USL Championship

The USL Championship (USLC) is a professional men's soccer league in the United States that began its inaugural season in 2011. The USL is sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation (U.S. Soccer) as a Division II Professional League since 2017, placing it under Major League Soccer (Division I) in the hierarchy.[1] The USL is headquartered in Tampa, Florida.[2]

"USL" redirects here. For other uses, see USL (disambiguation).

USL Championship
Organising bodyUnited Soccer League
FoundedSeptember 8, 2010 (2010-09-08)
First season2011
CountryUnited States
ConfederationCONCACAF
(North American Football Union)
ConferencesEastern Conference
Western Conference
Number of teams35
Level on pyramid2
Domestic cup(s)U.S. Open Cup
Current championsReal Monarchs (2019)
Current regular
season title		Phoenix Rising FC (2019)
Most championshipsOrlando City
Louisville City FC
(2 titles each)
Most regular
season titles		Orlando City (3 titles)
TV partnersESPN+
YouTube
Websiteuslchampionship.com
2020 USL Championship season
United Soccer League divisions
Championship League One League Two

The league is owned and operated by United Soccer League (originally "United Soccer Leagues") and was formed as result of the merger of their USL First (USL-1) and Second Divisions (USL-2), following the controversial 2010 season which saw neither the USL-1 nor the North American Soccer League (NASL) receive Division II sanctioning from the USSF, resulting in the temporary USSF Division 2 Pro League. United Soccer Leagues stated that the merger would strengthen the league's position within the American professional soccer landscape through stability, commercial growth and the professional development of soccer in four main regions throughout the United States and Canada.[3]

Formerly known as United Soccer League (USL) and USL Pro, in January 2013, United Soccer Leagues and MLS reached an agreement to integrate the USL league competition with the MLS Reserve League, primarily to improve player development in North America, strengthen league competition and build ties between leagues in the American soccer pyramid. This multi-year deal encourages MLS and USL team affiliations and player loans, aiming to have more games for teams and developing players.[4][5] As of the 2020 season, 13 USL Championship teams are affiliated to MLS teams. Most MLS teams have an affiliate in either the USL Championship or third-level USL League One (USL1), except for Columbus Crew SC, FC Cincinnati, Los Angeles FC, Minnesota United FC, Montreal Impact, Nashville SC, and Vancouver Whitecaps FC, who do not currently maintain a formal affiliation with a team in either league.

History

Founding (2010)

On September 8, 2010, the United Soccer Leagues formally announced the creation of USL Pro in a press release.[3] Prior to the official announcement of the new league, on August 11, 2010, the Dayton Dutch Lions FC revealed they would be joining the "USL-Pro Championship Division (former USL-2)" at a press conference, revealing the name of the new league before its official announcement.[6] With this disclosure, the Dutch Lions were the first confirmed team in USL Pro for its inaugural 2011 season. Alongside the announcement of the new league, the Richmond Kickers revealed they would be moving to USL Pro for 2011.[7] With the departure of the Portland Timbers to MLS in 2011 and the defection of the Puerto Rico Islanders to the NASL[8] from USL-1, the Austin Aztex were the only remaining USL-1 team not yet a part of USL Pro.

On September 22, 2010, the "Caribbean Division" of USL Pro was announced, with teams from Puerto Rico and Antigua and Barbuda signing on to compete in the league.[9] With the addition of Puerto Rico United to the league and "Caribbean Division", league representatives expressed their intent to see expansion in the region continue, with an eventual 8-team "Caribbean Conference".[10] With the inclusion of a team from Los Angeles, this division eventually became the International Division. On September 22, 2010, USL announced that Sevilla FC Puerto Rico and River Plate Puerto Rico would be joining USL Pro in 2011 alongside Antigua Barracuda FC as part of the building blocks of a Caribbean division.[9] On September 28, 2010, USL announced that one of their flagship clubs and reigning 2010 USL-2 Champions, the Charleston Battery, would be joining USL Pro for its launch in 2011.[11] On September 30, 2010, nearly two months following the team's own announcement of a "USL Pro Championship Division" move, the USL formally announced Dayton Dutch Lions FC would join USL Pro.[12] On October 4 and 7, 2010, the USL revealed two USL-2 clubs, the Charlotte Eagles and the Harrisburg City Islanders (the latter now known as Penn FC), would be making the jump to USL Pro for 2011.[13][14]

The Pittsburgh Riverhounds were added as the 9th official team on October 22, 2010.[15] October 25, 2010 saw the addition of the Rochester Rhinos[16] who had previously committed to the NASL, along with expansion team Orlando City SC (formerly the Austin Aztex FC of USL-1) after new ownership secured and moved the team from Texas to Florida.[17]

On November 9, 2010, former USL-2 side Wilmington Hammerheads officially joined the league as the 12th team,[18] followed on November 17, 2010 by F.C. New York.[19] The expected number of teams to launch league play in 2011 was announced as 18–20, alongside the announcement of the Wilmington Hammerheads joining the league.[18]

The Los Angeles Blues, associated with the successful women's Pali Blues organization, were added on December 7, 2010 with a message of future "Western Conference" growth into 2012.[20] The "Caribbean Division" of USL Pro grew to four teams on December 9, 2010 with the addition of Puerto Rico United to the league,[10] marking the last of the 15 teams that would compete in USL Pro in its inaugural 2011 season.

On September 14, 2010, United Soccer Leagues President Tim Holt expressed the desired structure for the league to launch with 14–18 teams across four specific geographic areas in 2011, expansion to 22–26 teams by 2013, and 28–32 teams by 2015.[21]

Following USL Pro's first annual general meeting, the league confirmed it would debut with 16 teams playing a 24-game regular season schedule in 2011, with planned growth for 20–24 teams to start the 2012 season.[22]

Progression of USL Expansion
Season # Teams
2011 12
2012 11
2013 13
2014 14
2015 24
2016 29
2017 30
2018 33
2019 36
2020 35

Play begins (2011–2012)
Main articles: 2011 USL Pro season and 2012 USL Pro season

USL Pro debuted in 2011, starting with 15 teams playing a 24-game regular season schedule. American and National Division teams played a home-and-away series against all opponents from the two divisions (totaling 18 games), 2 additional regional rivalry matches, with each team making an additional trip to either Los Angeles or the Caribbean to play two games while hosting International Division competition for two games. International Division teams played each team in their division four times (twice home, twice away, totaling 16 games) while traveling to face American or National Division opponents in four games and hosting those opponents for four games.[22][23][24]

The original playoff format saw eight teams compete in a one-game quarterfinal. Both the American and National Divisions saw their top three teams advance for an inter-divisional playoff, while the top two teams in the International Division played-off against each other to reach the semi-finals. The four remaining teams were re-seeded for a single semi-final match, again with the higher seed hosting, leading up to a single match for the USL Cup. In all playoff matches the highest seeded team hosted.[25]

On May 10, 2011, early in the league's inaugural season, the league announced that it was dropping the three Puerto Rican clubs from the USL Pro schedule.[26] The PRSL clubs were dropped due to economic and ownership issues.[26] The two remaining International Division teams – Antigua Barracuda FC and Los Angeles Blues – were re-aligned into the American and National Divisions. Due to the removal of the International Division, the revised playoff format featured the top four teams in each of the two divisions. The two division playoff winners met in the USL Pro Championship at the home venue of the team with the better record.

Following the 2011 season, USL Pro announced with the release of the 2012 season schedule that F.C. New York would not be returning to play, with the former National and American Divisions being dissolved to form a single, eleven team league table.[27]

Beginnings of MLS partnership (2013–2014)
Main articles: 2013 USL Pro season and 2014 USL Pro season

Two expansion teams joined for the 2013 season: Phoenix FC[28][29] and the VSI Tampa Bay FC.[30]

On January 23, 2013 United Soccer Leagues and MLS announced a multi-year agreement to integrate MLS Reserve League play with USL Pro teams, first through team affiliations and "interleague" play, but eventually fully merging MLS Reserves into the USL Pro structure. The stated goals[31] of this partnership are to improve North American player development, strengthen league competition, build long-term ties between the leagues and expand the audience for both the leagues and developing players.

While the 2013 season would feature partnered competitions between USL Pro and MLS Reserve teams, four Major League Soccer clubs opted to affiliate with an existing USL Pro team, agreeing to loan at least four MLS players to their affiliate: Sporting Kansas City with Orlando City, the Philadelphia Union with the Harrisburg City Islanders, D.C. United with the Richmond Kickers and the New England Revolution with the Rochester Rhinos. Each MLS club will eventually be expected to either affiliate with a USL Pro team or operate an independent reserve team in the league.[4][5] The Houston Dynamo announced that they would be partnering with the Pittsburgh Riverhounds in 2014.[32] However, this partnership between the Riverhounds and Dynamo was dissolved after just one year.[33] Following the conclusion of the 2013 season, VSI Tampa Bay folded after only one season, along with founding league member Antigua.[34]

In December 2012, Sacramento announced it would begin play in 2014 as an expansion team,[35] and in July 2014, USL announced that Oklahoma City would also join USL in 2014.[36] Orlando City announced that it would leave USL after the 2014 season to join MLS as an expansion team for the 2015 season.[37][38][39] The Los Angeles Blues were rebranded as Orange County Blues FC on February 5, 2014.[40] The Phoenix FC franchise was revoked and replaced with Arizona United SC on March 13, 2014.[41]

In what would become a major trend, on January 29, 2014, the LA Galaxy announced the creation of LA Galaxy II, a reserve team within the club's existing development structure. The Galaxy purchased a USL Pro expansion franchise[42] and became the first MLS club to enter its reserve team into the USL Pro.

Expansion of MLS partnership and first rebranding (2015–2016)
Main articles: 2015 USL season and 2016 USL season

USL Pro nearly doubled the number of teams in the league for 2015 in large part due to MLS franchises following the path taken by the LA Galaxy II. Seven MLS clubs announced the purchase of a USL Pro franchise for their reserve team. These MLS franchises joined four independent expansion teams that were previously announced for Colorado Springs, St. Louis, Tulsa and Austin. Additionally, Orlando City sold its franchise rights to Louisville interests, which unveiled Louisville City FC on June 3, 2014 as an affiliate of the new MLS side.[43] The United Soccer Leagues announced that the Charlotte Eagles would drop to its Premier Development League (PDL), now known as USL League Two, while selling their franchise rights to another Charlotte group, which formed Charlotte Independence for play beginning in 2015.[44] Finally, on December 11, 2014, the Dayton Dutch Lions self-relegated to play in the PDL starting in 2015.[45]

During 2014 and early 2015, the various MLS clubs in conjunction with the USL announced seven new franchises that would be owned or controlled by MLS team ownership, and would all begin play in 2015. On September 10, 2014, Real Salt Lake revealed the name of their previously announced USL Pro affiliate team would be Real Monarchs, and confirmed that the team would begin play in 2015.[46][47] The team played at Rio Tinto Stadium until the 5,000-seat Zions Bank Stadium was built in Herriman, Utah.[48] Both the Portland Timbers and Seattle Sounders FC created their own USL Pro squads, Portland Timbers 2 and Seattle Sounders FC 2 on October 14, 2014.[49] The Montreal Impact announced that it would field a USL Pro team in September 2014. On November 18, 2014, FC Montreal officially joined the league.[50][51][52] On November 20, 2014, Toronto FC announced that it would also field a team, subsequently named Toronto FC II, for the 2015 season.[53] Whitecaps FC 2 joined USL Pro the next day.[54] After discussing plans for a USL Pro team in 2015,[55] then postponing those plans in September,[56] the New York Red Bulls announced that their USL Pro team, New York Red Bulls II would begin play in 2015.[57][58]

MLS affiliations were announced for the remaining MLS teams that did not have an affiliation in 2014 and did not elect to purchase a USL Pro franchise. On September 18, 2014 the Colorado Rapids announced an affiliation partnership with the Charlotte Independence.[59] On January 16, 2015 New York City FC announced that it would have an affiliate relationship with the Wilmington Hammerheads[60] and the Chicago Fire announced their affiliation with St Louis.[61] On February 9, 2015, FC Dallas announced it would add Arizona United SC as its USL Pro affiliate.[62][63] As a result, all 20 MLS teams for the 2015 season were either fielding their own team in the USL Pro or were affiliated with an independent USL Pro club.

The league also announced in 2015 that the league would be divided into two conferences. Teams would play a 28-game schedule with 22 games against all the teams in their conference, and the teams would be further assigned to four-club subdivisions for the other six games with an eye towards geographic rivalries between clubs.[64]

USL logo used from 2015 until 2018

On February 10, 2015, United Soccer Leagues announced a branding change for the league. It would now be called the "United Soccer League" or "USL" for short. They introduced a new logo and branding, and stated their intention to apply for Division II status within the United States Soccer Federation hierarchy.[65]

During the 2015 season, USL announced several expansion teams for the 2016 season. The 25th franchise was awarded to Lone Star, LLC and the team would be named Rio Grande Valley FC.[66] In a first for the USL, the team has a "hybrid" affiliation with the Houston Dynamo, who are responsible for the tactical part of the club, while the ownership group, Lone Star, is responsible for operations and management.[67][68] FC Cincinnati was added as the 26th franchise[69][70] and Bethlehem Steel FC, in the Lehigh Valley area and owned by the Philadelphia Union, became the 27th,[71][72] Orlando City B (owned by Orlando City SC) as the 29th,[73] the Swope Park Rangers (owned by Sporting Kansas City) as the 30th,[74] and San Antonio FC as the 31st.[75]

The Austin Aztex announced that they would go on hiatus for the 2016 USL season on October 2, 2015. Floods damaging House Park midway through the 2015 season forced the team to relocate to a high school facility. The team was intended to return in 2017, pending construction of a new, soccer-specific stadium.[76] However, stadium and ownership issues continued to plague the franchise, and they did not return.[77]

Surpassing NASL for Division II sanctioning (2016–present)
Main articles: 2017 USL season, 2018 USL season, and 2019 USL Championship season

Expansion continued for the 2017 season with Reno 1868 FC, which had been announced during the 2015 season as the 28th franchise, starting play.[78] On October 25, 2016, the USL added two teams from the North American Soccer League (NASL): the Tampa Bay Rowdies and Ottawa Fury FC. This was the first time a club moved from the NASL to the USL.[79] The Montreal Impact also announced that it would fold its USL team, FC Montreal, in favor of affiliating with Ottawa Fury FC.[80]

On August 31, 2016, Kyle Eng sold his majority share of Arizona United SC to an investment group led by Berke Bakay and was rebranded as Phoenix Rising FC with plans to build their own stadium.[81][82][83]

On January 6, 2017, the U.S. Soccer board of directors voted to grant provisional Division II status to the USL for the 2017 season,[1] placing the league on the same tier as the North American Soccer League. The NASL was also downgraded from Division II sanctioning to a provisional status due to its membership decreasing below the 12 team minimum. Following the 2017 season, the USL gained two more NASL teams: Indy Eleven[84] and North Carolina FC.[85] For the 2018 season, the NASL's provisional sanctioning was not renewed by U.S. Soccer, while the USL was granted full sanctioning under Division II on a year-to-year basis.[86] The NASL attempted to sue U.S. Soccer for colluding with Major League Soccer to protect what it deemed to be a monopolization of top-flight soccer in the United States, but was denied by an appeals court.[87]

The USL's expansion efforts continued in the 2018 season with the additions of Nashville SC,[88][89] Las Vegas Lights FC,[90][91][92] Fresno FC (affiliated with the Vancouver Whitecaps FC)[93] and Atlanta United 2 (owned by Atlanta United FC).[94][95] The league also lost Orlando City B and the Rochester Rhinos, which each announced a hiatus,[96][97] while the Whitecaps FC 2 were folded after its parent team in Vancouver decided to no longer run its own development team and affiliated with the new Fresno expansion.

Four teams left the USL top flight after the 2018 season. The ownership group of FC Cincinnati was awarded an MLS franchise that started play under the FC Cincinnati name in 2019.[98] Penn FC,[99] the Richmond Kickers,[100] and Toronto FC II voluntarily dropped to USL League One, a new third-level league that United Soccer Leagues launched in 2019.[101] The Kickers and Toronto FC II began League One play in 2019; Penn FC suspended professional operations for 2019 and will resume play in League One in 2020. In addition, the announced hiatuses for both the Rhinos and Orlando City B became permanent departures. The Rhinos announced they would extend their hiatus through 2019 before resuming play in League One in 2020,[102] while Orlando City B resumed play in 2019 in League One.[103]

The league also approved several other expansion locations in Austin,[104] Birmingham,[105] Memphis,[106][107] Chicago,[108][109] Oakland East Bay, Hartford,[110] Albuquerque,[111] El Paso,[112] Loudoun County, Virginia,[113] and San Diego.[114] All of these teams began play in 2019 except for San Diego, which began play in the 2020 season; East Bay, which are currently set to debut by 2021; and Chicago, which currently has no timeline after their stadium plans were rejected.[115]

Following the end of the 2019 season, three teams left the USL Championship. Nashville SC was awarded a Major League Soccer franchise,[116] Fresno FC announced that they would not be returning to Fresno,[117] and Ottawa Fury FC announced that they would be suspending operations after not receiving sanctioning to remain in USL by CONCACAF and U.S. Soccer.[118] An expansion team was announced for the New York City borough of Queens to be named Queensboro FC.[119] On December 11, the Ottawa Fury announced the sale of its franchise rights to the ownership group of The Miami FC, with Miami set to participate in the 2020 USL Championship season. This marked the entrance of another former NASL team into the league, with Miami having previously spent time in NPSL and the National Independent Soccer Association after the NASL folded.

Clubs
    Locations of announced teams in the USL Championship
    • MLS-owned club
    • MLS-affiliated club
    • no MLS affiliation
    • future club

    Current clubs

    The following teams are expected to play in the USL Championship during the 2020 season.

    Club City Stadium Capacity Founded Joined Head coach MLS affiliate
    Eastern Conference
    Atlanta United 2 Kennesaw, Georgia Fifth Third Bank Stadium[lower-roman 1] 8,318 2017 2018 Tony Annan (interim) Atlanta United FC
    Birmingham Legion FC Birmingham, Alabama BBVA Field[lower-roman 2] 5,000 2017 2019 Tom Soehn
    Charleston Battery Mount Pleasant, South Carolina Patriots Point Soccer Complex[lower-roman 2] 3,900 1993 2011 Mike Anhaeuser
    Charlotte Independence Matthews, North Carolina Sportsplex at Matthews[lower-roman 2] 5,000 2014 2015 Mike Jeffries
    Hartford Athletic Hartford, Connecticut Dillon Stadium[lower-roman 2] 5,500 2018 2019 Radhi Jaïdi
    Indy Eleven Indianapolis, Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium[lower-roman 1] 62,421 2013 2018 Martin Rennie
    Loudoun United FC Leesburg, Virginia Segra Field[lower-roman 2] 5,000 2018 2019 Ryan Martinez D.C. United
    Louisville City FC Louisville, Kentucky Lynn Family Stadium[lower-roman 2] 11,700 2014 2015 John Hackworth
    Memphis 901 FC Memphis, Tennessee AutoZone Park[lower-roman 3] 10,000 2018 2019 Tim Mulqueen
    Miami FC Miami, Florida Riccardo Silva Stadium 20,000 2015 2020 Paul Dalglish
    New York Red Bulls II Montclair, New Jersey MSU Soccer Park at Pittser Field[lower-roman 2] 5,000 2015 John Wolyniec New York Red Bulls
    North Carolina FC Cary, North Carolina WakeMed Soccer Park[lower-roman 2] 10,000 2006 2018 Dave Sarachan
    Philadelphia Union II Chester, Pennsylvania Subaru Park[lower-roman 2] 18,500 2015 2016 Marlon LeBlanc (interim) Philadelphia Union
    Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Highmark Stadium[lower-roman 2] 5,000 1998 2011 Bob Lilley
    Saint Louis FC Fenton, Missouri West Community Stadium[lower-roman 2] 5,500 2014 2015 Steve Trittschuh
    Sporting Kansas City II Kansas City, Kansas Children's Mercy Park[lower-roman 2] 18,467 2015 2016 Paulo Nagamura Sporting Kansas City
    Tampa Bay Rowdies St. Petersburg, Florida Al Lang Stadium[lower-roman 3] 7,227 2008 2017 Neill Collins
    Western Conference
    Austin Bold FC Austin, Texas Bold Stadium 5,000 2017 2019 Marcelo Serrano
    Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC Colorado Springs, Colorado Weidner Field[lower-roman 2] 5,000 2013 2015 Alan Koch Colorado Rapids
    El Paso Locomotive FC El Paso, Texas Southwest University Park[lower-roman 3] 9,500 2018 2019 Mark Lowry
    LA Galaxy II Carson, California Dignity Health Track Stadium[lower-roman 1] 5,000 2014 Junior Gonzalez LA Galaxy
    Las Vegas Lights FC Las Vegas, Nevada Cashman Field[lower-roman 3] 9,334 2017 2018 Frank Yallop
    New Mexico United Albuquerque, New Mexico Rio Grande Credit Union Field at Isotopes Park[lower-roman 3] 13,500 2018 2019 Troy Lesesne
    Oklahoma City Energy FC Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Taft Stadium[lower-roman 2] 7,500 2013 2014 John Pascarella
    Orange County SC Irvine, California Championship Soccer Stadium[lower-roman 2] 5,000 2010 2011 Braeden Cloutier
    Phoenix Rising FC Tempe, Arizona Casino Arizona Field[lower-roman 2] 6,200 2014 Rick Schantz
    Portland Timbers 2 Hillsboro, Oregon Hillsboro Stadium[lower-roman 1] 7,600 2014 2015 Cameron Knowles Portland Timbers
    Real Monarchs Herriman, Utah Zions Bank Stadium[lower-roman 2] 5,000 2014 2015 Jámison Olave Real Salt Lake
    Reno 1868 FC Reno, Nevada Greater Nevada Field[lower-roman 3] 9,013 2015 2017 Ian Russell San Jose Earthquakes
    Rio Grande Valley FC Edinburg, Texas H-E-B Park[lower-roman 2] 9,400 2015 2016 Gerson Echeverry Houston Dynamo
    Sacramento Republic FC Sacramento, California Papa Murphy's Park[lower-roman 2] 11,569 2012 2014 Mark Briggs
    San Antonio FC San Antonio, Texas Toyota Field[lower-roman 2] 8,296 2016 Alen Marcina New York City FC
    San Diego Loyal SC San Diego, California Torero Stadium[lower-roman 1] 8,000 2019 2020 Landon Donovan
    Tacoma Defiance Tacoma, Washington Cheney Stadium[lower-roman 3] 6,500 2014 2015 Chris Little Seattle Sounders FC
    FC Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma ONEOK Field[lower-roman 3] 7,833 2013 2015 Michael Nsien
      MLS-affiliated
      MLS-owned

    Expansion clubs
    Club City Stadium Capacity Founded Joining Head coach MLS affiliate
    Planned Expansion Clubs
    Queensboro FC Queens, New York New stadium at York College[lower-roman 2] 7,500 2019 2022 Josep Gombau
    USLC Rhode Island[120] Pawtucket, Rhode Island Riptide Stadium[lower-roman 2] 7,500 2020 2022
    USLC East Bay Concord, California East Bay Stadium[lower-roman 2] 15,000 2017 TBD
    USLC Buffalo Buffalo, New York TBD TBD TBD TBD
    USLC Des Moines[121] Des Moines, Iowa TBD TBD TBD TBD

    Notes

    1. Shared facility; not a soccer-specific stadium
    2. Soccer specific stadium
    3. Baseball park

    Former clubs
    Club City Stadium Capacity Joined Final season MLS affiliation Fate
    Antigua Barracuda FC St. John's, Antigua Stanford Cricket Ground 5,000 2011 2013 None Folded
    Austin Aztex Austin, Texas House Park 6,500 2015 Columbus Crew SC Folded
    Charlotte Eagles Charlotte, North Carolina Dickson Field 5,006 2011 2014 None Moved to PDL
    FC Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio Nippert Stadium 33,800 2015 2018 None Moved to MLS
    Dayton Dutch Lions West Carrollton, Ohio DOC Stadium 3,000 2011 2014 Columbus Crew SC Moved to PDL
    FC Montreal Montreal, Quebec Complexe sportif Claude-Robillard 3,500 2015 2016 Montreal Impact Folded by MLS parent club
    F.C. New York Queens, New York Belson Stadium 2,168 2011 None Moved to NPSL, then folded
    Fresno FC Fresno, California Chukchansi Park 12,500 2017 2019 None Ceased operations
    Nashville SC Nashville, Tennessee First Tennessee Park 10,000 2016 2019 None Moved to MLS
    Orlando City B Orlando, Florida Orlando City Stadium 3,500 2016 2017 Orlando City SC Moved to USL League One (2019)[122]
    Orlando City SC Lake Buena Vista, Florida ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex 5,500 2011 2014 Sporting Kansas City Moved to MLS; USL rights transferred to Louisville
    Ottawa Fury FC Ottawa, Ontario TD Place Stadium 24,000 2017 2019 Montreal Impact Suspended operations; no sanction from United States Soccer Federation or CONCACAF[118] USL rights transferred to Miami[123]
    Penn FC Harrisburg, Pennsylvania FNB Field 6,187 2011 2018 None Planned to join USL League One; folded.
    Phoenix FC Tempe, Arizona Sun Devil Soccer Stadium 3,400 2013 None Folded; replaced by Arizona United SC
    Puerto Rico United[lower-roman 1] Aguada, Puerto Rico Aguada Stadium 4,000 2011 None Moved to Liga Nacional (PR)
    River Plate Puerto Rico[lower-roman 1] Fajardo, Puerto Rico Roberto Clemente Stadium 12,500 2011 None Moved to PRSL
    Richmond Kickers Richmond, Virginia City Stadium 22,000 2011 2018 D.C. United Moved to USL League One
    Rochester Rhinos Rochester, New York Marina Auto Stadium 13,768 2011 2017 New England Revolution Will join USL League One in 2021[124][102]
    Sevilla Puerto Rico[lower-roman 1] Juncos, Puerto Rico Josué Elevadito González Stadium 2,500 2011 None Moved to Liga Nacional (PR)
    Toronto FC II Toronto, Ontario Lamport Stadium 9,600 2014 2018 Toronto FC Moved to USL League One
    Vancouver Whitecaps FC 2 Vancouver, British Columbia Thunderbird Stadium 3,500 2015 2017 Vancouver Whitecaps FC Folded by MLS parent club
    VSI Tampa Bay FC Plant City, Florida Plant City Stadium 6,700 2013 2013 None Folded
    Wilmington Hammerheads FC Wilmington, North Carolina Legion Stadium 6,000 2011 2016 Toronto FC & New York City FC Moved to PDL, then folded
    1. Puerto Rico United, River Plate Puerto Rico, and Sevilla Puerto Rico tried to participate in the USL's first season but had financial difficulties almost immediately and the league had to cancel all games after May and make significant changes to the remaining schedule

    Clubs timeline
    Queensboro FCUSL East BaySan Diego Loyal SCMiami FCNew Mexico UnitedMemphis 901 FCLoudoun United FCHartford AthleticEl Paso Locomotive FCBirmingham Legion FCAustin Bold FCNorth Carolina FCNashville SC (2018–19)Las Vegas Lights FCIndy ElevenFresno FCAtlanta United 2Tampa Bay RowdiesReno 1868 FCOttawa Fury FCSporting Kansas City IISan Antonio FCOrlando City BFC Cincinnati (2016–18)Philadelphia Union IIWhitecaps FC 2FC TulsaToronto FC IITacoma DefianceSaint Louis FCReal MonarchsPortland Timbers 2New York Red Bulls IILouisville City FCFC MontrealColorado Springs Switchbacks FCCharlotte IndependenceAustin AztexSacramento Republic FCLA Galaxy IIPhoenix Rising FCVSI Tampa Bay FCPhoenix FCWilmington Hammerheads FCRochester RhinosRichmond KickersPittsburgh Riverhounds SCOrlando City SC (2010–2014)Orange County SCOrange County SCOrange County SCPenn FCF.C. New YorkDayton Dutch LionsCharlotte EaglesCharleston BatteryAntigua Barracuda FC

    ‡ Puerto Rico clubs Puerto Rico United, River Plate Puerto Rico, and Sevilla Puerto Rico began play in the league, but in May 2011 United Soccer Leagues announced that the teams would not finish the season due to financial difficulties.[125]

    Competition format

    USL Pro's scheduling format changed for the 2015 season to accommodate the expansion that took place during the 2014–2015 off-season, and the league's resulting need to divide teams into conferences – which eliminated the single table.[126][127]

    All teams played 28 regular-season matches stretching from March to September. This included a 22-game, double-round-robin schedule that pitted each team against all its conference opponents at home and on the road. The remaining six fixtures were played against regional rivals, which lead to some inter-conference regular season matches. The top six finishers in each conference went through to the October playoffs, which continued as a series of single-game knockout rounds. After three rounds of intra-conference play, the two conference champions met in the championship match, to be hosted by the team with the better regular-season record.[128] For 2016 season the season was extended to 30 games.[129]

    Starting with the 2019 season, teams will play regular-season games only within their conference. Each team will play a home-and-home schedule within its conference, resulting in a 34-game schedule. The top 10 teams from each conference will qualify for the playoffs, which will continue to be held with separate brackets for each conference and conducted entirely as one-off knockout matches. The opening round, which the league calls the "play-in round", sees the bottom four teams in action, with the 7 seed hosting the 10 seed and 8 hosting 9. The survivors join the top six sides from their respective conferences, with the lowest remaining seed visiting the 1 seed and the other play-in survivor visiting the 2 seed. All matches through the conference finals will be hosted by the higher seed. The USL Cup will be the season's only match that involves teams from different conferences; it will be hosted by the conference champion with the better regular-season record.[130]

    Media coverage

    The USL has been partnered with ESPN since the 2016 season. The first iteration of the deal brought 20 matches to ESPN3 and the championship match to one of its linear networks, while all remaining matches were broadcast directly by the league on its YouTube channel.[131]

    Beginning with the launch of ESPN+ on April 12, 2018, all USL matches moved to the over-the-top service, with 18 games of the week and the championship continuing to air on one of ESPN's linear channels.[132] The 2019 final will also air on ESPN Deportes. The deal with ESPN expired after the 2019 season, but was subsequently renewed for three additional seasons. Although the ESPN+ match streams are not blacked out in-market, individual clubs are also allowed to syndicate the USL-produced broadcast to local television stations.[133]

    Champions

    Teams that no longer participate in the USL Championship are in italics.

    Team USLC Final Year(s) won Regular season
    title    		 Year(s) won USL
    seasons
    Orlando City22011, 201332011, 2012, 20144
    Louisville City FC22017, 20185
    Rochester Rhinos12015120157
    New York Red Bulls II12016120165
    Real Monarchs12019120175
    Charleston Battery120129
    Sacramento Republic120146
    Richmond Kickers120138
    FC Cincinnati120183
    Phoenix Rising FC120196

    USL Championship Final results
    Season Champions Score Runners–up Venue Attendance MVP
    2011 Orlando City 2–2 (p) Harrisburg City Islanders Citrus Bowl 11,220 Sean Kelley (ORL)
    2012 Charleston Battery 1–0 Wilmington Hammerheads Blackbaud Stadium 4,963 Jose Cuevas (CHB)
    2013 Orlando City 7–4 Charlotte Eagles Citrus Bowl 20,886 Dom Dwyer (ORL)
    2014 Sacramento Republic 2–0 Harrisburg City Islanders Bonney Field 8,000 Rodrigo López (SAC)
    2015 Rochester Rhinos 2–1 (a.e.t.) LA Galaxy II Sahlen's Stadium 5,247 Asani Samuels (ROC)
    2016 New York Red Bulls II 5–1 Swope Park Rangers Red Bull Arena 5,547 Brandon Allen (NYRB)
    2017 Louisville City FC 1–0 Swope Park Rangers Louisville Slugger Field 14,456 Paolo DelPiccolo (LOU)
    2018 Louisville City FC 1–0 Phoenix Rising FC Lynn Stadium 7,025 Luke Spencer (LOU)
    2019 Real Monarchs 3–1 Louisville City FC Lynn Stadium 7,025 Konrad Plewa (SLC)

    USL club honors

    Current through completed 2019 USL Regular Season; Order based on major honors (championships).

    Team Seasons USL Playoffs USL Regular Season Domestic
    (USOC, CC, CFUCC)    		 Total honors Major honors / Champion­ships
    Winner Runner-up Winner Runner-up Winner Furthest USL Entry
    Orlando City SC42-31-175
    Rochester Rhinos71-111 (pre-USL)153
    Richmond Kickers8--1-1 (pre-USL)132
    New York Red Bulls II41-1---22
    Louisville City FC521-3-172
    Sacramento Republic51--1--21
    Charleston Battery81-----11
    Real Monarchs51-1---22
    FC Cincinnati3--1--121
    Phoenix Rising FC6-11---21
    Penn FC8-2---130
    Wilmington Hammerheads6-1-1-130
    Sporting Kansas City II3-2----20
    LA Galaxy II5-1----10
    Charlotte Eagles4-1----10
    Charlotte Independence4-----110

    Player records
    As of February 7, 2020[134]

    Attendance
    Season Teams League avg. Playoff avg. Highest teams Lowest teams Ref
    2011122,2745,5555,330 (Orlando City)
    4,927 (Rochester)    		410 (Los Angeles Blues)
    542 (Dayton)    		[135]
    2012112,7774,2526,606 (Orlando City)
    6,265 (Rochester)    		666 (Los Angeles Blues)
    722 (Dayton)    		[136]
    2013132,6116,9898,056 (Orlando City)
    5,898 (Rochester)    		378 (VSI Tampa Bay)
    718 (Los Angeles Blues)    		[137]
    2014143,1145,39711,293 (Sacramento)
    5,329 (Rochester)    		533 (Dayton)
    597 (LA Galaxy II)    		[138]
    2015243,3695,46311,313 (Sacramento)
    6,765 (Louisville City)    		313 (FC Montreal)
    479 (Toronto FC ll)    		[139]
    2016293,4395,28117,296 (FC Cincinnati)
    11,514 (Sacramento)    		243 (FC Montreal)
    589 (New York Red Bulls II)    		[140]
    2017304,3025,33921,198 (FC Cincinnati)
    11,569 (Sacramento)    		632 (New York Red Bulls II)
    869 (Vancouver Whitecaps 2)
    2018334,9237,78625,717 (FC Cincinnati)
    11,311 (Sacramento)    		810 (Toronto FC II)
    812 (New York Red Bulls II)    		[141]
    2019364,4785,38912,693 (New Mexico United)
    10,734 (Indy Eleven)    		478 (Bethlehem Steel FC)
    505 (Swope Park Rangers)

    FC Cincinnati played before a record crowd of 20,497 at Nippert Stadium on April 16, 2016 in a rivalry match against neighboring Louisville City FC.[142] This broke the USL Pro's previous record for attendance at a regular-season match of 20,231 set by Sacramento Republic in its home debut on April 26, 2014 at Hughes Stadium.[143] Cincinnati broke the record again on May 14, 2016, with a new all-time high of 23,375.[144] Cincinnati broke the single game attendance record again on October 2, 2016 in their first ever playoff match against the Charleston Battery, losing 2–1 in the quarterfinals of the 2016 USL playoffs. The attendance of 30,187 also set the USL playoff record.[145] Cincinnati broke the all time regular season record again on August 5, 2017 at Nippert Stadium, drawing 25,308 versus Orlando City B. They broke their own record again about six weeks later drawing 30,417 to a 4–2 win over the New York Red Bulls II[146] Cincinnati broke the record once more in their final home regular season game as a USL team on September 29, 2018, drawing 31,478 versus Indy Eleven[147]

    gollark: There are other cryptocurrencies using different proof of work things.
    gollark: I think theoretically stuff could be switched over to a non-SHA256 algorithm, requiring... either the majority of mining power to agree to it or I guess just a lot of the nodes.
    gollark: A similar sort of thing probably happened when ASICs which do SHA256 much faster than GPUs do were initially used.
    gollark: If SHA256 could be done much faster, that would just make whatever can do it really fast the only way to do mining; it autoadjusts to the available has hpower.
    gollark: As far as I'm aware the blockchain thing itself is basically just a Merkle tree, except... well, a single chain and not really a tree.

    See also

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