Major League Soccer

Major League Soccer (MLS) is a men's professional soccer league sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation which represents the sport's highest level in the United States and Canada.[2][3] The league comprises 26 teams—23 in the U.S. and three in Canada—and will expand to 30 teams by the 2023 season.[4][5][6][7][8] MLS constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues in both countries.[9][10]

"MLS" redirects here. For other uses, see MLS (disambiguation).

Major League Soccer
FoundedDecember 17, 1993 (1993-12-17)[1]
First season1996
CountryUnited States
Other club(s) fromCanada
ConfederationCONCACAF
ConferencesEastern Conference
Western Conference
Number of teams26
Level on pyramid1
Domestic cup(s)U.S. Open Cup
Canadian Championship
International cup(s)CONCACAF Champions League
Campeones Cup
Leagues Cup
Current MLS CupSeattle Sounders FC (2nd title)
(2019)
Current Supporters' ShieldLos Angeles FC (1st shield)
(2019)
Most MLS CupsLA Galaxy (5 titles)
Most Supporters' ShieldsD.C. United
LA Galaxy
(4 shields each)
Most appearancesNick Rimando (514)
Top goalscorerChris Wondolowski (161)
TV partners
Websitemlssoccer.com
2020 Major League Soccer season

The MLS regular season starts in late February or early March and runs through mid-October, with each team playing 34 games;[11][12] the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters' Shield. Fourteen teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup Playoffs in late October and November, culminating in the league's championship game, the MLS Cup.[13]

Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup.[14] The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams.[15] MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years as the league lost millions of dollars and folded two teams in 2002.[16] Since then, developments such as the proliferation of soccer-specific stadiums around the league, implementation of the Designated Player Rule allowing teams to sign star players such as David Beckham, and national TV contracts have made MLS profitable.[17] With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game, MLS has the third-highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB),[18] and is the seventh-highest attended professional soccer league worldwide.[19]

Instead of operating as an association of independently owned clubs, MLS is a single entity in which each team is owned by the league and individually operated by the league's investors.[20] The league has a fixed membership like most sports leagues in the United States and Canada, which makes it one of the world's few soccer leagues that does not use promotion and relegation.[21] MLS headquarters is located in New York City.[22]

Competition format
See also: Supporters' Shield, MLS Cup, and MLS Cup Playoffs

Major League Soccer's regular season runs from late February or early March to October. Teams are geographically divided into the Eastern and Western Conferences, playing 34 games in an unbalanced schedule. With 26 teams in 2020, each team plays two games, home and away, against every team in its conference and one game against 10 of the 13 teams in the opposite conference. The 2020 season is the first season in league history in which teams will not play against every other team in the league. At the end of the regular season, the team with the highest point total is awarded the Supporters' Shield and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs.[23]

Teams break for the annual All-Star Game midway through the season, an exhibition game containing the league's best players. The format of the All-Star Game has changed several times since the league's inception; 2020 is the first year in which the MLS All-Stars will play against an all-star team from Mexico's Liga MX.[24]

Unlike most major soccer leagues around the world, but similar to other leagues in the Americas,[25] the MLS regular season is followed by a postseason knockout tournament to determine the league champion. Fourteen teams participate in the MLS Cup Playoffs in October, which concludes with the MLS Cup championship game in early November.[26]

Major League Soccer's spring-to-fall schedule results in scheduling conflicts with the FIFA calendar and with summertime international tournaments such as the World Cup and the Gold Cup,[27] causing some players to miss league matches.[28] While MLS has looked into changing to a fall-to-spring format, there are no current plans to do so. If the league were to change its schedule, a winter break would be necessary to accommodate teams located in harsh winter climates.[29][30][31] It would also have to compete with the popularity and media presence of the National Football League (NFL), National Basketball Association (NBA), and National Hockey League (NHL), which all run on fall-to-spring schedules.[31]

Other competitions
See also: MLS performance in the CONCACAF Champions League and Campeones Cup

MLS teams also play in other international and domestic competitions. Every year, five MLS teams — four from the U.S. and one from Canada — play in the CONCACAF Champions League against other clubs from the CONCACAF region. Two U.S.-based MLS teams qualify based on MLS regular-season results from the previous year: the teams with the highest point total from each of the two conferences, one of whom is the Supporter's Shield champion. The third U.S. team to qualify is the reigning MLS Cup champion. A fourth U.S.-based MLS team can qualify by winning the U.S. Open Cup.[32] If a team qualifies through multiple berths, or if any of the three MLS berths are taken by a Canada-based MLS team, the berth is reallocated to the highest-placed U.S.-based team in the previous season's overall table that has otherwise not qualified. The three Canadian MLS clubs compete against other Canadian sides in the Canadian Championship for the one CONCACAF Champions League berth allocated to Canada.[33]

Since 2018, the reigning MLS Cup champion plays in the Campeones Cup, a single game against the Campeón de Campeones from Liga MX, hosted by the MLS team in September.[34] The inaugural edition saw Tigres UANL defeat Toronto FC 3–1 on September 19, 2018, at BMO Field in Toronto.[35] Another inter-league competition with Liga MX, the Leagues Cup, was established in 2019. The 2020 edition of the tournament will pair eight MLS clubs against eight Liga MX clubs in a single-elimination tournament hosted in the United States, reviving an inter-league rivalry that previously took place in the now defunct North American Superliga.[36]

Teams
See also: Expansion of Major League Soccer, Major League Soccer defunct clubs, List of Major League Soccer coaches, and List of Major League Soccer stadiums

Major League Soccer's 26 teams are divided between the Eastern and Western Conferences. Each team is allowed up to 30 players on its first team roster.[37] All 30 players are eligible for selection to each 18-player game-day squad during the regular season and playoffs.

MLS has regularly expanded since the 2005 season. The league plans to grow to 30 teams with the additions of Austin FC in 2021, Charlotte FC in 2022,[4][38] and Sacramento Republic FC and St. Louis City SC in 2023.[6][39]

The league features numerous rivalry cups that are contested by two or more teams, usually geographic rivals.[40] Each trophy is awarded to the team with the best record in matches during the regular season involving the participating teams. The concept is comparable to rivalry trophies played for by American college football teams.[41]

Team Location Stadium Capacity Joined Head coach
Eastern Conference
Atlanta United FC Atlanta, Georgia Mercedes-Benz Stadium1 42,5004 2017 Stephen Glass (interim)
Chicago Fire FC Chicago, Illinois Soldier Field1 24,995 1998 Raphaël Wicky
FC Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio Nippert Stadium1 2 32,250 2019 Jaap Stam
Columbus Crew SC Columbus, Ohio Mapfre Stadium 19,968 1996 Caleb Porter
D.C. United Washington, D.C. Audi Field 20,000 1996 Ben Olsen
Inter Miami CF Fort Lauderdale, Florida Inter Miami CF Stadium2 18,000 2020 Diego Alonso
Montreal Impact Montreal, Quebec Saputo Stadium 19,619 2012 Thierry Henry
Nashville SC Nashville, Tennessee Nissan Stadium1 2 69,143 2020 Gary Smith
New England Revolution Foxborough, Massachusetts Gillette Stadium1 2 20,000 1996 Bruce Arena
New York City FC New York City, New York Yankee Stadium1 2 30,3214 2015 Ronny Deila
New York Red Bulls Harrison, New Jersey Red Bull Arena 25,000 1996 Chris Armas
Orlando City SC Orlando, Florida Exploria Stadium 25,500 2015 Óscar Pareja
Philadelphia Union Chester, Pennsylvania Subaru Park 18,500 2010 Jim Curtin
Toronto FC Toronto, Ontario BMO Field3 28,351 2007 Greg Vanney
Western Conference
Colorado Rapids Commerce City, Colorado Dick's Sporting Goods Park 18,061 1996 Robin Fraser
FC Dallas Frisco, Texas Toyota Stadium 20,500 1996 Luchi Gonzalez
Houston Dynamo Houston, Texas BBVA Stadium 22,039 2006 Tab Ramos
LA Galaxy Carson, California Dignity Health Sports Park3 27,000 1996 Guillermo Barros Schelotto
Los Angeles FC Los Angeles, California Banc of California Stadium 22,000 2018 Bob Bradley
Minnesota United FC Saint Paul, Minnesota Allianz Field 19,400 2017 Adrian Heath
Portland Timbers Portland, Oregon Providence Park 25,218 2011 Giovanni Savarese
Real Salt Lake Sandy, Utah Rio Tinto Stadium 20,213 2005 Freddy Juarez
San Jose Earthquakes San Jose, California Earthquakes Stadium 18,000 1996 Matías Almeyda
Seattle Sounders FC Seattle, Washington CenturyLink Field1 37,7224 2009 Brian Schmetzer
Sporting Kansas City Kansas City, Kansas Children's Mercy Park 18,467 1996 Peter Vermes
Vancouver Whitecaps FC Vancouver, British Columbia BC Place1 22,1204 2011 Marc Dos Santos
Notes
1 Shared facility; not a soccer-specific stadium
2 Team plans to move into a soccer-specific stadium
3 Shared facility; is a soccer-specific stadium
4 Stadium capacity can be increased

Future teams
Team Location Stadium Capacity Joining Head coach
Austin FC Austin, Texas Austin FC stadium 20,500 2021 Josh Wolff
Charlotte FC Charlotte, North Carolina Bank of America Stadium1 75,523 2022 TBA
Sacramento Republic FC Sacramento, California Railyards Stadium 20,100 2023 TBA
St. Louis City SC St. Louis, Missouri St. Louis City SC stadium 22,500 2023 TBA


Notes
1 Shared facility; not a soccer-specific stadium

Timeline

League member Former member Future member Other leagues

History
Main article: History of Major League Soccer
See also: Soccer in Canada and Soccer in the United States

Major League Soccer is the most recent of a series of men's premier professional national soccer leagues established in the United States and Canada. The predecessor of MLS was the North American Soccer League (NASL), which existed from 1968 until 1984.[42]

Establishment
D.C. United trophy case (2007): four MLS Cup, CONCACAF Champions League, Interamerican Cup, MLS Supporters' Shield, and Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.

In 1988, in exchange for FIFA awarding the right to host the 1994 World Cup, U.S. Soccer promised to establish a Division 1 professional soccer league.[43] In 1993, U.S. Soccer selected Major League Professional Soccer (the precursor to MLS) as the exclusive Division 1 professional soccer league.[43] Major League Soccer was officially formed in February 1995 as a limited liability company.[43]

Tab Ramos was the first player signed by MLS, on January 3, 1995, and was assigned to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars.[44] MLS began play in 1996 with ten teams. The first game was held on April 6, 1996, as the San Jose Clash defeated D.C. United before 31,000 fans at Spartan Stadium in San Jose in a game broadcast on ESPN.[45] The league had generated some buzz by managing to lure some marquee players from the 1994 World Cup to play in MLS—including U.S. stars such as Alexi Lalas, Tony Meola and Eric Wynalda, and foreign players such as Mexico's Jorge Campos and Colombia's Carlos Valderrama.[46] D.C. United won the MLS Cup in three of the league's first four seasons.[47] The league added its first two expansion teams in 1998—the Miami Fusion and the Chicago Fire; the Chicago Fire won its first title in its inaugural season.[48]

After its first season, MLS suffered from a decline in attendance.[49] The league's low attendance was all the more apparent in light of the fact that eight of the original ten teams played in large American football stadiums.[48] One aspect that had alienated fans was that MLS experimented with rules deviations in its early years in an attempt to "Americanize" the sport. The league implemented the use of shootouts to resolve tie games. MLS also used a countdown clock and halves ended when the clock reached 0:00. The league realized that the rule changes had alienated some traditional soccer fans while failing to draw new American sports fans, and the shootout and countdown clock were eliminated after the 1999 season.[50] The league's quality was cast into doubt when the U.S. men's national team, which was made up largely of MLS players, finished in last place at the 1998 World Cup.[48]

Major League Soccer lost an estimated $250 million during its first five years, and more than $350 million between its founding and 2004.[51][52][53][54] The league's financial problems led to Commissioner Doug Logan being replaced by Don Garber, a former NFL executive, in August 1999.[55] Following decreased attendance and increased losses by late 2001, league officials planned to fold but were able to secure new financing from owners Lamar Hunt, Philip Anschutz, and the Kraft family to take on more teams.[56] MLS announced in January 2002 that it had decided to contract the Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion, leaving the league with ten teams.[57]

Built in 1999, Columbus Crew's stadium (pictured in 2018) was the first soccer-specific stadium in the league's short history.

Despite the financial problems, though, MLS did have some accomplishments that would set the stage for the league's resurgence. Columbus Crew Stadium, now known as Mapfre Stadium, was built in 1999, becoming MLS's first soccer-specific stadium.[58] This began a trend among MLS teams to construct their own venues instead of leasing American football stadiums.[59] In 2000, the league won an antitrust lawsuit, Fraser v. Major League Soccer, that the players had filed in 1996. The court ruled that MLS's policy of centrally contracting players and limiting player salaries through a salary cap and other restrictions were a legal method for the league to maintain solvency and competitive parity.[60]

Resurgence

The 2002 FIFA World Cup, in which the United States unexpectedly made the quarterfinals, coincided with a resurgence in American soccer and MLS.[40] MLS Cup 2002 drew 61,316 spectators to Gillette Stadium, the largest attendance in an MLS Cup final until 2018.[61] MLS limited teams to three substitutions per game in 2003, and adopted International Football Association Board (IFAB) rules in 2005.[62]

MLS underwent a transition in the years leading up to the 2006 World Cup. After marketing itself on the talents of American players, the league lost some of its homegrown stars to prominent European leagues. For example, Tim Howard was transferred to Manchester United for $4 million in one of the most lucrative contract deals in league history.[63][64] Many more American players did make an impact in MLS. In 2005, Jason Kreis became the first player to score 100 career MLS goals.[65]

The league's financial stabilization plan included teams moving out of large American football stadiums and into soccer-specific stadiums.[57] From 2003 to 2008, the league oversaw the construction of six additional soccer-specific stadiums, largely funded by owners such as Lamar Hunt and Phil Anschutz, so that by the end of 2008, a majority of teams were now in soccer-specific stadiums.[48]

It was also in this era that MLS expanded for the first time since 1998. Real Salt Lake and Chivas USA began play in 2005, with Chivas USA becoming the second club in Los Angeles.[66] By 2006 the San Jose Earthquakes owners, players and a few coaches moved to Texas to become the expansion Houston Dynamo, after failing to build a stadium in San Jose. The Dynamo became an expansion team, leaving their history behind for a new San Jose ownership group that formed in 2007.[67]

Arrival of Designated Players
The 2010 season also brought the opening of the New York Red Bulls' soccer-specific stadium, Red Bull Arena.

In 2007 the league expanded beyond the United States' borders into Canada with the Toronto FC expansion team.[68] Major League Soccer took steps to further raise the level of play by adopting the Designated Player Rule, which helped bring international stars into the league.[69] The 2007 season witnessed the MLS debut of David Beckham. Beckham's signing had been seen as a coup for American soccer, and was made possible by the Designated Player Rule. Players such as Cuauhtémoc Blanco (Chicago Fire) and Juan Pablo Ángel (New York Red Bulls), are some of the first Designated Players who made major contributions to their clubs.[70] The departures of Clint Dempsey and Jozy Altidore, coupled with the return of former U.S. national team stars Claudio Reyna and Brian McBride, highlighted the exchange of top prospects to Europe for experienced veterans to MLS.[71]

By 2008, San Jose had returned to the league under new ownership, and in 2009, the expansion side Seattle Sounders FC began play in MLS.[68] The Sounders set a new average attendance record for the league, with 30,943 spectators per match, and were the first expansion team to qualify for the playoffs since 1998.[72] The 2010 season ushered in an expansion franchise in the Philadelphia Union and their new PPL Park stadium (now known as Talen Energy Stadium).[68] The 2010 season also brought the opening of the New York Red Bulls' soccer-specific stadium, Red Bull Arena, and the debut of French striker Thierry Henry.[73]

The 2011 season brought further expansion with the addition of the Vancouver Whitecaps FC, the second Canadian MLS franchise, and the Portland Timbers.[74] Real Salt Lake reached the finals of the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League.[75] During the 2011 season, the Galaxy signed another international star in Republic of Ireland all-time leading goalscorer Robbie Keane.[76] MLS drew an average attendance of 17,872 in 2011, higher than the average attendances of the NBA and NHL.[77] In 2012, the Montreal Impact became the league's 19th franchise and the third in Canada, and made their home debut in front of a crowd of 58,912,[78] while the New York Red Bulls added Australian all-time leading goalscorer Tim Cahill.

2013–present
Seattle Sounders (2009).
Los Angeles Galaxy (2011).

With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game, MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB),[18] and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide as of 2013.[19]

In 2013, MLS introduced New York City FC[79] as its 20th team, and Orlando City Soccer Club[80] as its 21st team, both of which would begin playing in 2015. In 2013, the league implemented its "Core Players" initiative, allowing teams to retain key players using retention funds instead of losing the players to foreign leagues.[81] Among the first high-profile players re-signed in 2013 using retention funds were U.S. national team regulars Graham Zusi and Matt Besler. Beginning in summer of 2013 and continuing in the run up to the 2014 World Cup, MLS began signing U.S. stars based abroad, including Clint Dempsey, Jermaine Jones, and Michael Bradley from Europe; and DaMarcus Beasley from Mexico's Liga MX.[82] By the 2014 season, fifteen of the nineteen MLS head coaches had previously played in MLS.[83] By 2013, the league's popularity had increased to the point where MLS was as popular as Major League Baseball among 12- to 17-year-olds, as reported by the 2013 Luker on Trends ESPN poll, having jumped in popularity since the 2010 World Cup.[84][85]

In 2014, the league announced Atlanta United FC as the 22nd team to start playing in 2017.[86] Even though New York City FC and Orlando City were not set to begin play until 2015, each team made headlines during the summer 2014 transfer window by announcing their first Designated Players – Spain's leading scorer David Villa and Chelsea's leading scorer Frank Lampard to New York, and Ballon d'Or winner Kaká to Orlando.[87] The 2014 World Cup featured 21 MLS players on World Cup rosters and a record 11 MLS players playing for foreign teams – including players from traditional powerhouses Brazil (Júlio César) and Spain (David Villa); in the U.S. v. Germany match the U.S. fielded a team with seven MLS starters.[88]

On September 18, 2014, MLS unveiled their new logo as part of the "MLS Next" branding initiative. In addition to the new crest logo, MLS teams display versions in their own colors on their jerseys.[89] Chivas USA folded following the 2014 season, while New York City FC and Orlando City SC joined the league in 2015 as the 19th and 20th teams.[90] Sporting Kansas City and the Houston Dynamo moved from the Eastern Conference to the Western Conference in 2015 to make two 10-team conferences.[90][91]

In early 2015, the league announced that two teams—Los Angeles FC and Minnesota United—would join MLS in either 2017 or 2018.[92] The 20th season of MLS saw the arrivals of several players who have starred at the highest levels of European club soccer and in international soccer: Giovanni dos Santos, Kaká, Andrea Pirlo, Frank Lampard, Steven Gerrard, Didier Drogba, David Villa, and Sebastian Giovinco.[93] On December 6, 2015, MLS announced its intent to expand to 28 teams.[94] MLS confirmed in August 2016 that Minnesota United would begin play in 2017 along with Atlanta United FC.[95]

In April 2016, the league's commissioner Don Garber reiterated the intention of the league to expand to 28 teams, with the next round of expansion "likely happening in 2020".[96][97] In December 2016, he updated the expansion plans stating that the league will look to approve the 25th and 26th teams in 2017 and to start play in 2020.[98] In January 2017, the league received bids from 12 ownership groups.[99]

In July 2017, it was reported that Major League Soccer had rejected a $4 billion offer by MP & Silva to acquire all television rights to the league for 10 years following the conclusion of its current contracts with Fox, ESPN, and Univision. While it represents a substantial increase over the current agreements, MP & Silva insisted that the deal would be conditional on Major League Soccer adopting a promotion and relegation system similar to other international leagues. Although the league stated that it rejected the offer due to the exclusive periods that the current rightsholders have to negotiate extensions to their contracts, it was pointed out by the media that Major League Soccer had long-opposed the adoption of promotion and relegation, continuing to utilize the fixed, franchise-based model used in other U.S. sports leagues.[100][101] Furthermore, MP & Silva founder Riccardo Silva appeared to have a conflict of interest because he also owned Miami FC of the NASL, which stood to benefit from such a promotion and relegation system.[101]

In October 2017, Columbus Crew SC owner Anthony Precourt announced plans to move the franchise to Austin, Texas by 2019.[102] The announcement spawned a league-wide backlash and legal action against the league by the Ohio state government.[103] On August 15, 2018, the Austin City Council voted to approve an agreement with Precourt to move Crew SC to Austin, and on August 22, 2018, the club's new name, Austin FC, was announced.[104] After negotiations between Precourt and Jimmy Haslam, owner of the Cleveland Browns, were announced, MLS made it clear that Austin would receive an expansion team only after a deal to sell Columbus to a local buyer had completed.[105] The purchase of Crew SC by Haslam's group was finalized in late December 2018,[106] and on January 15, 2019, Austin FC was officially announced as a 2021 MLS entry.[4]

MLS announced on December 20, 2017, that it would be awarding an expansion franchise to Nashville, who would play in a yet-to-be-built 27,000-seat soccer-specific stadium, Nashville Fairgrounds Stadium, and would join MLS in 2020.[107] The management of the Nashville franchise announced in February 2019 that the MLS side would assume the Nashville SC name then in use by the city's USL Championship team.[108]

FC Cincinnati's inaugural MLS home match drew a 32,250 sellout crowd.

On January 29, 2018, MLS awarded Miami an expansion team, led by David Beckham. Inter Miami CF will start play in the 2020 season and open a proposed 25,000-seat stadium soon after.[109] An expansion team was awarded to Cincinnati, Ohio on May 29, 2018, to the ownership group of USL's FC Cincinnati. The team, which assumed the existing FC Cincinnati name, started MLS play in 2019 and will move to a new stadium in 2021 with a minimum capacity of 26,000 seats.[110]

On March 19, 2019, MLS announced a ‘multi-year strategic partnership’ that made casino operator MGM Resorts International the league's first official gaming partner. Roar Digital, a joint venture of MGM and UK gambling operator GVC Holdings, will become the league's exclusive sports betting partner.[111]

In 2013, New York City FC agreed to pay a record $100 million expansion fee for the right to join MLS in 2015.[112] This record was surpassed by the ownership groups of FC Cincinnati and Nashville SC, which each paid $150 million to join MLS (FC Cincinnati in 2019 and Nashville SC in 2020).[113] Despite being announced in January 2018, Inter Miami CF only paid a $25 million expansion fee due to a clause in part-owner David Beckham's original playing contract signed in 2007.[114] The same amount was paid as an effective entrance fee by a group that bought Columbus Crew SC in 2018, which led to that team's previous operator receiving rights to Austin FC, set to join MLS in 2021.[115][116] MLS has also announced the ownership groups of the 28th and 29th teams will each pay a $200 million entrance fee.[112]

The league plans to expand to 30 teams with the addition of Austin FC in 2021,[4] Charlotte in 2022,[117] and Sacramento and St. Louis in 2023.[39][118][8] Commissioner Don Garber has suggested that another round of expansion could lead to 32 teams in MLS.[119]

The league suspended its 2020 season on March 12, 2020, after two weeks, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The suspension was initially set for a 30-day period and was followed by similar actions for other leagues and competitions, including the CONCACAF Champions League and U.S. Open Cup.[120][121] The suspension was extended a month further to May 10 in accordance with a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control; MLS also announced that it was considering a longer schedule that would put the MLS Cup in December.[122]

League championships
See also: List of American and Canadian soccer champions

As of the 2019 season, 26 different clubs have competed in the league, with 13 having won at least one MLS Cup, and 13 winning at least one Supporters' Shield.[123] The two trophies have been won by the same club in the same year on seven occasions (two clubs have accomplished the feat twice).[124]

MLS Cup titles and Supporters' Shield Wins

Team MLS
Cups		 Year(s)
won		 Supporters'
Shields		 Year(s)
won		 Total
combined		 MLS
seasons
LA Galaxy52002, 2005, 2011, 2012, 20144 1998, 2002, 2010, 2011924
D.C. United41996, 1997, 1999, 200441997, 1999, 2006, 2007824
San Jose Earthquakes22001, 200322005, 2012422
Sporting Kansas City22000, 201312000324
Seattle Sounders FC22016, 201912014311
Houston Dynamo22006, 20070–214
Columbus Crew SC1200832004, 2008, 2009424
Chicago Fire FC1199812003222
Toronto FC1201712017213
Real Salt Lake120090–115
Colorado Rapids120100–124
Portland Timbers120150–19
Atlanta United FC120180–13
New York Red Bulls0–32013, 2015, 2018324
Tampa Bay Mutiny0–1199616
Miami Fusion0–1200114
FC Dallas0–12016124
Los Angeles FC0–1201912
Franchise folded after completion of the 2001 season

Organization

Ownership
See also: Major League Soccer owners

Major League Soccer operates under a single-entity structure in which teams and player contracts are centrally owned by the league.[3][125][126] Each team has an investor-operator that is a shareholder in the league.[127] In order to control costs, MLS shares revenues and holds players contracts instead of players contracting with individual teams. In Fraser v. Major League Soccer, a lawsuit filed in 1996 and decided in 2002, the league won a legal battle with its players in which the court ruled that MLS was a single entity that can lawfully centrally contract for player services.[3] The court also ruled that even absent their collective bargaining agreement, players could opt to play in other leagues if they were unsatisfied.[3]

Having multiple clubs operated by a single investor was a necessity in the league's first ten years.[128] At one time Phil Anschutz's AEG operated six MLS franchises and Lamar Hunt's Hunt Sports three franchises. In order to attract additional investors, in 2002 the league announced changes to the operating agreement between the league and its teams to improve team revenues and increase the incentives to be an individual club operator.[129] These changes included granting operators the rights to a certain number of players they develop through their club's academy system each year, sharing the profits of Soccer United Marketing, and being able to sell individual club jersey sponsorships.[129]

As MLS appeared to be on the brink of overall profitability in 2006 and developed significant expansion plans, MLS announced that it wanted each club to have a distinct operator.[130] The league has attracted new investors that have injected more money into the league.[131] Examples include Red Bull's purchase of the MetroStars from AEG in 2006 for over $100 million.[128][132] For the 2014 season, the league assumed control of the former Chivas USA club, which had suffered from mismanagement and poor financial results under its individual operator relationship.[133][134] The league eventually dissolved the team,[135] in favor of awarding rights to a second soccer club in the Los Angeles area to a new investor group on October 30, 2014.[136]

The league now has 30 investor-operators for its 26 current and 4 future clubs. Since December 2015, when AEG sold its remaining 50% interest in the Houston Dynamo, the former multiple-team operators AEG and Hunt Sports, with the LA Galaxy and FC Dallas respectively, now only control one franchise.[137][138]

League executives

Don Garber has been the commissioner of Major League Soccer since 1999, serving as the league's chief executive. The league's first commissioner was Doug Logan, who served in the role from 1995 to 1999.[139][140]

Mark Abbott, a former MLS business partner, has served as the league's President and Deputy Commissioner since 2006.[141]

Player acquisition and salaries
David Beckham was the league's first Designated Player in 2007.

The average salary for MLS players is $373,094,[142] lower than the average salaries in England's second-tier EFL Championship ($420,000 in 2015), the Netherlands' Eredivisie ($445,000),[143] or Mexico's Liga MX ($418,000 in 2015).[144] The league's minimum player salary increased in 2017 to $65,000 for most players, and roster players #25–30 saw their minimum salary increased to $53,000.[145][146]

MLS salaries are limited by a salary cap, which MLS has had in place since the league's inception in 1996. The purpose of the salary cap is to prevent the team's owners from unsustainable spending on player salaries and to prevent a competitive imbalance among teams.[43] The salary cap survived a legal challenge by the players in the Fraser v. Major League Soccer lawsuit. The 2017 salary cap increased to $3.845 million per team.[145][146]

Teams may augment their squads by signing players from other leagues. MLS has two transfer windows—the primary pre-season transfer window lasts three months from mid February until mid May, and the secondary mid season transfer window runs one month from early July to early August.[147] When an MLS club sells one of its players overseas, the club and the league split the transfer revenues, with the club retaining from 33% to 75% depending on the player's status and tenure.[148] MLS teams have a limited number of international roster slots that they can use to sign non-domestic players. However, MLS teams often obtain green cards for their non-domestic players in order to qualify them for domestic status and thus free up international roster slots.[149] In 2015, 49% of MLS players were born outside of the U.S. and Canada, with players from 58 countries represented.[150][151]

MLS has also introduced various initiatives and rules intended to improve quality of players while still maintaining the salary cap. Rules concerning Designated Players and allocation money allow for additional wage spending that is exempt from the salary cap. These initiatives have brought about an increase in on-field competition.[152]

The designated player (DP) rule allows teams to sign a limited number of players whose salary exceeds the maximum cap, each DP player only counts as $480,625 (the maximum non-DP salary) against the cap in 2017. Instituted in 2007, England's David Beckham was the first signing under the DP rule.[69] The DP rule has led to large income inequality in MLS with top DPs earning as much as 180 times more than a player earning the league minimum.[153] In the 2013 season 21% of the league's wage spending went to just 5 players, this stretched to 29% on the top 6 players in the 2014 season.[154][155]

The league's "Core Players" initiative allows teams to re-sign players using retention funds that do not count against the salary cap.[81] Retention funds were implemented in 2013 as a mechanism for MLS to retain key players; among the first high-profile players re-signed using retention funds were U.S. national team regulars Graham Zusi and Matt Besler.[81] MLS teams can also obtain allocation money, which is money that the team can use on player salaries that does not count against the cap, and teams can earn allocation money in several ways, such as from the transfer fees earned by selling players to teams in other leagues.[156] MLS teams can also use Targeted Allocation Money (often referred to as TAM), an initiative announced in 2015. Teams can use TAM funds to attract high-profile players by "buying down" contracts of players to below the Designated Player level.[157] High-profile players for which TAM funds were used include Hector Villalba and Zlatan Ibrahimović.

Youth development

MLS has introduced various initiatives and rules intended to develop young players. Rules concerning Generation Adidas players and home grown players provide incentives for clubs to develop and retain young players.[152]

MLS has required all of its teams to operate youth development programs since 2008.[158] MLS roster rules allow teams to sign an unlimited number players straight from their academies and bypassing the draft process.[159] There is also supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds.[160] One of the most prominent and lucrative examples of success in "home-grown" development was Jozy Altidore, who rose to prominence as a teenager in MLS before his record transfer fee $10 million move to Villarreal in Spain in 2008.[161] The various MLS teams' development academies play matches in a U.S. Soccer developmental league against youth academies from other leagues such as the North American Soccer League (NASL), which had been a Division II league prior to 2018, and USL Pro, originally a Division III league but now the Division II USL Championship.[162]

The league operates a Generation Adidas program, which is a joint venture between MLS and U.S. Soccer that encourages young American players to enter MLS.[163] The Generation Adidas program has been in place since 1997, and has introduced players such as Landon Donovan, Clint Dempsey, Tim Howard and Michael Bradley into MLS. Players under the Home Grown Player rule are signed to Generation Adidas contracts,[147] all players on Generation Adidas contracts are "off budget players" and their salaries do not count against the cap.

MLS formerly operated a reserve league that gave playing time to players who were not starters for their MLS teams. The Reserve League was formed in 2005, and operated through 2014 (with the exception of the 2009 & 2010 seasons).[164] MLS began integrating its Reserve League with the league then known as USL Pro in 2013,[165] and after the 2014 season folded the Reserve League, with MLS now requiring all teams to either affiliate with a USL team or field their own reserve side in that league.

Following the folding of the Development Academy,[166] MLS announced its own development league in 2020. It includes all of the MLS team academies as well as 95 clubs across the country; many of which were a part of the Development Academy.

Stadiums
Mapfre Stadium, MLS' first soccer-specific stadium
See also: Soccer-specific stadium and List of Major League Soccer stadiums

Since 1999, the league has overseen the construction of twelve stadiums specifically designed for soccer. The development of soccer-specific stadiums owned by the teams has generated a better gameday experience for the fans.[167] The soccer-specific stadiums have yielded positive financial results as teams were no longer required to pay to rent out facilities and gained control over revenue streams such as concessions, parking, naming rights, and the ability to host non-MLS events.[134][167] Several teams have doubled their season tickets following the team's move into a soccer-specific stadium.[168] The establishment of soccer-specific stadiums is considered the key to the league and the ability of teams to turn a profit.[169] In 2006, Tim Leiweke, then CEO of Anschutz Entertainment Group, described the proliferation of soccer-specific stadiums as the turning point for MLS.[169]

Columbus Crew owner Lamar Hunt started this trend in 1999 by constructing Columbus Crew Stadium, now known as Mapfre Stadium, as MLS's first soccer-specific stadium.[58] The Los Angeles Galaxy followed four years later with the opening of the Home Depot Center, now Dignity Health Sports Park, in 2003.[170] FC Dallas opened Pizza Hut Park, now Toyota Stadium, in 2005, and the Chicago Fire began playing their home games in Toyota Park, now SeatGeek Stadium, in 2006. The 2007 season brought the opening of Dick's Sporting Goods Park for the Colorado Rapids and BMO Field for Toronto FC.[171]

Near the end of the 2008 season, Rio Tinto Stadium became the home of Real Salt Lake, which meant that for the first time in MLS history a majority of MLS's teams (8 out of 14) played in soccer-specific stadiums.[172] Red Bull Arena, the new home of the New York Red Bulls opened for the start of the 2010 season,[173] and the Philadelphia Union opened PPL Park, now Subaru Park, in June 2010, midway through their inaugural season.[174]

The following season, in 2011, the Portland Timbers made their MLS debut in a newly renovated Jeld-Wen Field, now renamed Providence Park, which was originally a multi-purpose venue but turned into a soccer-specific facility.[175] Also in 2011, Sporting Kansas City moved to new Livestrong Sporting Park, now Children's Mercy Park.[176] The Houston Dynamo relocated to their new home at BBVA Compass Stadium, now BBVA Stadium, in 2012.[173] In the same year, the Montreal Impact joined the league in an expanded Stade Saputo, which reopened in June 2012, when renovations pushed the seating capacity to over 20,000. The Impact has used Olympic Stadium for early season matches and for games that require a larger capacity.[177] The San Jose Earthquakes, who had played at Buck Shaw Stadium from 2008 until 2014, opened their new Avaya Stadium (now Earthquakes Stadium) before the 2015 season.[178] Orlando City SC intended to begin constructing its soccer-specific stadium, now known as Exploria Stadium, in 2014 to be completed in 2015.[179] Delays caused by changes to the stadium plans pushed back the new venue's opening, first to late 2016 and finally to the start of the 2017 season.[180] Orlando City played at the Florida Citrus Bowl Stadium, now Camping World Stadium, while awaiting the construction of their new venue through the 2016 season. Exploria Stadium hosted its first MLS match on March 5, 2017 against New York City FC as Orlando City Stadium.

CenturyLink Field, home of Seattle Sounders FC

The development of additional MLS stadiums has continued to progress. D.C. United had played their home games at former NFL and Major League Baseball venue RFK Stadium. In 2013, D.C. United announced the signing of a public-private partnership term sheet to build a new soccer stadium in Washington, D.C., and a final deal was reached in late 2014. In late February 2017, D.C. United finally broke ground on their new stadium, Audi Field.[181] After 21 years of playing at RFK Stadium, DC United played their first game at Audi field in July 2018.

Two teams have announced their desire to build a soccer-specific stadium, although these teams have not finalized the stadium site and received all necessary government approvals. New York City FC play home games at Yankee Stadium, a Major League Baseball venue, although they intend to move into a soccer-specific stadium in the future. The New England Revolution play home games at a National Football League venue, Gillette Stadium, but are currently in discussion with the City of Boston regarding a potential soccer-specific stadium in South Boston.[182]

Several remaining clubs play in stadiums not originally built for MLS and have not announced plans to move. The Seattle Sounders FC play at CenturyLink Field, a dual-purpose facility used for both American football and soccer. The Vancouver Whitecaps FC joined the league with Portland in 2011 and temporarily held matches at Empire Field before moving into the refurbished BC Place in October 2011,[183] a retractable-roof stadium that hosts Canadian football as well as soccer.[184]

Of the three teams that made their MLS debuts in 2017 and 2018, one opened a soccer-specific stadium in 2019, a second is playing in a shared football stadium, and the last opened a soccer-specific stadium for its inaugural 2018 season. Minnesota United FC, which debuted in 2017, built Allianz Field in St. Paul which hosted its inaugural game against New York City FC on April 13, 2019.[185][186] Until that time, the team played in Minneapolis at TCF Bank Stadium, home to University of Minnesota football.[187] Atlanta United FC began play in 2017 at a college football facility, Georgia Tech's Bobby Dodd Stadium, before moving into its permanent home at the retractable-roof Mercedes-Benz Stadium, which it shares with the NFL's Atlanta Falcons; the two teams share a common owner and the stadium is equipped with screens to cordon off the upper tiers for most matches.[188] Los Angeles FC, which began play in 2018, opened Banc of California Stadium on the former site of the Los Angeles Sports Arena in April of its inaugural season.[189]

FC Cincinnati made its MLS debut in 2019 at Nippert Stadium, the football home of the University of Cincinnati. The stadium had been home to FCC's USL Championship predecessor for all of its three seasons of play. The club plans to move within Cincinnati to the new West End Stadium in 2021.[190] Inter Miami currently plans to start play in 2020 at the Inter Miami CF Stadium at the former site of the Lockhart Stadium in Fort Lauderdale before opening Miami Freedom Park in 2022.[191] Nashville SC has announced it will play the 2020 and 2021 seasons at an NFL facility, the Tennessee Titans' Nissan Stadium, before opening the Nashville Fairgrounds Stadium in 2022.[192] Austin FC plans to open its own stadium when it begins play in 2021.[4]

Profitability and revenues
Average franchise valuations
Year Value
2008$37 million
2013$103 million
2015$157 million
2016$185 million
2017$223 million
2018$240 million
2019$313 million
See also: Major League Soccer defunct clubs and List of professional sports leagues by revenue

Major League Soccer began to demonstrate positive signs of long-term profitability as early as 2004 with the single-entity ownership structure, salary cap, and the media and marketing umbrella Soccer United Marketing (SUM) all contributing towards MLS's financial security.[52] As soccer-specific stadiums are built, ownership expands, and television coverage increases, MLS has seen its revenues increase while controlling costs.[16]

Television coverage and revenue have increased since the league's early years. In 2006, MLS reached an 8-year TV deal with ESPN spanning the 2007–2014 seasons, and marked the first time that MLS earned rights fees, reported to be worth $7–8 million annually.[193] In September 2012 the league extended its distribution agreement with London-based Media rights agency MP & Silva until 2014 in a deal worth $10 million annually. Total league TV revenues are over $40 million annually.[194][195] In 2011, MLS earned $150 million when it sold a 25% stake in SUM.[16]

Jersey sponsorships
Team Sponsor Annual value
Atlanta United FC AmFam Undisclosed[196]
Austin FC Yeti Undisclosed[197]
Charlotte FC Ally Undisclosed[198]
Chicago Fire FC Motorola Undisclosed[199]
Colorado Rapids Transamerica Undisclosed[200]
Columbus Crew SC Nationwide Children's (2020)
Nationwide (2021)		 $3 million[201]
D.C. United Leidos Undisclosed[202]
FC Cincinnati Mercy Health Undisclosed[203]
FC Dallas AdvoCare Undisclosed[204]
Houston Dynamo MD Anderson (game)
76 (prematch)		 Undisclosed[205]
LA Galaxy Herbalife $4.4 million[206]
Los Angeles FC YouTube TV Undisclosed[207]
Minnesota United FC Target (game)
Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota (prematch)		 Undisclosed[208]
Montreal Impact Bank of Montreal US$4 million[209]
Nashville SC Renasant Undisclosed[210]
New England Revolution UnitedHealthcare Undisclosed[211]
New York City FC Etihad Airways (game)
NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (prematch)		 Undisclosed[212]
New York Red Bulls Red Bull Owns club
Orlando City SC Orlando Health Undisclosed[213]
Philadelphia Union Bimbo Bakeries USA $3 million[214]
Portland Timbers Alaska Airlines (game)
Dutch Brothers Coffee (prematch)		 Undisclosed[215]
Real Salt Lake LifeVantage $3 million[216]
San Jose Earthquakes Intermedia Cloud Communications Undisclosed[217]
Seattle Sounders FC Zulily (game)
CHI Franciscan (prematch)		 Undisclosed[218]
Sporting Kansas City Ivy Funds $2.5 million[219]
Toronto FC Bank of Montreal C$4 million+[220]
Vancouver Whitecaps FC Bell Canada C$4 million[221]

In early 2005, MLS signed a 10-year, $150 million sponsorship deal with Adidas for its jerseys and other equipment.[52] In 2007, MLS teams started selling ad space on the front of jerseys to go along with the league-wide sponsorship partners who had already been advertising on the back of club jerseys, following the practice of international sport, specifically soccer. MLS established a floor of $500,000 per shirt sponsorship, with the league receiving a flat fee of $200,000 per deal.[222] As of July 2014, sixteen teams had signed sponsorship deals to have company logos placed on the front of their jerseys (and another team is directly owned by its shirt sponsor), and the league average from jersey sponsors was about $2.4 million.[223] All MLS teams have had jersey sponsors since February 2016. Sleeve sponsorship will be introduced to MLS in the 2020 season, with the teams able to sell a 2-by-2-inch (51 by 51 mm) section on the right arm where the league logo patch is normally positioned.[224]

The Los Angeles Galaxy made a profit in 2003 in their first season at The Home Depot Center,[51] and FC Dallas turned a profit after moving into Pizza Hut Park in 2005.[225] For each season between 2006 and 2009, two to three MLS clubs (generally clubs with a soccer-specific stadium) were reported as profitable by the league.[225][226][227]

By 2012 the league had shown a marked improvement in its financial health. In November 2013, Forbes published a report that revealed that ten of the league's nineteen teams earned an operating profit in 2012, while two broke even and seven had a loss. Forbes estimated that the league's collective annual revenues were $494 million, and that the league's collective annual profit was $34 million. Forbes valued the league's franchises to be worth $103 million on average, almost three times as much as the $37 million average valuation in 2008. The Seattle Sounders FC franchise was named the most valuable at $175 million, a 483% gain over the $30 million league entrance fee it paid in 2009.[134]

The trend in increased team values has continued with MLS teams seeing a strong 52% increase in franchise values from 2012 to 2014. In August 2015 Forbes updated its MLS franchise values with the most profitable team measuring $245 million and the least $105 million. The average value jumped from $103 to $157 million.[17]

As of 2018 Forbes estimates Atlanta United FC are the most valuable MLS team, worth $330 million, while the Colorado Rapids are the lowest value, at $155 million.[228] These valuations do not include the value of stadiums or training facilities owned by the respective clubs.

MLS teams typically use commercial flights to transport players and staff between matches, with only four charter flights allowed under league rules.[229]

Rules and officials

MLS follows the rules and standards of the International Football Association Board (IFAB). Since 2005, the playoff extra time structure follows IFAB standards: two full 15-minute periods, followed by a penalty shootout if necessary.

U.S. Soccer hired the first full-time professional referees in league history in 2007 as part of the league's "Game First" initiatives.[230] Major League Soccer has been implementing fines and suspensions since the 2011 season for simulation (diving) through its Disciplinary Committee, which reviews plays after the match. The first player fined under the new rule was Charlie Davies, fined $1,000 for intentionally deceiving match officials.[231]

MLS uses the list of banned substances published by the World Anti-Doping Agency.[232]

Branding

The current MLS logo debuted in 2014, ahead of the league's 20th season, replacing an earlier logo that featured a stylized boot and ball. The current logo is a simple crest with a diagonal stripe, the MLS wordmark, and three stars that represent "community, club, and country". The logo was designed to be remixed in different color schemes that match teams when used on merchandise and jerseys.[233]

The current league anthem debuted in 2020 and was composed by film score composer Hans Zimmer. It will be used during league broadcasts and as a prelude to kickoff at stadiums.[234]

Team names
For more information on MLS team names, see the individual team entries.

In the early years of MLS, teams were typically given official nicknames in the style of other U.S. sports leagues (e.g., Columbus Crew, Los Angeles Galaxy, New England Revolution). Several club names in MLS originated with previous professional soccer clubs, such as the 1970s-era NASL team names San Jose Earthquakes, Seattle Sounders, Portland Timbers and Vancouver Whitecaps.[235]

D.C. United and Miami Fusion FC were the only two MLS teams to adopt European naming conventions during the 1990s.[236] In recent years, European-style names have become increasingly common in MLS, with expansion teams such as Real Salt Lake, Toronto FC, New York City FC, Atlanta United FC, Minnesota United FC, and FC Cincinnati, along with rebrandings such as FC Dallas (formerly the Dallas Burn) and Sporting Kansas City (formerly the Kansas City Wizards).[237]

The beverage company Red Bull GmbH owns the New York Red Bulls as well as other sports teams outside the U.S.[132]

Media coverage
Main article: Major League Soccer on television
See also: List of current Major League Soccer broadcasters

United States

As of the 2020 season, MLS matches are broadcast nationally by ESPN networks and Fox Sports in English, and Univision networks in Spanish under an eight-year contract. Each broadcaster has a window for national regular season matches, with UniMás airing a game on Friday nights in Spanish and additional matches on Univision Deportes Network, and ESPN and Fox Sports 1 airing games on Sunday evenings in English. ESPN, FS1, and Univision share in coverage of the playoffs, while ABC and FOX alternate broadcasting the MLS Cup final in English. In total, at least 125 matches are aired per-season across all three networks. The three contracts have an average estimated value of $90 million per season—five times larger than the average $18 million value of the previous contracts with ESPN, Univision, and NBC Sports.[238][239][239][240][241][242][243]

Matches not televised nationally are broadcast regionally, often by regional sports networks like Fox Sports Networks, NBC Sports Regional Networks, Spectrum Sports and Root Sports, and sometimes by terrestrial stations like KTXA, WRDQ and KMYU.[77] Regionally televised matches are available outside their local markets on ESPN+.

From 2012 to 2014, MLS matches were broadcast by NBC Sports, with 40 matches per year—primarily on NBCSN, and select matches broadcast on the NBC network.[244] The move from Fox Soccer to the more widely distributed NBCSN proved successful, with viewership numbers doubling for the 2012 season over those of Fox Soccer.[245]

Canada
Montreal Impact hosting D.C. United (August 2012).

Coverage of MLS expanded into Canada in 2007 with the addition of Toronto FC. Currently, English-language national MLS broadcast rights in Canada are held by the TSN networks through a five-year deal first renewed in 2017. The networks primarily broadcast matches involving the league's Canadian franchises, in combination with separate "regional" rights deals giving TSN exclusive rights to all Toronto FC and Vancouver Whitecaps FC matches.[246][247][248] A limited number of matches are also carried by CTV.[248]

TVA Sports holds exclusive French-language rights to MLS in Canada as of the 2017 season. As part of a separate "regional" rights deal, it also holds exclusive rights to all Montreal Impact games.[248][249]

In 2018, online streaming service DAZN obtained Major League Soccer's digital out-of-market service MLS Live—with live and on-demand streaming of matches featuring U.S. teams (matches with Canadian teams are only available after a 48-hour delay to protect the league's main rightsholders TSN and TVA Sports).[250]

International

MLS also entered into a four-year contract with Sky Sports to broadcast two MLS matches per week in the United Kingdom and Ireland from 2015 to 2019.[251] As part of the agreement, Sky Sports broadcast at least two MLS regular-season matches each week, as well as the MLS All-Star Game, every MLS Cup Playoff game, and the MLS Cup final. The matches appeared across Sky's family of networks. It also carried weekly MLS highlights across various platforms, including Sky Sports News and SkySports.com. Sky Sports also broadcast at least one match from MLS's "Decision Day" – the final day of the MLS regular season. Many of the matches on Decision Day every year are expected to determine the final spots for the MLS Cup Playoffs.[252]

DSport, owned by Discovery Communications, will televise league matches in India beginning in 2017.[253]

Video games

Major League Soccer is a playable league in both the FIFA and the Football Manager series. The league made its video game debut in 1999 with FIFA 2000. In 2000, Konami released ESPN MLS GameNight, and two years later, they released its sequel, ESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002. The league made its first appearance in the management series Football Manager 2005 in 2004.[254]

Player records
See also: Major League Soccer records and statistics and 2019 Major League Soccer season § Player statistics

Statistics below are for all-time leaders. Statistics are for regular season only. Bold indicates active MLS players.

As of March 8, 2020[255]

Player records (active)

Statistics below are for all-time leaders who are still playing. Statistics are for regular season only.

As of March 2, 2020[255]

MLS awards

At the conclusion of each season, the league presents several awards for outstanding achievements, mostly to players, but also to coaches, referees, and teams. The finalists in each category are determined by voting from MLS players, team employees, and the media.[256]

gollark: Sorry, nonwebhooked.
gollark: Well, it's in nonwebsocketed mode here due to complaints.
gollark: Oh, only to second precision? Better fix that.
gollark: Actually, there's one API call which returns very accurate times on something somewhere.
gollark: It's close enough for most purposes.

See also

References
  1. Borg, Simon (December 17, 2010). "MLS celebrates 17th anniversary of formal debut". MLSsoccer.com. MLS Digital. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  2. "About Major League Soccer". Archived from the original on September 23, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  3. Fraser v. Major League Soccer, 01 F.3d 1296 (1st Cir. 2002).
  4. "Austin FC to Begin Play in MLS in 2021". MLSsoccer.com (Press release). MLS Digital. January 15, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  5. "Major League Soccer Comes to the Carolinas in 2021 as Charlotte is Awarded an Expansion Team". MLSsoccer.com. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  6. Bogert, Tom (October 21, 2019). "Major League Soccer awards expansion team to Sacramento". MLSsoccer.com. MLS Digital. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  7. "St. Louis gets an MLS expansion team and will begin play in 2022". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  8. "MLS announces plans to expand to 30 teams". MLSsoccer.com. April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  9. "MLS maintains status as most diverse professional sports league in North America". MLSsoccer.com. MLS Digital. April 25, 2015. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  10. Hickey, Walt (April 4, 2014). "The 'Big Five' in North American Pro Sports". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  11. "MLS expands playoffs, adds 2 teams in 20th season". USA Today. January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  12. "Major League Soccer unveils 2015 schedule, with Decision Day finale and expanded playoff format". MLSsoccer.com. Major League Soccer. January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  13. "MLS Cup Playoffs 101: How the 2013 postseason works". Portland Timbers. October 29, 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  14. "About Major League Soccer". MLSnet.com. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
  15. "1996 Season Recap". MLSsoccer.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  16. "Major League Soccer's Most Valuable Teams". Forbes. November 20, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  17. Smith, Chris (August 19, 2015). "Major League Soccer's Most Valuable Teams 2015". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  18. Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada#Attendance
  19. MLSsoccer.com, The expansion, refs, Cascadia: MLS Commissioner Don Garber covers it all in annual address, February 27, 2013, http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2013/02/27/expansion-refs-cascadia-commissioner-garber-covers-it-all-march-soccer-addre
  20. Fraser v. Major League Soccer, 01 F.3d 1296 (US 1st Cir. March 20, 2002) ("MLS owns all of the teams that play in the league (a total of 12 prior to the start of 2002), as well as all intellectual property rights, tickets, supplied equipment, and broadcast rights. … However, MLS has also relinquished some control over team operations to certain investors. MLS contracts with these investors to operate…the league's teams").
  21. "MY TWO CENTS Part II: A few reasons how promotion/relegation system could be a success in the United States". Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  22. "Major League Soccer, L.L.C. Company Information". Hoovers, Inc. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  23. "A case for the Supporters Shield". Brotherly Game. August 21, 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  24. "MLS All-Star Game creates opportunities for Portland, U.S. soccer: Editorial". The Oregonian. August 3, 2014. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  25. "How the MLS Playoff Format Punishes Ambitious Teams". Forbes. October 15, 2012. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  26. "MLS announces new playoff format for 2019 season". MLSsoccer.com. December 17, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  27. Lewis, Michael (June 19, 2010). "FIFA president Blatter says MLS needs to adopt int'l calendar to compete". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  28. "MLS May Change Its Schedule To Help The US's World Cup Bid". Business Insider. November 22, 2010. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  29. "MLS looks at switching to international schedule". USA Today. November 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  30. "Playoffs expand to 10 teams, more changes ahead" (Press release). Major League Soccer. November 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  31. "MLS' Garber: No plans for international calendar". USA Today. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  32. "Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup". Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  33. "Canada Soccer announces move to new timeframe for future Amway Canadian Championships". Canada Soccer. March 21, 2014. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  34. "Major League Soccer and Liga MX Fuel Rivalry with New Partnership" (Press release). Major League Soccer. March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  35. Shoalts, David (September 19, 2018). "Mexico's Tigres get a little payback, defeat Toronto FC in Campeones Cup". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  36. Marshall, Tom (May 29, 2019). "MLS and Liga MX announce Leagues Cup". ESPN. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  37. "MLS Roster Rules and Regulations". MLSsoccer.com. MLS Digital. March 2, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  38. Tansey, Joe (December 17, 2019). "MLS announces Charlotte as 30th franchise, beginning play in 2021". Pro Soccer USA. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  39. Bogert, Tom (August 20, 2019). "Major League Soccer awards expansion team to St. Louis". MLSsoccer.com (Press release). MLS Digital. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  40. "Learn about MLS". New York City FC. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  41. "Derby or Rivalry in MLS?". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  42. "By The Numbers… North American Soccer League vs Major League Soccer". Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  43. "FRASER v. MAJOR LEAGUE SOCCER". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  44. "First MLS player in league history: US soccer legend Tab Ramos". MLSsoccer.com. January 3, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  45. "MLS KICKS OFF TO FESTIVE CROWD, MIXED ON-FIELD REVIEWS". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  46. "19 Teams with 1 Goal: A Spotlight on Major League Soccer", June 10, 2014.
  47. "Trophy Case". D.C. United. May 19, 2011. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  48. "MLS 3.0 Series: A History of MLS 1.0". Last Word on Sports. July 25, 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  49. "Resurgence and Expansion of the MLS". Soccer Politics / The Politics of Football. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  50. "Shootout banned; TV lineup changed". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  51. Holmes, Stanley (November 22, 2004). "Soccer: Time To Kick It Up A Notch". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
  52. "For M.L.S., the Sport's Future Is in the Eye of the Beholder". The New York Times. November 11, 2005. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  53. "MLS fans in several cities wait nervously for contraction decision". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  54. "MLS considering weight-loss program". Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  55. "Mls Boots Commissioner, Turns To Nfl For Successor". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  56. Baxter, Kevin (December 5, 2015). "MLS goes from near extinction to remarkable success". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  57. "The Throw-In: Did eliminating Tampa, Miami save MLS?". MLSsoccer.com. January 5, 2012. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  58. "Columbus Crew history". MLSsoccer.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  59. Strutner, Matthew; Parrish, Charles; Nauright, John (2014). "Making Soccer "Major League" in the USA and Beyond: Major League Soccer's First Decade". Sport History Review. 45 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1123/shr.2012-0017. ISSN 1087-1659.
  60. Fraser v. Major League Soccer, 97 F.Supp.2d 130 (D. Mass 2000)
  61. "MLS Cup 2002". Major League Soccer. October 20, 2002. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  62. "Formatting MLS, Part 4: Global Tradition, American Appeal". Waldlichtung. September 7, 2012. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  63. "Tim Howard club career". Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  64. Carlisle, Jeff (March 24, 2015). "Americans in the Premier League – why have numbers dropped recently?". ESPN FC. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  65. "Jason Kreis still has something to prove". ESPN. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  66. "Real Salt Lake vs. Chivas USA – Expansion rivalry a history lesson". RSL Soapbox. September 28, 2012. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  67. "Quakes History". San Jose Earthquakes. Archived from the original on September 23, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  68. "MLS 101: MLS Expansion Draft and Allocation Money". Portland Timbers. November 22, 2010. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  69. McMahon, Bobby (August 5, 2012). "Has The 'Beckham Rule' Worked For MLS?". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  70. Lalas, Greg (April 17, 2007). "Foreign exchange program". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on April 21, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
  71. "A brief guide to Major League Soccer". The Boot Room. June 8, 2012. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  72. Romero, José Miguel (November 5, 2009). "Sounders success story, by the numbers". The Seattle Times. p. C3. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  73. "New York Red Bulls sign international star Thierry Henry". New York Red Bulls. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 16, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  74. "Atlanta expansion signifies changing landscape ahead for Major League Soccer". MLSsoccer.com. April 18, 2014. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  75. "Real Salt Lake: Monterrey wins CONCACAF Champions League, 3–2 on aggregate". Deseret News. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  76. "Spurs striker Robbie Keane joins MLS side LA Galaxy". BBC Sport. August 16, 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  77. Baxter, Kevin (November 18, 2011). "MLS steadily builds toward goal of profitability". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  78. "Fire tie Impact in MLS opener". ESPN. Associated Press. March 17, 2012. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  79. "Major League Soccer announces New York expansion team: New York City Football Club". May 21, 2013. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
  80. "Major League Soccer Awards Expansion Team to Orlando". Orlando City Soccer Club. November 19, 2013. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  81. "Retention funds explained: MLS reveals list of 14 players like Graham Zusi re-signed under initiative". MLSsoccer.com. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  82. ""FC Dallas technical director Fernando Clavijo waits on US internationals: "More players are coming""". MLSsoccer.com. January 30, 2014. Archived from the original on September 9, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  83. "The Throw-In: Enjoy MLS in 2014, because this league will never be the same again". MLSsoccer.com. March 15, 2014. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  84. Bennett, Roger (March 7, 2014). "MLS equals MLB in popularity with kids". ESPN FC. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  85. Edwards, Andy (March 7, 2014). "2013 poll results: MLS equal to MLB in "avid interest" popularity among adolescents – SIDELINE". MLSsoccer.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  86. "Major League Soccer names Atlanta as 22nd franchise, set for 2017 debut". MLSsoccer.com. April 16, 2014. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  87. "De George: New clubs raising the stakes in MLS". Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  88. "USMNT 0, Germany 1, FIFA World Cup, Group G Match Recap". MLSsoccer.com MatchCenter. June 26, 2014. Archived from the original on September 1, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  89. Vaccaro, Adam (September 18, 2014). "Major League Soccer Unveils New Logo". Boston.com. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  90. Tannenwald, Jonathan (October 27, 2014). "MLS shuts down Chivas USA, realigns conferences". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  91. "MLS announces new strategy for Los Angeles market, 2015 conference alignment". MLSsoccer.com. Major League Soccer. October 27, 2014. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  92. Stejskal, Sam (March 25, 2015). "MLS Commissioner Don Garber: Minneapolis represents everything that is spurring growth of MLS". MLS. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015.
  93. Baxter, Kevin (August 23, 2015). "MLS develops a buzz with international influx of talent". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  94. "MLS announces possible plans to expand league to 28 teams, 2016 scheduling updates". MLSsoccer.com. December 6, 2015. Archived from the original on December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  95. Stejskal, Sam (August 19, 2016). "Minnesota United FC to join MLS in 2017, debuting at TCF Bank Stadium". MLSSoccer. Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  96. "Commissioner Garber: Next round of MLS expansion "likely happening in 2020"". MLSsoccer.com. April 14, 2016. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  97. "Cincinnati set to welcome Commissioner Don Garber in push for MLS expansion". MLSsoccer.com. November 15, 2016. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  98. Couch, Ben (December 15, 2016). "MLS announces expansion process and timeline". MLSsoccer.com. MLS Digital. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  99. "MLS receives 12 applications by expansion submission deadline". Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. January 31, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  100. "MLS rebuffs rich offer tied to relegation". Sports Business Daily. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
  101. "Pro/rel component made $4B bid for MLS media rights a non-starter". ESPN FC. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
  102. Erickson, Andrew (October 18, 2017). "Without a Downtown stadium, Crew likely to bid adieu". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
  103. Jeffery, James (May 27, 2018). "Columbus Crew: Two US cities fight over one football team". BBC News. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  104. "City's MLS Franchise to be Dubbed Austin FC". Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  105. "Cleveland Browns owners emerge as potential buyers of Columbus Crew SC". MLSsoccer.com. MLS Digital. October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
  106. Axelrod, Ben (December 28, 2018). "Haslam family and ownership group finalize agreement to buy Columbus Crew". Cleveland: WKYC. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  107. Rosano, Nicholas (December 20, 2017). "Nashville awarded MLS expansion club". MLSsoccer.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  108. "Nashville MLS expansion team unveils name, crest". February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  109. "MLS finally awards Miami team to Beckham". ESPN. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  110. "Cincinnati awarded MLS expansion club, will start play in 2019" (Press release). Major League Soccer. May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  111. "MLS announces multi-year gaming partnership with MGM Resorts International". MLSsoccer.com. March 19, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  112. Carlisle, Jeff (October 21, 2019). "Sacramento awarded latest MLS expansion franchise". ESPN. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  113. "MLS to expand to 28 teams with huge jump in fees for new entrants". USA Today. Associated Press. December 16, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  114. "MLS announces David Beckham's expansion team in Miami". ESPN. January 29, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  115. Bench, Emily (December 6, 2018). "Columbus Crew's proposed buyers pledging $645M total investment". Columbus Business First. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  116. Salazar, Daniel (December 19, 2018). "Austin and PSV finalize soccer stadium deal; MLS team likely to kick off in 2021". Austin Business Journal. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  117. Newton, David (December 17, 2019). "Charlotte gets MLS' 30th franchise for record $325 million". ESPN. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  118. Hunn, David. "St. Louis hailed as 'great soccer city,' but MLS vote on expansion is a ways off". STLtoday.com.
  119. Blum, Ronald (December 5, 2019). "MLS hopes to put 30th team in Charlotte, North Carolina". Associated Press. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  120. Goff, Steven (March 12, 2020). "MLS suspends matches for 30 days because of coronavirus outbreak". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  121. Tannenwald, Jonathan (March 13, 2020). "MLS, U.S. national teams and European soccer leagues shut down because of coronavirus". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  122. Torres, Luis (March 19, 2020). "MLS extends suspension, eyes playing MLS Cup in December". Pro Soccer USA. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  123. "MLS Trophies – By Trophy". MLSsoccer.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  124. "MLS guide: Learn more about Orlando's new pro league". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  125. "Dempsey Transfer Highlights Influence of MLS Single-Entity Economic Structure". Business of Soccer. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  126. "Roundtable: Is MLS Single Entity Here To Stay?". Hot Time in Old Town. February 28, 2014. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  127. "About Major League Soccer". Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014. Major League Soccer is structured as a single, limited liability company (single-entity). In the single-entity business structure, club operators own a financial stake in the League, not just their individual team.
  128. Los Angeles Times, "MLS Looks Way Down the Field" Archived December 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, March 29, 2006.
  129. "Major League Soccer Announces Elimination of Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion for 2002 Season". Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  130. "MLS' Don Garber Talks State of the League with the Daily". Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  131. "Major League Soccer's Billionaire Owners". Forbes. November 20, 2013. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  132. The New York Times, "Red Bull Is New Owner, and Name, of MetroStars" Archived May 31, 2014, at Archive.today, March 10, 2006.
  133. Baxter, Kevin (February 20, 2014). "Major League Soccer assumes ownership of Chivas USA". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  134. Forbes, "Major League Soccer's Most Valuable Teams" Archived November 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, November 20, 2013.
  135. "Dear Fans and Friends". CD Chivas USA. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  136. "Major League Soccer awards new team to Los Angeles". MLSsoccer.com. October 30, 2014. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  137. "Chicago Fire sold to Andell Holdings". Chicago Fire Media Relations. September 6, 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  138. "Group led by Gabriel Brener acquires AEG's ownership interests in Houston Dynamo". MLSsoccer.com. December 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 16, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  139. Wahl, Grant (December 3, 2014). "15 Years of The Don: Under Garber, MLS stayed afloat, has taken strides". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  140. Bissonette, Zac (December 5, 2014). "A sports league that's unprofitable—but hopeful". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  141. "Mark Abbott". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  142. "Salary Guide". MLS Players' Association. May 19, 2016. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  143. "Dutch professional football continues financial improvement". Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  144. Carlisle, Jeff (January 7, 2015). "MLS confident new CBA will be done in time for March 6 season start". ESPN FC. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  145. "MLS Players Union announces that it has ratified collective bargaining agreement". Major League Soccer. July 16, 2015. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  146. "2015 MLS Player Rules and Regulations Summary". MLS Press Box. Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  147. "Roster Rules and Regulations". Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  148. Goff, Steve (August 2, 2016). "Israeli club ups offer for D.C. United's Steve Birnbaum, but". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  149. "ASN article: MLS Allure: Why Wages Are Only Part of the Story". Archived from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  150. "Recent analysis of foreign player pool in MLS reveals interesting numbers". MLSsoccer.com. September 10, 2015. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  151. "MLS remains most diverse professional sports league in North America". LA Galaxy. April 23, 2015. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  152. Martin, Pat (May 4, 2007). "MLS comes out of the gates strong in '07". monstersandcritics.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  153. "2014 MLS Player Salaries: April 1, 2014: By Club" (PDF). Major League Soccer Players Union. April 2, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  154. Reese, Bill (January 30, 2014). "A Look at Income Inequality in MLS". Empire of Soccer. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  155. Fenn, Steve (April 11, 2014). "2014 MLS Salaries Visualized". StatHunting. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  156. "The great allocation money chase". The Philly Soccer Page. June 26, 2012. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  157. Tomlich, Ryan. "MLS approves large TAM increase, additional Homegrown Player spending". Soccer by Ives. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  158. "MLS launches youth development initiative". ESPN FC. November 10, 2006. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013.
  159. "MLS 2015 Roster Rules". Archived from the original on March 25, 2016.
  160. "MLS announces $37 million investment in Targeted Allocation Money, Homegrown Player funds for 2016–17". December 9, 2015. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016.
  161. Bell, Jack (June 5, 2008). "Spanish Soccer Team Strikes Deal for Altidore". The New York Times. United States. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  162. "U.S. Soccer Development Academy 2014–2015". Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  163. "US U-20 players headline 2006 class". ESPN FC. January 11, 2006. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  164. MLSsoccer.com, "Commissioner reveals details of Reserve Division" Archived November 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, November 16, 2010.
  165. "MLS, USL Pro reach deal on restructured Reserve League". MLSsoccer.com. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  166. "U.S. Soccer ends Development Academy | Club Soccer | Youth Soccer". TopDrawerSoccer.com.
  167. The New York Times, "M.L.S. Continues to Bolster Growing Brand With New Stadium in Houston" Archived July 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, May 12, 2012.
  168. Sports Business Journal, "MLS club presidents on the season ahead" Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, March 4, 2013.
  169. Sports Business Journal, "Soccer's visionary: Phil Anschutz" Archived February 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, June 5, 2006.
  170. "StubHub Center – About". Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  171. "Executives". Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  172. "Rio Tinto Stadium Set To Open". Connecticut Sports Law. October 4, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  173. "About Major League Soccer". Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  174. "Opinion: Is NYC FC's stadium deal a black eye for MLS?". Once A Metro. April 22, 2014. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  175. "Portland Timbers, Jeld-Wen joined at the right time on stadium naming rights". The Oregonian. February 11, 2014. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  176. "Sporting Kansas City's Sporting Park will serve as host of MLS Cup". MLSsoccer.com. November 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  177. "The State of Soccer in Montreal". Last Word on Sports. July 17, 2012. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  178. Almond, Elliott (February 27, 2015). "Avaya Stadium: Breaking down Earthquakes' new digs". The Mercury News. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  179. Schlueb, Mark (January 7, 2014). "Orlando officials, Orlando City Lions to brainstorm design for MLS stadium". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  180. "Your City Your Stadium: Update on Proposed Stadium Opening". Orlando City Soccer Club. January 13, 2016. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  181. Goff, Steven (December 17, 2014). "D.C. United stadium approval improves its playing field in MLS in many ways". The Washington Post.
  182. Boston Globe,"Kraft family looks to build soccer stadium in Boston". November 18, 2014. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  183. "Vancouver Whitecaps History". Vancouver Whitecaps FC. October 11, 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  184. Charles Bennett. "How to Make the CFL USA Work This Time and 15 Places Where It Could Thrive". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  185. Greder, Andy (July 28, 2016). "MLS expansion: Atlanta is lock for 2017, Minnesota expected to join them". Pioneer Press. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
  186. Van Berkel, Jessie (December 12, 2016). "Minnesota United officials say 'big dig' at stadium site will begin in spring". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  187. Quarstad, Brian (August 19, 2016). "Minnesota United to play inaugural MLS season at new home: TCF Bank Stadium". Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  188. "Atlanta United to Start MLS Season in March 2017 at Georgia Tech's Historic Bobby Dodd Stadium" (Press release). Atlanta United FC. October 5, 2016. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  189. Baxter, Kevin (December 18, 2017). "LAFC's stadium is coming together ahead of schedule". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  190. "Cincinnati awarded MLS expansion club, will start play in 2019" (Press release). Major League Soccer. May 29, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  191. "It's official: Major League Soccer awards expansion team to Miami". MLSSoccer.com (Press release). MLS Digital. January 29, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  192. Deas, Tommy (January 31, 2019). "Nashville MLS team to open play in 2020 and play home games at Nissan Stadium". The Tennessean. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  193. "ESPN, MLS Reach Eight-Year TV Deal That Includes Rights Fees". Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  194. "MLS agrees golden deal with MP & Silva – Sports Broadcast news – Soccer". Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  195. "MP & Silva extends MLS deal – Sports Broadcast news – Soccer North America". Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  196. "American Family Insurance to be Atlanta United's first jersey sponsor". MLSsoccer.com. July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  197. "Austin FC enter multi-year deal with YETI to be official jersey sponsor". MLSsoccer.com. February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  198. "Ally announces multi-year agreement with Charlotte MLS soccer" (Press release). Charlotte MLS 2021. December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  199. "Chicago Fire Partners With Motorola, New Shirt Sponsor". Forbes. January 22, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  200. "Rapids partner with Transamerica for major jersey sponsorship". Colorado Rapids. March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  201. "Crew announces jersey sponsorship deal with Nationwide". The Columbus Dispatch. February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  202. "Leidos becomes official sponsor of D.C. United". D.C. United. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  203. "FC Cincinnati sign jersey sponsorship deal pending MLS acceptance" (Press release). Major League Soccer. November 14, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  204. "FC Dallas signs multi-year, multi-million dollar jersey deal with AdvoCare". MLS. June 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  205. "MD Anderson, Houston Dynamo team up for one goal: end cancer". MLS. November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  206. "Herbalife Renews Sponsorship With MLS Galaxy for a Record 10 Years, $44M". Sports Business Daily. March 16, 2012. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  207. "LAFC + YouTube TV". LAFC. January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  208. "Target becomes official MLS partner-Lands-Minnesota United jersey front". MLSsoccer.com. January 19, 2017. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  209. "BMO sign multi-million deal with Montreal Impact". June 15, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  210. "Nashville SC Unveils First Major League Soccer Jersey". NashvilleSC.com. Nashville SC Communications. January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  211. "UnitedHealthcare, New England Revolution Announce Partnership" (Press release). UnitedHealthcare. April 22, 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011 – via Business Wire.
  212. "New York City Football Club Takes Flight with Etihad Airways Partnership". New York City FC. November 13, 2014. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  213. "Orlando City locks in Orlando Health as healthcare partner and jersey sponsor for MLS". News 13 Orlando. November 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  214. "Union soccer team wins sponsorship from Bimbo bakery". Philadelphia Daily News. January 11, 2011. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  215. Brink, Benjamin (September 2, 2010). "Timbers announce Alaska Airlines as sponsor for MLS jerseys". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  216. "Real Salt Lake signs one of top MLS jersey deals". Sports Business Journal. October 28, 2013. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
  217. "NEWS: San Jose Earthquakes Score Big with Intermedia Cloud Communications Partnership". Earthquakes Communications. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  218. Baker, Geoff (January 17, 2019). "Sounders, Reign ink new jersey sponsorship deals with Seattle-based online retailer Zulily". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  219. Dornbrook, James (January 17, 2013). "Sporting Kansas City unveils jersey sponsor: Ivy Funds". Kansas City Business Journal. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  220. "Toronto FC keeps bank's name on jerseys". Sports Business Journal. October 28, 2013. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  221. Ullrich, Lowell (March 17, 2011). "Who's No. 2? Bet on the Whitecaps to beat out the Lions". The Province. Vancouver. p. A62. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  222. Weinbach, John (September 28, 2006). "Major League Soccer to sell ad space on jerseys". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on April 28, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
  223. Wartenberg, Steve. "Crew catching up financially to rest of MLS". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  224. "MLS to add jersey sleeve advertisements in 2020". NBC Sports. NBCUniversal. Associated Press. October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
  225. Longman, Jere (July 8, 2007). "Beckham Arrives to Find a Sport Thriving in Its Own Way". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
  226. Schwartz, Peter J.; Badenhausen, Kurt (September 9, 2008). "Major League Soccer's Most Valuable Teams". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  227. "Sounders FC's success resonates globally". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  228. Smith, Chris. "Major League Soccer's Most Valuable Teams 2018: Atlanta United Debuts On Top". Forbes. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  229. Karstens-Smith, Gemma (April 26, 2019). "Montreal Impact, Vancouver Whitecaps voice concerns about Major League Soccer travel woes". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  230. "'Game First' initiatives enhance on-field product". Major League Soccer Communications. April 2, 2007. Archived from the original on April 26, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
  231. "MLS Disciplinary Committee fines Davies for dive vs. RSL". MLSsoccer.com. June 24, 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  232. Contract Has Strict Drug Policy – Jack Bell, The New York Times, March 29, 2005
  233. Straus, Brian (September 17, 2014). "Ahead of 20th season, MLS unveils new logo, branding to alter look". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  234. Wright, Chris (February 26, 2020). "Major League Soccer reveals epic new anthem by legendary Hollywood composer Hans Zimmer". ESPN. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  235. "Toye: Fans are delighted the old NASL names, Sounders, Timbers, Whitecaps and Quakes were saved". Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  236. Dure, Beau (2010). Long Range Goals: The Success Story of Major League Soccer. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-1-59797-509-4.
  237. "Will the Kansas City Wizards become Sporting Kansas City?". Kansas City Business Journal. November 16, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  238. "NBC to end MLS deal in 2015; ESPN, Fox pay $70 million per year for new rights package". The Goalkeeper. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  239. McDuling, John (May 12, 2014). "Here's more evidence that Americans are growing fond of soccer". Quartz. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  240. "MLS's big play". Sports Business Journal. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  241. "M.L.S. and TV Networks Reach Deal to Set Weekly Slots for Games". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  242. "ESPN, Fox and Univision promise new emphasis to domestic game, MLS in landmark eight-year TV deal". MLSsoccer.com. May 13, 2014. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  243. "Business Off The Pitch: Breakdown of Major League Soccer's Broadcast Partners". Goal.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  244. "MLS, NBC announce three-year broadcast deal". MLSsoccer.com. August 10, 2011. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  245. Tannenwald, Jonathan (November 29, 2012). "Analyzing NBC's ratings in its first season of broadcasting Major League Soccer". Philadelphia Daily News. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  246. "Every Game, All Season Long: MLS ON TSN Kicks Off its Complete Coverage of Vancouver Whitecaps FC This Saturday". Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  247. "TSN to broadcast all Whitecaps FC games beginning in 2014". The Sports Network. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  248. "Canadian national broadcast schedule for 2017 revealed; CTV to air 7 games". MLSsoccer.com. February 9, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  249. Delia-Lavictoire, Yvan (July 14, 2011). "Impact sign multimedia deal, name TVA Sports broadcaster". MLSsoccer.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  250. Armstrong, Laura (March 2, 2018). "MLS partners with DAZN to live stream U.S. matches for Canadian soccer fans". Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  251. "MLS and Sky Sports Announce Groundbreaking Partnership to Broadcast MLS in the United Kingdom" (Press release). Major League Soccer. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  252. "MLS and British broadcaster Sky Sports announce groundbreaking partnership". MLSsoccer.com. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  253. Laghate, Gaurav (February 6, 2017). "Discovery launches sports channel DSPORT in India". The Economic Times. Mumbai. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  254. "Football Manager signs with MLS". Sports Interactive. May 13, 2004. Archived from the original on July 14, 2004. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  255. "MLS Statistics: All-Time". MLSsoccer.com. MLS Digital. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  256. "MLS Announces 2013 Awards Finalists". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
      Preceded by
      NASL      		 Division 1 Soccer League in the United States
      1996–present      		 Succeeded by
      current league
      This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.