North Carolina General Assembly

The North Carolina General Assembly is the bicameral legislature of the State government of North Carolina. The legislature consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The General Assembly meets in the North Carolina Legislative Building in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States.[1]

For the building, see North Carolina State Legislative Building.

North Carolina General Assembly
Type
Type
HousesSenate
House of Representatives
History
FoundedNovember 17, 1775 (1775-11-17)
Leadership
Dan Forest (R)
since January 7, 2013
President pro tempore of the Senate
Phil Berger (R)
since January 26, 2011
Tim Moore (R)
since January 15, 2015
Structure
Seats170 voting members
  • 50 senators
  • 120 representatives
Senate political groups
House of Representatives political groups
Elections
Last general election
November 6, 2018
Next general election
November 3, 2020
Meeting place
Current North Carolina Legislative Building
Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
Website
www.ncleg.net

Overview

The General Assembly drafts and legislates the state laws of North Carolina, also known as the General Statutes. The General Assembly is a bicameral legislature, consisting of the North Carolina House of Representatives (formerly called the North Carolina House of Commons until 1868) and the North Carolina Senate. Since 1868, the House has been authorized 120 members, while the Senate has been authorized 50 members.[2] There are no term limits for either chamber.

History
See also: Province of Carolina and Province of North Carolina

Province of Carolina

The North Carolina legislature traces its roots to the first assembly for the "County of Albemarle," which was convened in 1665 by Governor William Drummond.[3][4] Albemarle County was the portion of the British colony of Carolina (under the control of the "Lords Proprietors" before becoming a royal province in 1729) that would eventually become North Carolina.[5]

From approximately 1666 to 1697, the Governor, his council, and representatives of various precincts and towns, elected by male freeholders, sat together as a unicameral legislature. By 1697, this evolved into a bicameral body, with the Governor and his council as the upper house, and the House of Burgesses as the elected lower house. The House, sometimes known simply as "the Assembly," could only meet when called by the Governor, but it was allowed to set its own rules and to elect its own Speaker.

Province of North Carolina
The Governor's Palace in New Bern is where the provincial era General Assembly met from 1770 until 1775

According to one early compilation of the "Laws of North Carolina",[6] the first "General Biennial Assembly" was held "at the House of Capt. Richard Sanderson, at Little-River begun on the 17th day of November, 1715 and continued by several Adjournments, until the 19th Day of January, 1715 [sic]."[7] At that session the Assembly adopted many of the laws of England that remained in effect through most of the 20th Century. Notable in this category is the Statute of Elizabeth or the Statute of Frauds,[8] which was not repealed until the General Assembly adopted the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act in July 1997.[9]

The House also controlled the salary of the Governor, and withheld that salary when the Governor displeased a majority of the House. Naturally, conflicts between the Governor and the legislature were frequent. In 1774 and 1775, the people of the colony elected a provincial Congress, independent of the royal governor, as the American Revolution began. Most of its members were also members of what would be the last House of Burgesses.

North Carolina Provincial Congress

There were five North Carolina Provincial Congresses. The fifth Congress approved the first constitution in 1776. With the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, the United States became an independent nation with very different legislatures in each colony. Because of the history of distrust of the executive, the North Carolina constitution firmly established the General Assembly, as it was now called, as the most powerful branch of the state government. The bicameral legislature, whose members would all be elected by the people, would itself elect all the officers of the executive and judicial branches. As William S. Powell wrote in North Carolina: A History, "The legislative branch henceforth would have the upper hand. The governor would be the creature of the assembly, elected by it and removable by it. ... The governor could not take any important step without the advice and consent of the 'council of state,' and he had no voice in the appointment or removal of [council of state members]." This constitution was not submitted to a vote of the people. The Congress simply adopted it and elected Richard Caswell, the last president of the Congress, as acting Governor until the new legislature was elected and seated.[10][11]

North Carolina General Assembly under the first constitution
North Carolina State House 1794–1810
North Carolina State House 1811–1831
North Carolina Capitol, home to the General Assembly from 1840 until 1963

The first North Carolina General Assembly was convened on April 7, 1777 in New Bern, North Carolina. It consisted of Senate with one member from each county of 38 existing counties and one district (Washington District which later became part of the Southwest Territory and then Tennessee) and a House of Commons with two members representing each of the existing 38 counties, plus one member from each of the large towns/districts (Edenton, Halifax, Hillsborough, New Bern, Salisbury, and Wilmington Districts). Districts continued to be represented in the Senate until 1835. Only land-owning (100 acres (0.4 km2) for the House of Commons and 300 acres (1.2 km2) for the Senate), Protestant men could serve.[11]

The first 18 General Assemblies met in various locations, including New Bern, Hillsboro, Halifax, Smithfield, and Wake Court House, Fayetteville. It was not until 1794 that the General Assembly met in the new state capital, Raleigh where it has met ever since.[12]

The constitution provided for more rights for freedmen and free men of color. The 9th Amendment] on the 1776 constitution states, "That no freeman shall be convicted of any crime, but by the unanimous verdict of a jury of good lawful men, in open court, as heretofore used."[11][13] Free men of color with sufficient property were allowed to vote. Following Nat Turner's slave rebellion of 1831, the state legislature passed more restrictive laws, making it illegal to teach a slave how to read or write. They also narrowed rights of free people of color, rescinding their franchise and the right to bear arms, and forbidding them from attending school or learning to read and write, as well as forbidding them from preaching in public.[14][11]

1835 constitution era

In 1835, the constitution was amended to make the Governor elected by the people, but the legislature elected all other officials, including US Senators. Amendments set the number of senators at 50 and the number of commoners (representatives to the House) at 120. Senators were to be elected from districts representing approximately equal numbers of citizens, rather than by geographic counties. Members of the House were still elected by county, but more populous counties were entitled to more representatives.

Under the Confederate States of America

The North Carolina General Assembly met from 1861 to 1865 as part of the Confederate States of America.

Reconstruction Era

In 1868, a new constitution was passed by the Reconstruction era legislature, a biracial body dominated by Republicans. It changed the name of the House of Commons to the House of Representatives. It established the office of Lieutenant Governor. Previously, the Speaker of the Senate was the constitutional successor to the Governor in case of death or resignation. Property qualifications for holding office were abolished in order to enlarge opportunity. Finally, the legislature made executive officers and judges subject to popular election rather than appointment by the legislature.

African-American men were first elected to the state legislature in 1868, including Henry Epps, Abraham H. Galloway, and John A. Hyman in the Senate and Parker D. Robbins, Wilson Cary, B.W. Morris, A.W. Stevens, John S. Leary, Isham Sweat, Henry C. Cherry, John H. Williamson, A.A. Crawford, Cuffie Mayo, H.T.J. Hayes, Ivey Hutchings, John S.W. Eagles, George W. Price, Thomas A. Sykes, James H. Harris, William Cawthorn, and Richard Falkner in the House. Despite efforts by Red Shirts and other white Democratic paramilitary groups to disrupt Republican meetings and suppress black voting in order to ensure the Democratic takeover, some African Americans continued to be elected in the 19th century, especially to local offices. George Henry White was elected as US Congressman in 1894. But shortly before the turn of the century, the Democrats regained control of the state legislature (after a biracial coalition between Republicans and Populists had briefly held power) and passed laws to create barriers to voter registration through poll taxes, literacy tests and other devices.[15][16][17][18][19]

Post Construction Era

Applied subjectively by white administrators, these methods effectively disenfranchised most blacks in the state. Black voters were eliminated by 1904. An estimated 75,000 black male citizens lost the vote.[20][21] Congressman White did not run for a third term and, like many other talented black men, left the state for better opportunities in the North. African Americans were closed out of politics in North Carolina for decades, with most not regaining the ability to vote until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and federal overview and enforcement.

Lillian Exum Clement became the first female member of the General Assembly in 1921.[22]

As was the case in other states where rural legislators hung on to power despite changes in state demographics, North Carolina eventually had to redefine its method of electing house members and to reapportion congressional seats, which was supposed to be done after every decennial census. At a time of civil rights legislation to end segregation (Civil Rights Act of 1964) and enforce the constitutional right to vote for African Americans and other minorities (Voting Rights Act of 1965), the US Supreme Court made rulings that resulted in corrections to state legislature representation and apportionment in several states.

Starting in 1966 (in the wake of Reynolds v. Sims, a US Supreme Court case establishing the principle of one man, one vote), members of the North Carolina State House were required to be elected from districts defined on the basis of roughly equal population, rather than from geographic counties. The county basis had resulted in a longstanding rural bias in the legislature. The new urban populations, including minorities and immigrants, were historically underrepresented in terms of legislative seats and funding, although the state's demographics and population had become increasingly urbanized. The court's ruling required changes also in other states with similar practices. The changes allowed full representation for the first time from some urban and more densely settled areas. It also meant that counties with low populations lost the chance to elect a resident member to the legislature for the first time in state history.

In 2013, in the landmark Shelby County v. Holder case, the US Supreme Court invalidated a section of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, thereby freeing individual states to "change their election laws without advance federal approval."[23][24][25] In August 12, 2013 Republican Governor Pat McCrory signed omnibus election law bill—House Bill 589[26] which added requirements for voting such as photo identification.[26][27] In July 2016, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the restrictive election laws.[28]

1971 Constitution Era

Legislators in both chambers serve two-year terms. Starting with the 2002 election, each legislator represents a single-member House or Senatorial district; prior to 2002, some districts elected multiple legislators.

Current Structure

The Senate has 50 members. Though its members represent districts that are larger than those of their colleagues in the House, its prerogatives and powers are no greater, other than (since 2017) the power to advise and consent to the Governor's Cabinet nominees.[29]

The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina, but the Lt. Governor has very limited powers and only votes to break a tie. Before the office of Lt. Governor was created in 1868, the Senate was presided over by a "Speaker." After the 1988 election of James Carson Gardner, the first Republican Lt. Governor since Reconstruction, Democrats in control of the Senate shifted most of the power held by the Lt. Governor to the senator who is elected President Pro Tempore (or Pro-Tem). The President pro tempore appoints members to standing committees of the Senate, and holds great sway over bills.

The qualifications to be a senator are found in the state Constitution: "Each Senator, at the time of his election, shall be not less than 25 years of age, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the State as a citizen for two years and in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election."

According to the state constitution, the Senate is also the "Court for the Trial of Impeachments". The House of Representatives has the power to impeach state officials, after which the Senate holds a trial, as in the federal system. If the Governor or Lt. Governor is the official who has been impeached, the Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court presides.

The 120 members of the House of Representativese are led by a Speaker, who holds powers similar to those of the Senate President pro-tem.

The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution: "Each Representative, at the time of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election." Elsewhere, the constitution specifies that no elected official shall be under twenty-one years of age and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God, although this provision is not enforced.

Sessions
See also: List of North Carolina state legislatures

Currently, the General Assembly meets in regular session (or the "long session") beginning in January of each odd-numbered year, and adjourns to reconvene the following even-numbered year for what is called the "Short Session." Though there is no limit on the length of any session, the "long session" typically lasts for 6 months, and the "short session" typically lasts for 6 weeks.[2] Occasionally, in the case of a special need, the Governor may call a Special Session of the General Assembly after it has adjourned for the year.[30]

Prior to 1957, the General Assembly convened in January at a time fixed by the Constitution of North Carolina. From 1957 through 1967, sessions convened in February at a time fixed by the Constitution. The 1969 General Assembly was the first to convene on a date fixed by law after elimination of the constitutionally fixed date. The assembly now convenes on the third Wednesday after the second Monday in January after the November election.[12][31]

Elections
See also: Elections in North Carolina

Elections for all seats in both houses are held in each even-numbered year. If a seat should become vacant between elections, there are no by-elections or special elections. Rather, the local leaders of the political party of the person who vacated the seat nominate a replacement, to serve until the next election. The Governor, ordinarily, accepts the nomination, and appoints that person. Until 1982, a legislator's term in office was said to begin immediately upon his or her election. Since then terms begin on January 1 after a legislator's election.

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See also

Notes
  1. "State Capitol of NC". NC Department of Cultural Resources. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
  2. "Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly". Official North Carolina General Assembly Website. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  3. "Marker: A-13, First Assembly in Albemarle County". Ncmarkers.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  4. Powell, William S., ed. (1958). Ye Countie of Albemarle in Carolina: A Collection of Documents, 1664-1675.
  5. Baxley, Laura Young Baxley; Powell, William S. (2006). "Albermarle County". Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  6. (Iredell 1791)
  7. (Iredell 1791, p. 9). All marginal referenced to year of enactment of various chapters reference 1715, therefore the obvious error in the year maybe presumed to be the year of adjournment rather than the year the session convened.
  8. (Iredell 1791, Chapter 38)
  9. S.L. 1997-291. Ncleg.net (1997-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-08-09.
  10. William S. Powell (1988). North Carolina: A History. University of North Carolina Press.
  11. "North Carolina Constitution of 1776". Yale Law School. 1776. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  12. Connor, R.D.D. (1913). A Manual of North Carolina (PDF). Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Commission. p. 453–. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
  13. "9th Amendment to the 1776 North Carolina Constitutions".
  14. "North Carolina legislation". Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  15. Kousser, J. Morgan (1974). The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale Historical Publications. p. 104.
  16. "North Carolina History Project "Fusion Politics". northcarolinahistory.org.
  17. "The North Carolina Collection, UNC Libraries, The North Carolina Election of 1898". lib.unc.edu. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
  18. Lewis, J.D. "North Carolina House of Representatives, 1868". carolana.com. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  19. Lewis, J.D. "North Carolina State Senate, 1868". carolana.com. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  20. Shaw, Albert, ed. (July–December 1900). The American Monthly Review of Reviews. XXII. p. 274.
  21. Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 17, 2000, pp. 12-13
  22. "Women In The North Carolina General Assembly 1921-2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  23. Liptak, Adam (June 25, 2013). "Supreme Court Invalidates Key Part of Voting Rights Act". New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  24. Reilly, Ryan J. (February 27, 2013). "Voting Rights Act Supreme Court Case: Scalia Condemns The 'Perpetuation Of Racial Entitlement'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
  25. Lengell, Sean (February 28, 2013). "Scalia 'racial' comment on voting rights law draws fire". The Washington Times. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
  26. Byrne, Nick (August 27, 2013), "North Carolina Restricts Voting Access in the Name of Reform", Jurist, retrieved July 29, 2016
  27. Blinder, Alan (July 29, 2016). "Federal Appeals Court Strikes Down North Carolina Voter ID Provision". New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  28. Ann E. Marimow (July 29, 2016). "Appeals court strikes down North Carolina's voter-ID law". Washington Post. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  29. Robertson, Gary D. (December 2018). "North Carolina's top court: Legislators can confirm Cabinet". Associated Press. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  30. According to the state-published 2002 North Carolina Manual (no longer available online),
  31. Wheeler, John H. (1874). "The Legislative Manual and Political Register of the State of North Carolina". Retrieved April 9, 2019.

References

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