Real gross domestic product

Real gross domestic product (real GDP for short) is a macroeconomic measure of the value of economic output adjusted for price changes (i.e. inflation or deflation).[1] This adjustment transforms the money-value measure, nominal GDP, into an index for quantity of total output. Although GDP is total output, it is primarily useful because it closely approximates the total spending: the sum of consumer spending, investment made by industry, excess of exports over imports, and government spending. Due to inflation, GDP increases and does not actually reflect the true growth in an economy. That is why the GDP must be divided by the inflation rate (raised to the power of units of time in which the rate is measured) to get the growth of the real GDP. Different organizations use different types of 'Real GDP' measures, for example, the UNCTAD uses 2005 Constant prices and exchange rates while the FRED uses 2009 constant prices and exchange rates, and recently the World Bank switched from 2005 to 2010 constant prices and exchange rates.[2][3][4]

10 largest countries by GDP according to the UNCTAD at 2005 constant prices and exchange rates, 2015[3]
Economy
Top 10 countries by GDP in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)
(01)  United States
15,160,104
(02)  China
5,762,185
(03)  Japan
5,018,510
(04)  Germany
3,544,225
(05)  Brazil
3,493,994
(06)  United Kingdom
2,821,007
(07)  France
2,406,570
(08)  Italy
1,766,169
(09)  India
1,677,339
(10)  Canada
1,377,908

Economic sectors of nations using real GDP
Nations by industrial sector output at 2005 constant prices
20 largest countries by industrial output according to the UNCTAD at 2005 constant prices and exchange rates, 2015[3]
Economy
Top 20 countries by industrial output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)
(01)  United States
3,042,332
(02)  China
2,837,667
(03)  Japan
1,415,551
(04)  Germany
889,336
(05)  India
499,519
(06)  United Kingdom
468,181
(07)  South Korea
454,504
(08)  France
415,400
(09)  Brazil
409,453
(10)  Canada
370,732
(11)  Italy
369,751
(12)  Mexico
365,959
(13)  Russia
277,858
(14)  Australia
261,385
(15)  Saudi Arabia
256,969
(16)  Spain
254,480
(17)  Taiwan
204,109
(18)  Indonesia
198,254
(19)  Turkey
177,586
Largest countries by agricultural output according to the UNCTAD at 2005 constant prices and exchange rates, 2015 [3]
Economy
Countries by agricultural output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)
(01)  China
418,455
(02)  Brazil
376,768
(03)  India
196,592
(04)  United States
149,023
(05)  Nigeria
77,113
Largest countries by tertiary (services) output according to the UNCTAD at 2005 constant prices and exchange rates, 2015 [3]
Economy
Countries by tertiary (services) output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)
(01)  United States
11,518,980
(02)  Japan
3,502,804
(03)  China
2,467,184
(04)  Germany
2,064,936
(05)  United Kingdom
2,032,516

Relationship with nominal GDP

Real GDP is an example of the distinction between real vs. nominal values in economics. Nominal gross domestic product is defined as the market value of all final goods produced in a geographical region, usually a country. That market value depends on the quantities of goods and services produced, and their respective prices.

If a set of real GDPs from various years are calculated, each using the quantities from its own year, but all using the prices from the same base year, the differences in those real GDPs will reflect only differences in volume.

An index called the GDP deflator can be obtained by dividing, for each year, the nominal GDP by the real GDP, so that the GDP deflator for the base year will be 100. It gives an indication of the overall level of price change (inflation or deflation) in the economy.

GDP deflator for year

Real GDP growth on an annual basis is the nominal GDP growth rate adjusted for inflation. It is usually expressed as a percentage.

Nomenclature: "GDP" may refer to "nominal" or "current" or "historical" GDP, to distinguish it from the real GDP. The real GDP is sometimes called "constant" GDP because it is expressed in terms of constant prices. Depending on context, "GDP" may also refer to real GDP.

Notes and references
  1. Kenton, Will. "Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP)". Investopedia.com. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  2. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (1 January 1947). "Real Gross Domestic Product". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  3. "UNCTADstat - Table view". Unctadstat.unctad.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  4. "GDP (constant 2010 US$) - Data". Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
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