain on Romney, who became a formidable frontrunner after securing more than half of the delegates allocated in March.

On April 10, Santorum suspended his campaign due to a variety of reasons, such as a low delegate count, unfavorable polls in his home state of Pennsylvania, and his daughter's health, leaving Mitt Romney as the undisputed front-runner for the presidential nomination and allowing Gingrich to claim that he was "the last conservative standing" in the campaign for the nomination.[36] After disappointing results in the April 24 primaries (finishing second in one state, third in three, and fourth in one), Gingrich dropped out on May 2 in a move that was seen as an effective end to the nomination contest.[37] After Gingrich's spokesman announced his upcoming withdrawal, the Republican National Committee declared Romney the party's presumptive nominee.[38] Ron Paul officially remained in the race, but he stopped campaigning on May 14 to focus on state conventions.

On May 29, after winning the Texas primary, Romney had received a sufficient number of delegates to clinch the party's nomination with the inclusion of unpledged delegates. After winning the June 5 primaries in California and several other states, Romney had received more than enough pledged delegates to clinch the nomination without counting unpledged delegates, making the June 26 Utah Primary, the last contest of the cycle, purely symbolic. CNN's final delegate estimate, released on July 27, 2012, put Romney at 1,462 pledged delegates and 62 unpledged delegates, for a total estimate of 1,524 delegates. No other candidate had unpledged delegates. The delegate estimates for the other candidates were Santorum at 261 delegates, Paul at 154, Gingrich at 142, Bachmann at 1, Huntsman at 1, and all others at 0.[39]

On August 28, 2012, delegates at the Republican National Convention officially named Romney the party's presidential nominee.[40] Romney formally accepted the delegates' nomination on August 30, 2012.[41]

Candidate

Republican Party (United States) 2012 Republican Party ticket
Mitt Romney	Paul Ryan
for President	for Vice President
70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–2007)	U.S. Representative from Wisconsin (1999–2019)
Campaign
[42][43]

Withdrawn candidates

Main article: 2012 Republican Party presidential candidates

Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries
Ron Paul	Newt Gingrich	Rick Santorum	Buddy Roemer	Rick Perry	Jon Huntsman, Jr.
U.S. Representative from Texas (1997–2013)	50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (1995–1999)	U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania   (1995–2007)	52nd Governor of Louisiana (1988–1992)	47th Governor of Texas (2000–2015)	U.S. Ambassador to China (2009-2011)
Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign
W: N/A 2,017,957 votes	W: May 2 2,737,442 votes	W: April 10 3,816,110 votes	W: Feb 22 33,212 votes	W: Jan 19 42,251 votes	W: Jan 16 83,173 votes
[44]	[45][46][47]	[45][46][47]	[48][49]	[50][51]	[52][53]
Michele Bachmann	Gary Johnson	Herman Cain	Thaddeus McCotter	Tim Pawlenty	Fred Karger
U.S. Representative from Minnesota (2007–2013)	29th Governor of New Mexico (1995–2003)	Chair of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City (1995–1996)	U.S. Representative from Michigan (2002–2012)	39th Governor of Minnesota (2003–2011)	Political Consultant
Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign
W: Jan 4 35,089 votes	W: Dec 28, 2011 4,286 votes	W: Dec 3, 2011 13,538 votes	W: Sep 22, 2011 0 votes	W: Aug 14, 2011 0 votes	W: June 29, 2012 12,776 votes
[54][55][56]	[57][58]	[59][60]	[61][62]	[63][64]	[65]

Third party and other nominations

Four other parties nominated candidates that had ballot access or write-in access to at least 270 electoral votes, the minimum number of votes needed in the 2012 election to win the presidency through a majority of the electoral college.

Libertarian Party

Main articles: Libertarian Party (United States), 2012 Libertarian National Convention, and Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign

• Gary Johnson, former governor of New Mexico.[66] Vice-presidential nominee: Jim Gray, retired state court judge, from California[67]

Green Party

Main articles: Green Party of the United States, 2012 Green National Convention, and Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign

• Jill Stein, medical doctor from Massachusetts.[68][69] Vice-presidential nominee: Cheri Honkala, social organizer, from Pennsylvania.[70]

Constitution Party

Main articles: Constitution Party (United States), 2012 Constitution Party National Convention, and Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign

• Virgil Goode, former Representative from Virginia.[71] Vice-presidential nominee: Jim Clymer from Pennsylvania[72]

Justice Party

Main articles: Justice Party (United States) and Rocky Anderson

• Rocky Anderson, former mayor of Salt Lake City and founding member of the Justice Party, from Utah. Vice-presidential nominee: Luis J. Rodriguez from California.[73][74]

Candidates gallery

• 
  Gary Johnson
  (campaign)
• 
  Jill Stein
  (campaign)
• 
  Virgil Goode
  (campaign)
• 
  Rocky Anderson

Campaigns

Ballot access

Presidential ticket	Party	Ballot access[75]			Votes	Percentage
		States	Electors	% of voters
Obama / Biden	Democratic	50 + DC	538	100%	65,915,795	51.06%
Romney / Ryan	Republican	50 + DC	538	100%	60,933,504	47.20%
Johnson / Gray	Libertarian	48 + DC	515	95.1%	1,275,971	0.99%
Stein / Honkala	Green	36 + DC	436	83.1%	469,627	0.36%
Goode / Clymer	Constitution	26	257	49.9%	122,388	0.09%
Anderson / Rodriguez	Justice	15	145	28.1%	43,018	0.03%
Lindsay / Osorio	Socialism & Liberation	13	115	28.6%	7,791	0.006%

Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes.

All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 10 states, 100 electors, and less than 20% of voters nationwide.

Financing and advertising

The United States presidential election of 2012 broke new records in financing, fundraising, and negative campaigning. Through grassroots campaign contributions, online donations, and Super PACs, Obama and Romney raised a combined total of more than $2 billion.[76] Super PACs constituted nearly one-fourth of the total financing, with most coming from pro-Romney PACs.[77] Obama raised $690 million through online channels, beating his record of $500 million in 2008.[78] Most of the advertising in the 2012 presidential campaign was decidedly negative—80% of Obama's ads and 84% of Romney's ads were negative.[79] The tax-exempt non-profit Americans for Prosperity, a so-called "outside group", that is, a political advocacy group that is not a political action committee or super-PAC, ran a television advertising campaign opposing Obama described by The Washington Post as "early and relentless".[80][81] Americans for Prosperity spent $8.4 million in swing states on television advertisements denouncing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 loan guarantee to Solyndra, a manufacturer of solar panels that went bankrupt,[82] an advertising campaign described by The Wall Street Journal in November 2011 as "perhaps the biggest attack on Mr. Obama so far".[83][84]

Party conventions

Charlotte

Tampa

Nashville

Las Vegas

Baltimore

Sites of the 2012 national party conventions.

• April 18–21, 2012: 2012 Constitution Party National Convention held in Nashville, Tennessee;[85] Virgil Goode won the nomination.
• May 3–6, 2012: 2012 Libertarian National Convention held in Las Vegas, Nevada;[86] Gary Johnson won the nomination.[87]
• July 13–15, 2012: 2012 Green National Convention held in Baltimore, Maryland;[88] Jill Stein won the nomination.[68]
• August 27–30, 2012: 2012 Republican National Convention held in Tampa, Florida;[89] Mitt Romney won the nomination.
• September 3–6, 2012: 2012 Democratic National Convention held in Charlotte, North Carolina;[90] Barack Obama won the nomination.

Debates

The Commission on Presidential Debates held four debates during the last weeks of the campaign: three presidential and one vice-presidential. The major issues debated were the economy and jobs, the federal budget deficit, taxation and spending, the future of Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, healthcare reform, education, social issues, immigration, and foreign policy.

Debate schedule:[91][92]

Debates among candidates for the 2012 U.S. presidential election

No.	Date	Host	City	Moderator	Participants	Viewership (million)
P1	Wednesday, October 3, 2012	University of Denver	Denver, Colorado	Jim Lehrer	Barack Obama Mitt Romney	67.2[93]
VP	Thursday, October 11, 2012	Centre College	Danville, Kentucky	Martha Raddatz	Joe Biden Paul Ryan	51.4[93]
P2	Tuesday, October 16, 2012	Hofstra University	Hempstead, New York	Candy Crowley	Barack Obama Mitt Romney	65.6[93]
P3	Monday, October 22, 2012	Lynn University	Boca Raton, Florida	Bob Schieffer	Barack Obama Mitt Romney	59.2[93]

President Obama talks with Ron Klain during presidential debate preparations. Senator John Kerry, at podium, played the role of Mitt Romney during the preparatory sessions.

An independent presidential debate featuring minor party candidates took place on Tuesday, October 23 at the Hilton Hotel in Chicago, Illinois.[94][95] The debate was moderated by Larry King[96] and organized by the Free & Equal Elections Foundation.[95] The participants were Gary Johnson (Libertarian), Jill Stein (Green), Virgil Goode (Constitution), and Rocky Anderson (Justice).[95][96] A second debate between Stein and Johnson took place on Monday, November 5 in Washington, D.C.[97][98] It was hosted by RT and moderated by Thom Hartmann and Christina Tobin.

Notable expressions, phrases, and statements

• Severely conservative – In a speech he made at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2012, Romney claimed that he had been a "severely conservative Republican governor". Romney's description of his record as "severely conservative" was widely criticized by political commentators as both rhetorically clumsy and factually inaccurate.[99][100][101] Later, the phrase "severely conservative" was frequently brought up by Democrats to make fun of Romney's willingness to associate himself with the far-right of the Republican Party as well as his apparent lack of sincerity while doing so.[102] Conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh, who played the clip on his radio show, said: "I have never heard anybody say, 'I'm severely conservative.' "[103]
• You didn't build that – A portion of a statement that Obama made in a July 2012 campaign speech in Roanoke, Virginia. Obama said that businesses depend on government-provided infrastructure to succeed, but critics of his remarks argued that he was underplaying the work of entrepreneurs and giving the government credit for individuals' success. The Romney campaign immediately jumped on the statement in an effort to drive a wedge between Obama and small business owners/employees. A major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention was "We Built It".
• 47 percent – An expression Romney used at a private campaign fundraising event, which was secretly recorded and publicly released. At the private event, Romney said that 47 percent of the people would vote for Barack Obama no matter what Romney said or did because those people "...are dependent upon government... I'll never convince them they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives".
• Binders full of women – A phrase that Romney used in the second presidential debate to refer to the long list of female candidates that he considered when choosing his cabinet members as Governor of Massachusetts.
• Horses and bayonets – After Romney said in the third presidential debate that the U.S. Navy was smaller than at any time since 1917, Obama replied, "We have fewer ships than we did in 1916. Well, governor, we also have fewer horses and bayonets, because the nature of our military's changed."[104]
• Shovel-ready jobs – a phrase used to describe some stimulus projects promoted by the administration. During the debate on September 23, 2011, Gary Johnson quipped, "My next-door neighbor's two dogs have created more shovel-ready jobs than this president."[105]
• Romnesia – A term coined by a blogger in April 2011 and used by Obama late in the campaign to describe Romney's alleged inability to take responsibility for his past statements.[106][107]
• $10,000 bet – During a Republican debate, Romney facetiously bet Texas governor Rick Perry $10,000 that he (Perry) was wrong about Romney's position on the individual mandate under the Affordable Healthcare Act. The statement was vilified by Democrats as exemplary of Romney being out of touch with the average American.
• Romneyshambles – a phrase used by the British press after Romney criticized British preparations for the 2012 Summer Olympics, which was a play on omnishambles. The phrase became a popular hashtag on Twitter and was later chosen as one of Collins English Dictionary's words of the year.[108][109]

Results

On the day of the election, spread betting firm Spreadex were offering an Obama Electoral College Votes spread of 296-300 to Romney's 239-243.[110] In reality Obama's victory over Romney was far greater, winning 332 electoral votes to Romney's 206. Romney lost all but one of nine battleground states and received 47 percent of the nationwide popular vote to Obama's 51 percent.[111][112]

Popular vote totals are from the official Federal Election Commission report. The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 4, 2013.[113]

Electoral results

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Percentage		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote
Barack Hussein Obama II	Democratic	Illinois	65,915,795	51.06%	332	Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.	Delaware	332
Willard Mitt Romney	Republican	Massachusetts	60,933,504	47.20%	206	Paul Davis Ryan Jr.	Wisconsin	206
Gary Earl Johnson	Libertarian	New Mexico	1,275,971	0.99%	0	James Polin Gray	California	0
Jill Ellen Stein	Green	Massachusetts	469,627	0.36%	0	Cheri Lynn Honkala	Pennsylvania	0
Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr.	Constitution	Virginia	122,389	0.09%	0	James N. Clymer	Pennsylvania	0
Roseanne Cherrie Barr	Peace and Freedom	Hawaii	67,326	0.05%	0	Cindy Lee Miller Sheehan	California	0
Ross Carl "Rocky" Anderson	Justice	Utah	43,018	0.03%	0	Luis Javier Rodriguez	California	0
Thomas Conrad Hoefling	America's	Iowa	40,628	0.03%	0	J.D. Ellis	Tennessee	0
Andre Nigel Barnett	Reform	New York	956	<0.01%	0	Kenneth Robert Cross	Arkansas	0
Other			216,196	0.19%	—	Other		—
Total			129,085,410	100%	538			538
Needed to win					270			270

President Obama casts his ballot at the Martin Luther King Jr. Community Center in Chicago.

Popular vote Obama   51.06% Romney   47.20% Johnson   0.99% Stein   0.36% Others   0.38%

Electoral vote Obama   61.71% Romney   38.29%

Results by state

The table below displays the official vote tallies by each state's Electoral College voting method. The source for the results of all states, except those that amended their official results, is the official Federal Election Commission report. The column labeled "Margin" shows Obama's margin of victory over Romney (the margin is negative for every state that Romney won).

States/districts won by Obama/Biden

States/districts won by Romney/Ryan

	Barack Obama Democratic			Mitt Romney Republican			Gary Johnson Libertarian			Jill Stein Green			Others			Margin		Total
State/District	#	%	EV	#	%	EV	#	%	EV	#	%	EV	#	%	EV	#	%	#
Alabama	795,696	38.36%	–	1,255,925	60.55%	9	12,328	0.59%	–	3,397	0.16%	–	6,992	0.34%	–	−460,229	−22.19%	2,074,338	AL
Alaska	122,640	40.81%	–	164,676	54.80%	3	7,392	2.46%	–	2,917	0.97%	–	2,870	0.96%	–	−42,036	−13.99%	300,495	AK
Arizona	1,025,232	44.59%	–	1,233,654	53.65%	11	32,100	1.40%	–	7,816	0.34%	–	452	0.02%	–	−208,422	−9.06%	2,299,254	AZ
Arkansas	394,409	36.88%	–	647,744	60.57%	6	16,276	1.52%	–	9,305	0.87%	–	1,734	0.16%	–	−253,335	−23.69%	1,069,468	AR
California	7,854,285	60.24%	55	4,839,958	37.12%	–	143,221	1.10%	–	85,638	0.66%	–	115,445	0.89%	–	3,014,327	23.12%	13,038,547	CA
Colorado	1,323,101	51.49%	9	1,185,243	46.13%	–	35,545	1.38%	–	7,508	0.29%	–	18,121	0.71%	–	137,858	5.37%	2,569,518	CO
Connecticut	905,083	58.06%	7	634,892	40.73%	–	12,580	0.81%	–	863	0.06%	–	5,542	0.36%	–	270,191	17.33%	1,558,960	CT
Delaware	242,584	58.61%	3	165,484	39.98%	–	3,882	0.94%	–	1,940	0.47%	–	31	0.01%	–	77,100	18.63%	413,921	DE
District of ColumbiaDistrict of Columbia	267,070	90.91%	3	21,381	7.28%	–	2,083	0.71%	–	2,458	0.84%	–	772	0.26%	–	245,689	83.63%	293,764	DC
Florida	4,237,756	50.01%	29	4,163,447	49.13%	–	44,726	0.53%	–	8,947	0.11%	–	19,303	0.23%	–	74,309	0.88%	8,474,179	FL
Georgia	1,773,827	45.48%	–	2,078,688	53.30%	16	45,324	1.16%	–	1,516	0.04%	–	695	0.02%	–	−304,861	−7.82%	3,900,050	GA
Hawaii	306,658	70.55%	4	121,015	27.84%	–	3,840	0.88%	–	3,184	0.73%	–	–	–	–	185,643	42.71%	434,697	HI
Idaho	212,787	32.62%	–	420,911	64.53%	4	9,453	1.45%	–	4,402	0.67%	–	4,721	0.72%	–	−208,124	−31.91%	652,274	ID
Illinois	3,019,512	57.60%	20	2,135,216	40.73%	–	56,229	1.07%	–	30,222	0.58%	–	835	0.02%	–	884,296	16.87%	5,242,014	IL
Indiana	1,152,887	43.93%	–	1,420,543	54.13%	11	50,111	1.91%	–	625	0.02%	–	368	0.01%	–	−267,656	−10.20%	2,624,534	IN
Iowa	822,544	51.99%	6	730,617	46.18%	–	12,926	0.82%	–	3,769	0.24%	–	12,324	0.78%	–	91,927	5.81%	1,582,180	IA
Kansas	440,726	37.99%	–	692,634	59.71%	6	20,456	1.76%	–	714	0.06%	–	5,441	0.47%	–	−251,908	−21.72%	1,159,971	KS
Kentucky	679,370	37.80%	–	1,087,190	60.49%	8	17,063	0.95%	–	6,337	0.35%	–	7,252	0.40%	–	−407,820	−22.69%	1,797,212	KY
Louisiana	809,141	40.58%	–	1,152,262	57.78%	8	18,157	0.91%	–	6,978	0.35%	–	7,527	0.38%	–	−343,121	−17.21%	1,994,065	LA
Maine^★	401,306	56.27%	4	292,276	40.98%	–	9,352	1.31%	–	8,119	1.14%	–	2,127	0.30%	–	109,030	15.29%	713,180	ME–a/l
Maryland	1,677,844	61.97%	10	971,869	35.90%	–	30,195	1.12%	–	17,110	0.63%	–	10,309	0.38%	–	705,975	26.08%	2,707,327	MD
Massachusetts	1,921,290	60.65%	11	1,188,314	37.51%	–	30,920	0.98%	–	20,691	0.65%	–	6,552	0.21%	–	732,976	23.14%	3,167,767	MA
Michigan	2,564,569	54.21%	16	2,115,256	44.71%	–	7,774	0.16%	–	21,897	0.46%	–	21,465	0.45%	–	449,313	9.50%	4,730,961	MI
Minnesota	1,546,167	52.65%	10	1,320,225	44.96%	–	35,098	1.20%	–	13,023	0.44%	–	22,048	0.75%	–	225,942	7.69%	2,936,561	MN
Mississippi	562,949	43.79%	–	710,746	55.29%	6	6,676	0.52%	–	1,588	0.12%	–	3,625	0.28%	–	−147,797	−11.50%	1,285,584	MS
Missouri	1,223,796	44.38%	–	1,482,440	53.76%	10	43,151	1.56%	–	–	–	–	7,936	0.29%	–	−258,644	−9.38%	2,757,323	MO
Montana	201,839	41.70%	–	267,928	55.35%	3	14,165	2.93%	–	–	–	–	116	0.02%	–	−66,089	−13.65%	484,048	MT
Nebraska^★	302,081	38.03%	–	475,064	59.80%	5	11,109	1.40%	–	–	–	–	6,125	0.77%	–	−172,983	−21.78%	794,379	NE–a/l
Nevada	531,373	52.36%	6	463,567	45.68%	–	10,968	1.08%	–	–	–	–	9,010	0.89%	–	67,806	6.68%	1,014,918	NV
New Hampshire	369,561	51.98%	4	329,918	46.40%	–	8,212	1.16%	–	324	0.05%	–	2,957	0.42%	–	39,643	5.58%	710,972	NH
New Jersey[114]	2,125,101	58.38%	14	1,477,568	40.59%	–	21,045	0.58%	–	9,888	0.27%	–	6,690	0.18%	–	647,533	17.81%	3,640,292	NJ
New Mexico	415,335	52.99%	5	335,788	42.84%	–	27,788	3.55%	–	2,691	0.34%	–	2,156	0.28%	–	79,547	10.15%	783,758	NM
New York[115]	4,485,741	63.35%	29	2,490,431	35.17%	–	47,256	0.67%	–	39,982	0.56%	–	17,749	0.25%	–	1,995,310	28.18%	7,081,159	NY
North Carolina	2,178,391	48.35%	–	2,270,395	50.39%	15	44,515	0.99%	–	–	–	–	12,071	0.27%	–	−92,004	−2.04%	4,505,372	NC
North Dakota	124,827	38.69%	–	188,163	58.32%	3	5,231	1.62%	–	1,361	0.42%	–	3,045	0.94%	–	−63,336	−19.63%	322,627	ND
Ohio[116]	2,827,709	50.67%	18	2,661,437	47.69%	–	49,493	0.89%	–	18,573	0.33%	–	23,635	0.42%	–	166,272	2.98%	5,580,847	OH
Oklahoma	443,547	33.23%	–	891,325	66.77%	7	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	−447,778	−33.54%	1,334,872	OK
Oregon	970,488	54.24%	7	754,175	42.15%	–	24,089	1.35%	–	19,427	1.09%	–	21,091	1.18%	–	216,313	12.09%	1,789,270	OR
Pennsylvania	2,990,274	51.97%	20	2,680,434	46.59%	–	49,991	0.87%	–	21,341	0.37%	–	11,630	0.20%	–	309,840	5.39%	5,753,670	PA
Rhode Island	279,677	62.70%	4	157,204	35.24%	–	4,388	0.98%	–	2,421	0.54%	–	2,359	0.53%	–	122,473	27.46%	446,049	RI
South Carolina	865,941	44.09%	–	1,071,645	54.56%	9	16,321	0.83%	–	5,446	0.28%	–	4,765	0.24%	–	−205,704	−10.47%	1,964,118	SC
South Dakota	145,039	39.87%	–	210,610	57.89%	3	5,795	1.59%	–	–	–	–	2,371	0.65%	–	−65,571	−18.02%	363,815	SD
Tennessee	960,709	39.08%	–	1,462,330	59.48%	11	18,623	0.76%	–	6,515	0.26%	–	10,400	0.42%	–	−501,621	−20.40%	2,458,577	TN
Texas	3,308,124	41.38%	–	4,569,843	57.17%	38	88,580	1.11%	–	24,657	0.31%	–	2,647	0.03%	–	−1,261,719	−15.78%	7,993,851	TX
Utah	251,813	24.75%	–	740,600	72.79%	6	12,572	1.24%	–	3,817	0.38%	–	8,638	0.85%	–	−488,787	−48.04%	1,017,440	UT
Vermont	199,239	66.57%	3	92,698	30.97%	–	3,487	1.17%	–	594	0.20%	–	3,272	1.09%	–	106,541	35.60%	299,290	VT
Virginia	1,971,820	51.16%	13	1,822,522	47.28%	–	31,216	0.81%	–	8,627	0.22%	–	20,304	0.53%	–	149,298	3.87%	3,854,489	VA
Washington	1,755,396	56.16%	12	1,290,670	41.29%	–	42,202	1.35%	–	20,928	0.67%	–	16,320	0.52%	–	464,726	14.87%	3,125,516	WA
West Virginia	238,269	35.54%	–	417,655	62.30%	5	6,302	0.94%	–	4,406	0.66%	–	3,806	0.57%	–	−179,386	−26.76%	670,438	WV
Wisconsin[117]	1,620,985	52.83%	10	1,407,966	45.89%	–	20,439	0.67%	–	7,665	0.25%	–	11,379	0.37%	–	213,019	6.94%	3,068,434	WI
Wyoming	69,286	27.82%	–	170,962	68.64%	3	5,326	2.14%	–	–	–	–	3,487	1.40%	–	−101,676	−40.82%	249,061	WY
U.S. Total	65,915,795	51.06%	332	60,933,504	47.20%	206	1,275,971	0.99%	–	469,627	0.36%	–	490,510	0.38%	–	4,982,291	3.86%	129,085,410	US

Maine and Nebraska district results

^★Maine and Nebraska each allow for their election results votes to be split between candidates. In the 2012 election, all four of Maine's electoral votes were won by Obama and all five of Nebraska's electoral votes were won by Romney. The following table records the official presidential vote tallies for Maine and Nebraska's congressional districts.[118][119]

District	Obama	%	Romney	%	Johnson	%	Stein	%	Terry	%	Margin	%	Total
Maine's 1st congressional district	223,035	59.57%	142,937	38.18%	4,501	1.20%	3,946	1.05%	–	–	80,098	21.39%	374,419
Maine's 2nd congressional district	177,998	52.94%	149,215	44.38%	4,843	1.44%	4,170	1.24%	–	–	28,783	8.56%	336,226
Nebraska's 1st congressional district	108,082	40.83%	152,021	57.43%	3,847	1.45%	–	–	762	0.29%	−43,939	−16.60%	264,712
Nebraska's 2nd congressional district	121,889	45.70%	140,976	52.85%	3,393	1.27%	–	–	469	0.18%	−19,087	−7.16%	266,727
Nebraska's 3rd congressional district	72,110	27.82%	182,067	70.24%	3,869	1.49%	–	–	1,177	0.45%	−109,957	−42.42%	259,223

Close races

Swing from 2008 to 2012 in each state. Only six states swung more Democratic in 2012: Alaska, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, and New York. The arrows to the right represent how many places up or down on the list the state moved since 2008. States are listed by (increasing) percentage of Democratic votes.

Red denotes states (or congressional districts that contribute an electoral vote) won by Republican Mitt Romney; blue denotes those won by Democrat Barack Obama.

State where the margin of victory was under 1% (29 electoral votes):

1. Florida, 0.88%

States where the margin of victory was under 5% (46 electoral votes):

1. North Carolina, 2.04%
2. Ohio, 2.98%
3. Virginia, 3.87%

States/districts where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (120 electoral votes):

1. Colorado, 5.37% (tipping point state)
2. Pennsylvania, 5.39%
3. New Hampshire, 5.58%
4. Iowa, 5.81%
5. Nevada, 6.68%
6. Wisconsin, 6.94%
7. Nebraska's 2nd Congressional District, 7.16%
8. Minnesota, 7.69%
9. Georgia, 7.82%
10. Maine's 2nd Congressional District, 8.56%
11. Arizona, 9.06%
12. Missouri, 9.38%
13. Michigan, 9.50%

Romney's concession

Obama takes a phone call from Romney conceding the election early Wednesday morning in Chicago.

After the networks called Ohio (the state that was arguably the most critical for Romney, as no Republican has ever won the Presidency without carrying it) for Obama at around 11:15 PM EST on Election Day, Romney was ready to concede the race, but hesitated when Karl Rove strenuously objected on Fox News to the network's decision to make that call.[120][121] However, after Colorado and Nevada were called for the President (giving Obama enough electoral votes to win even if Ohio were to leave his column), in tandem with Obama's apparent lead in Florida and Virginia (both were eventually called for Obama), Romney acknowledged that he had lost and conceded at around 1:00 AM EST on November 7.

Despite public polling showing Romney behind Obama in the swing states of Nevada, Colorado, Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, and New Hampshire, tied with Obama in Virginia, and just barely ahead of Obama in Florida, the Romney campaign said they were genuinely surprised by the loss, having believed that public polling was oversampling Democrats.[122] The Romney campaign had already set up a transition website, and had scheduled and purchased a fireworks display to celebrate in case he won the election.[123][124]

On November 30, 2012, it was revealed that shortly before the election, internal polling done by the Romney campaign had shown Romney ahead in Colorado and New Hampshire, tied in Iowa, and within a few points of Obama in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Ohio.[125] In addition, the Romney campaign had assumed that they would win Florida and Virginia.[126] The polls had made Romney and his campaign team so confident of their victory that Romney did not write a concession speech until Obama's victory was announced.[127][128]

Reactions

Further information: International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election

Foreign leaders reacted with both positive and mixed messages. Most world leaders congratulated and praised Barack Obama on his re-election victory. However, Venezuela and some other states had tempered reactions. Pakistan commented that Romney's defeat had made Pakistan-United States relations safer. Stock markets fell noticeably after Obama's re-election, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ, and the S&P 500 each declining over two percent the day after the election.[129] By his inauguration, however, the markets had gained back all the losses[130] and a bull run began that culminated in 2015 when the Dow closed at an all-time high of 18,312,[131] the NASDAQ reached the milestone of 5,210,[132] and the S&P 500 peaked at a record 2,130.[133]

Voter demographics

2012 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroup	Obama	Romney	Other	% of total vote
Total vote	51	47	2	100
Ideology
Liberals	86	11	3	25
Moderates	56	41	3	41
Conservatives	17	82	1	35
Party
Democrats	92	7	1	38
Republicans	6	93	1	32
Independents	45	50	5	29
Gender
Men	45	52	3	47
Women	55	44	1	53
Marital status
Married	42	56	2	60
Unmarried	62	35	3	40
Sex by marital status
Married men	38	60	2	29
Married women	46	53	1	31
Single men	56	40	4	18
Single women	67	31	2	23
Race/ethnicity
White	39	59	2	72
Black	93	6	1	13
Asian	73	26	1	3
Other	58	38	4	2
Hispanic	71	27	2	10
Religion
Protestant or other Christian	42	57	1	53
Catholic	50	48	2	25
Mormon	21	78	1	2
Jewish	69	30	1	2
Other	74	23	3	7
None	70	26	4	12
Religious service attendance
More than once a week	36	63	1	14
Once a week	41	58	1	28
A few times a month	55	44	1	13
A few times a year	56	42	2	27
Never	62	34	4	17
White evangelical or born-again Christian?
White evangelical or born-again Christian	21	78	1	26
Everyone else	60	37	3	74
Age
18–24 years old	60	36	4	11
25–29 years old	60	38	2	8
30–39 years old	55	42	3	17
40–49 years old	48	50	2	20
50–64 years old	47	52	1	28
65 and older	44	56	0	16
Age by race
Whites 18–29 years old	44	51	5	11
Whites 30–44 years old	38	59	3	18
Whites 45–64 years old	38	61	1	29
Whites 65 and older	39	61	n/a	14
Blacks 18–29 years old	91	8	1	3
Blacks 30–44 years old	94	5	1	4
Blacks 45–64 years old	93	7	n/a	4
Blacks 65 and older	93	6	1	1
Latinos 18–29 years old	74	23	3	4
Latinos 30–44 years old	71	28	1	3
Latinos 45–64 years old	68	31	1	3
Latinos 65 and older	65	35	n/a	1
Others	67	31	2	5
LGBT?
Yes	76	22	2	5
No	49	49	2	95
Education
Not a high school graduate	64	35	1	3
High school graduate	51	48	1	21
Some college education	49	48	3	29
College graduate	47	51	2	29
Postgraduate education	55	42	3	18
Family income
Under $30,000	63	35	2	20
$30,000–49,999	57	42	1	21
$50,000–99,999	46	52	2	31
$100,000–199,999	44	54	2	21
$200,000–249,999	47	52	1	3
Over $250,000	42	55	3	4
Union households
Union	58	40	2	18
Non-union	49	48	3	82
Region
Northeast	59	40	1	18
Midwest	51	48	2	24
South	46	53	1	36
West	54	43	3	22
Community size
Big cities (population over 500,000)	69	29	2	11
Mid-sized cities (population 50,000 to 500,000)	58	40	2	21
Suburbs	48	50	2	47
Towns (population 10,000 to 50,000)	42	56	2	8
Rural areas	37	61	2	14

Hispanic vote

The United States has a population of 50 million Hispanic and Latino Americans, 27 million of whom are citizens eligible to vote (13% of total eligible voters). Traditionally, only half of eligible Hispanic voters vote (around 7% of voters); of them, 71% voted for Barack Obama (increasing his percentage of the vote by 5%); therefore, the Hispanic vote was an important factor in Obama's re-election, since the vote difference between the two main parties was only 3.9%[134][135][136][137]

Exit polls were conducted by Edison Research of Somerville, New Jersey, for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, Associated Press, CBS News, CNN,[138] Fox News,[139] and NBC News.[140]

Analysis

Combined with the re-elections of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Obama's victory in the 2012 election marked only the second time in American history that three consecutive presidents were each elected to two or more full terms (the first time being the consecutive two-term presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe).[141] This was also the first election since 1944 in which neither of the major candidates had any military experience.[142]

The 2012 election marked the first time since Franklin D. Roosevelt's last two re-elections in 1940 and 1944 that a Democratic presidential candidate won a majority of the popular vote in two consecutive elections.[143] Obama was also the first president of either party to secure at least 51% of the popular vote in two elections since Dwight Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956.[144] Obama is the third Democratic president to secure at least 51% of the vote twice, after Andrew Jackson and Franklin D. Roosevelt.[145] Romney won the popular vote in 226 congressional districts making this the first time since 1960 that the winner of the election did not win the popular vote in a majority of the congressional districts.[146] Romney also became the first Republican since Gerald Ford's narrow defeat to Jimmy Carter, in 1976, to fail to win a presidential election while earning a minimum of 200 electoral votes.

Romney lost his home state of Massachusetts, becoming the first major party presidential candidate to lose his home state since Democrat Al Gore lost his home state of Tennessee to Republican George W. Bush in the 2000 election.[147] Romney lost his home state by more than 23%, the worst losing margin for a major party candidate since John Frémont in 1856.[148] Even worse than Frémont, Romney failed to win a single county in his home state.[149][150] In addition, since Obama carried Ryan's home state of Wisconsin, the Romney–Ryan ticket was the first major party ticket since the 1972 election to have both of its nominees lose their home states.[151] Romney won the popular vote in every county of three states: Utah, Oklahoma, and West Virginia; Obama did so in four states: Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Hawaii.[152]

Romney's loss prompted the Republican National Committee to try to appeal to the American Latino population by concentrating on different approaches to immigration. These were short-lived due to activity and anger from the Republican base and may have contributed to the selection of Donald Trump as their presidential candidate four years later.[153]

Gary Johnson's popular vote total set a Libertarian Party record, and his popular vote percentage was the second-best showing for a Libertarian in a presidential election, trailing only Ed Clark's in 1980.[154] Johnson would go on to beat this record in the 2016 presidential election, winning the most votes for the Libertarian ticket in history. At the time, Green Party candidate Jill Stein's popular vote total made her the most successful female presidential candidate in a general election in United States history.[155][156] This was later surpassed by Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election.

Obama's vote total was the second most votes received in the history of presidential elections and the most ever for a reelected president. Obama owns the all-time record for votes in a single election as well in 2008. However, Obama also became the first president in American history to be reelected to a second term by smaller margins in every way possible: Compared to his victory in 2008, he won fewer states (28 to 26), fewer electoral votes (365 to 332), fewer popular votes (69.5 million to 65.9 million), a smaller percentage of the popular vote (52.9% to 51.1%), and fewer congressional districts (242 to 209).[157]

The 2012 election marked the first time since 1988 in which no state was won by a candidate with a plurality of the state's popular vote. All states were won with over 50% of the vote.

Maps

• 
  Results by state, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote.
• 
  Results by county. Blue denotes counties that went to Obama; red denotes counties that went to Romney. Hawaii, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont had all counties go to Obama. Oklahoma, Utah, and West Virginia had all counties go to Romney.
• 
  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote.
• 
  Popular vote by county shaded on a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic.
• 
  Results by state and the District of Columbia, scaled by number of Electors per state.
• 
  Cartogram of popular vote by county shaded on a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic where each county has been rescaled in proportion to its population.
• 
  Cartogram of the electoral vote results, with each square representing one electoral vote.
• 
  Results by congressional district.
• 
  Change in popular vote margins at the county level from the 2008 election to the 2012 election. Blue denotes counties that voted more Democratic. Red denotes counties that voted more Republican. Romney's strongest improvements over McCain were in Utah and Appalachia, while Obama's strongest gains were in Alaska, the New York area, and the Gulf states.
• 
  Treemap of the popular vote by county, state, and locally predominant recipient

Gallery

• 
  The Empire State Building in New York City was lit blue when CNN called Ohio for Obama, projecting him the winner of the election. Likewise, red would have been used if Romney won.[158]
• 
  The Obamas and the Bidens embrace following the television announcement of their victory.
• 
  The Obamas and the Bidens walk on stage at the election night victory celebration at McCormick Place in Chicago.
• 
  Former Governor Mitt Romney meets with President Barack Obama at the White House after the 2012 presidential election.

See also

• Planned presidential transition of Mitt Romney
• 2012 United States Senate elections
• 2012 United States House of Representatives elections
• 2012 United States gubernatorial elections
• Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election
• Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election
• Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election
• Second inauguration of Barack Obama

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Further reading

• Gardner, Liz, et al. "Press Coverage of the 2012 US Presidential Election: A Multinational, Cross-Language Comparison". in Die US-Präsidentschaftswahl 2012 (Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016). pp 241–267.
• Hansen, Wendy L., Michael S. Rocca, and Brittany Leigh Ortiz. "The effects of Citizens United on corporate spending in the 2012 presidential election". Journal of Politics 77.2 (2015): 535–545. in JSTOR
• Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2013). Double Down: Game Change 2012. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 1594204403.
• Masket, Seth, John Sides, and Lynn Vavreck. "The Ground Game in the 2012 Presidential Election". Political Communication (2015) 33#2 pp: 1-19.
• Mayer, William G.; Bernstein, Jonathan, eds. (2012). The Making of the Presidential Candidates, 2012. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1170-4. Scholars explore nominations in the post-public-funding era, digital media and campaigns, television coverage, and the Tea Party.
• Miller, William J., ed. The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party: The Internal Battle (Lexington Books; 2013) 265 pages; essays by experts on Romney and each of his main rivals
• Nelson, Michael, ed. The Elections of 2012 (2013) excerpt and text search; topical essays by experts
• Sides, John, and Lynn Vavreck. The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election (Princeton U.P. 2013) excerpt and text search
• Stempel III, Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove, eds. The 21st-Century Voter: Who Votes, How They Vote, and Why They Vote (2 vol. 2015).

External links

• The 9 Swing States of 2012
• United States Presidential Election of 2012 at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• 2012 Presidential Form 2 Filers at the Federal Election Commission (FEC)
• Election 2012 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions
• 2012 United States presidential election at Curlie
• 2012 Interactive Electoral Map
• Election of 2012 in Counting the Votes