South African Airways

South African Airways is the state-owned flag carrier airline of South Africa.[2] Headquartered in Airways Park at O.R Tambo International Airport, the airline operates a hub-and-spoke network, linking over 40 local and international destinations across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania from its base at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg.[3] The carrier joined Star Alliance in April 2006 (2006-04), making it the first African carrier to sign with one of the three airline alliances.[4]

South African Airways
IATA ICAO Callsign
SA SAA SPRINGBOK
Founded1 February 1934 (1934-02-01)
HubsO. R. Tambo International Airport
Focus citiesCape Town International Airport
Frequent-flyer programVoyager
AllianceStar Alliance
SubsidiariesMango, SAA Cargo, SAA Technical, Air Chefs
Fleet size19
Destinations19
Parent companyGovernment of South Africa
HeadquartersOR Tambo International Airport
Kempton Park, Gauteng, South Africa
Key peopleThandeka Mgoduso
Revenue R-30.742 billion (2016/17 FY)
Operating income R–2.760 billion (2016/17 FY)
Profit R–5.431 billion (2016/17 FY)[1]
Total assets R15.916 billion (2016/17 FY)
EmployeesGroup: 10,071 (2016/17 FY)
SAA: 5,752 (2016/17 FY)
Websitewww.flysaa.com

History
Boeing 737-8BG ZS-SJO of Mango, a subsidiary of South African Airways

South African Airways was founded in 1934 after the acquisition of Union Airways by the South African government. The airline was initially overseen and controlled by South African Railways and Harbours Administration. Anti-apartheid sanctions by African countries deprived the airline of stopover airports during apartheid, forcing it to bypass the continent with long-range aircraft. During this time, it was also known by its Afrikaans name, Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL, lit. '"South African air service"'), which has since been dropped by the airline. In 1997 SAA changed its name, image and aircraft livery and introduced online ticketing services. In 2006, SAA was split from Transnet, its parent company, to operate as an independent airline. It remains one of the largest of South Africa's state owned enterprises. SAA owns Mango, a low-cost domestic airline, and has established links with Airlink and South African Express. It is a member of the Star Alliance.

Formation and early years
SAA started operations with a number of acquired Union Airways aircraft, including the Junkers F.13, similar to the one pictured
The Douglas DC-4 Skymaster was introduced in May 1946, on which SAA's first in-flight films were shown. This aircraft, registration ZS-AUB, is in Berlin (May 2000).
SAA Lockheed Constellation arriving at Heathrow in 1953
An SAA Boeing 707 sits alongside a BOAC Vickers VC10 at London Heathrow Airport. (1977)

South African Airways was formed on 1 February 1934 following the acquisition of Union Airways by the South African government. Forty staff members, along with one de Havilland DH.60 Gypsy Moth, one de Havilland DH.80A Puss Moth, three Junkers F.13s and a leased Junkers F13 and Junkers A50 were among the acquired aircraft.[5] Upon acquisition, the government changed the airline's name to South African Airways.[6] It then came under control of the South African Railways and Harbours Administration (now Transnet).[7][8] Charter operations started that year.[9] On 1 February the following year, the carrier acquired Suidwes Lugdiens / South West Airways (now Air Namibia),[5] which had since 1932 been providing a weekly air-mail service between Windhoek and Kimberley.[8] During this time, South African ordered three Junkers Ju 52/3m aircraft, which were delivered in October 1934 and entered service 10 days later.[5] These aircraft were configured to carry 14 passengers, along with four crew. They enabled thrice-weekly Durban–Johannesburg services, with weekly services on the Durban–East London–Port Elizabeth–George/Mossel Bay–Cape Town route.[5] On 1 July 1935, SAA moved its operations to Rand Airport as it became increasingly obvious that Johannesburg would become the country's aviation hub, which coincided with the launching of Rand–Durban–East London–Port Elizabeth–Cape Town services.[5] From July the following year a weekly Rand–Kimberley–Beaufort West–Cape Town service commenced; in April 1936, all Rand–Cape Town services were taken over from Imperial Airways.[5] A fourth Ju 52/3m soon joined the fleet.

Orders for a further ten Ju 52/3m aircraft, along with eighteen Junkers Ju 86s and seven Airspeed Envoys (four for the airline and three for the South African Air Force) were placed.[5] This raised the number of Ju 52s to fourteen, although three older models were sold when deliveries of the newer Ju 52s began.[5] The airline experienced a rapid expansion during this time, but also suffered its first accident; one of the newly delivered Ju 52s crashed after takeoff from Rand Airport in July 1937, with one reported fatality.[5] From 1 February 1934 until the start of World War II, SAA carried 118,822 passengers, 3,278 tonnes of airmail and 248 tonnes of cargo, which were served by 418 employees.[5] On 24 May 1940, all operations were suspended.[10]

Following the war, frequencies were increased and more routes were opened, which necessitated the conversion of three South African Air Force Envoys to passenger layout.[5] These aircraft would prove to be unsuitable for passenger and cargo services and were returned to the SAAF after the arrival of the Junkers Ju 86s. The main aircraft of SAA in the 1930s was the Junkers Ju 52. Other types used in the 1930s included eighteen Junkers Ju 86s, which served from 1937 onwards.

The slow growth continued during the 1940s, though the airline was effectively closed for the duration of World War II. In 1944 SAA began operating 28 Lockheed Lodestars to restart domestic services and by 1948 SAA was operating nineteen examples. These were withdrawn in 1955.

On 10 November 1945, SAA achieved a longtime company goal by operating a route to Europe when an Avro York landed in Bournemouth, England, after the long flight from Palmietfontein Airport near Johannesburg. These were replaced by the Douglas DC-4 from 1946 onwards, which in turn was replaced by the Lockheed Constellation on international routes in 1950. Also of note in the post war era was the DC-3 Dakota, of which eight served with SAA, the last example being withdrawn as late as 1970.[11]

Growth: 1946–1952

On 10 November 1945, the airline introduced its first inter-continental service, the 3-day Springbok Service, operated by the Avro York, which was routed Palmietfontein–Nairobi–Khartoum–Cairo–Castel Benito–Hurn Bournemouth.[5] A weekly service was initially flown, but this later increased to 6 times weekly due to high passenger demand. The Douglas DC-4 Skymaster debuted with SAA in May 1946 between Johannesburg and Cape Town, which coincided with the introduction of the Douglas DC-3 on the Johannesburg–Durban route.[5]

From 1946, passengers and cargo carried increased, along with the size of SAA's fleet and staff. As the Skymasters arrived, out went the Avro Yorks, back to BOAC.[5] Air hostesses were introduced in September 1946, at first on domestic routes, then on Springbok Services. The two de Havilland Doves were introduced at the end of the year; these aircraft were utilised on internal services for a short time, and were sold within a few years.[5] The 28-seat Vickers Viking served the airline briefly, before being sold to British European Airways.

Palmietfontein Airport replaced Rand Airport as SAA's hub in 1948. In June 1948, SAA began to show films onboard its Skymaster aircraft.[5] SAA received four Lockheed Constellations, its first pressurised aircraft, in August 1950. They provided scheduled service to London's Heathrow airport. Initially the route from Johannesburg was flown via Nairobi, Khartoum and Rome. The Constellation's higher speed and longer range enabled fewer stops and greatly reduced the flying time to London.[12]

The Jet Age: 1953–1973

The jet age arrived in South Africa on 3 May 1952 when a BOAC de Havilland Comet arrived in Palmietfontein after a 24-hour journey from England with five refuelling stops en route. South African chartered two Comets from the British airline; on 4 October 1953, when Comet G-ANAV left London for Johannesburg.[5] On the same day Tourist Class was introduced on the 58-seater Lockheed Constellation on the Springbok Service. The two chartered aircraft sported both BOAC and SAA titles and logos but were operated by South African crews.

In 1956 South African Airways introduced the Douglas DC-7B, capable of long-range operations and probably the fastest piston-engine airliner in the world. SAA exploited the aircraft's performance by introducing it on Johannesburg–London with only one stop at Khartoum.[5] This was known as the East Coast express, taking 21 hours to complete,[5] versus BOAC's inaugural Comet flight between the two cities of 24 hours. This later became the West Coast express when the technical stop at Khartoum was transferred to Kano, Nigeria, resulting in a shortened flying of 18 hours.[13] The fortnightly Wallaby service,[14] routed Johannesburg–Mauritius–Cocos Islands–Perth, Australia, started in November 1957.[5]

After a host of accidents involving SAA's and other airlines' Comets, the airline ordered three Boeing 707–320 Intercontinentals on 21 February 1958, with the first delivered on 1 July 1960.[15] Three months after arrival, on 1 October 1960, the Boeing 707 was deployed on the airline's flagship Springbok Service, trimming the flying time to 13 hours.[5] Other changes brought about by the 707 were a livery change, to an orange tail with blue and white markings,[5] as well as improved comfort, range and speed. A 707 replaced the DC-7B on the Wallaby route in 1967; Cocos Islands was dropped, while Sydney became the terminus. Flights to New York, via Rio de Janeiro, started on 23 February 1969 using a 707.[5] The first 707 of SAA landed in Europe in October 1961 with a nine-hour flight to Athens.

The jets arrived during a period when most African countries, except SA's neighbours, denied South African airlines the use of their airspace, necessitating long detours. In 1967 the Skymasters, Constellations and DC-7Bs were being retired, replaced by the Boeing 727 trijet the following year to complement the Boeing 707. The choice of 727 was based on the geography of the destinations to which it would fly; for example Johannesburg is 1,694 metres (5,558 ft) high and hot, where the 727's wings and other technical capabilities enable it to operate out of such airports.

Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, scheduled flights only (millions)
YearTraffic
1950 197
1955 331
1960 489
1965 1,144
1969 2,168
1971 3,070
1975 5,942
1980 8,843
1985 8,683
2000 19,321
Source: ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1950–55, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960–2000

On 13 March 1968, SAA ordered five Boeing 747-200Bs.[16] The first, Lebombo (registered as ZS-SAN), was delivered on 22 October 1971 after a 3-stop flight from Seattle.[16][17] It was placed into service in December and proved very popular. SAA eventually operated 23 brand-new "Jumbo Jets", including the −200M (first delivered in 1980), −300 (1983), −400, and the long-range Boeing 747SP.[16] The 747SP, especially, was acquired to overcome the refusal of many countries to allow SAA to use their airspace by exploiting its long-range capabilities, as well as to serve lower-density routes which were unsuited to the 747–200.[18] Six were delivered starting 19 March 1976.[16] To demonstrate the 747SP's performance, one was delivered from Seattle to Cape Town non-stop, an airliner distance record that stood until 1989.[5] The first 747SP arrived in South Africa on 19 March 1976.[16] As the 747 entered service, its smaller siblings, the 707s, were converted to combi (passenger/cargo) configurations, and high-density seating.[5] All of SAA's Vickers Viscounts were sold by March 1972 after being replaced by Boeing 737s.[5]

Expansion: 1974–1983

SAA opened a route to Asia, with Boeing 707 flights to Hong Kong via an intermediate stop at the Seychelles Islands in June 1974.[5] In 1980, SAA began flights to Taipei using a Boeing 747SP; Mauritius had earlier replaced the Seychelles for the Hong Kong service. South Africa became one of the few countries in the world to recognise the government of the Republic of China on Taiwan.

Because some African countries denied SAA the use their airspace, SAA bypassed the 'bulge' of Africa, usually via Ilha do Sal - a detour of almost 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi).[19] Another bypass was via Tel Aviv, which doubled the distance and flying time involved.[20] European airlines were allowed to fly over Africa when flying to South Africa, usually via Nairobi and later nonstop.

On 26 December 1980, the last South African Airways Boeing 707 service was operated between Paris and Johannesburg. Its touchdown ended the 20-year career of the 707. The quadjet was replaced by the world's first wide-body twinjet, the Airbus A300, which had entered revenue service in 1976.[5] The 727s were eliminated by 1983, replaced by the more economical Boeing 737.[5] When countries withdrew landing rights for SAA, the airline leased its aircraft and crews to Canada, Mauritius, Brazil and Morocco.

Effect of apartheid: 1985–1990

Due to international opposition to apartheid during the 1980s, SAA's offices were attacked. In Harare, Zimbabwe, its offices were badly damaged after protesters went on a rampage.[21]

The US Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 banned all flights by South African–owned carriers, including SAA. In 1987, SAA's services to Perth and Sydney in Australia were ended, in light of the Australian Government's opposition to apartheid.[22] The South African Airways Museum Society opened its doors to the public at Jan Smuts International Airport (which was renamed the OR Tambo International Airport in 2006).[23] The organisation was formed by South African Airways employees and outside parties with the mission of preserving South African aviation history, especially SAA itself.[23] Based at Transvaal Aviation Club, Rand Airport, Germiston, it was founded after the restoration of the Junkers Ju 52/3ms. Since then, many aircraft have joined SAA Museum Society's collection relating to South African aviation.[24]

A Boeing 747SP donated to South African Airways Museum Society is stored at Rand Airport (2010)
A Boeing 747-400 "ZS-SAW" painted in the pre–1997 orange, blue and white livery during the apartheid era just after 1992 featuring the Afrikaans name of the airline SAL (Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens).

With the demise of apartheid in 1990, SAA started services to former and new destinations in Africa and Asia.[25][26] On 1 June 1990 South African companies signed a domestic air travel deregulation act. Flights to New York City's JFK International Airport resumed in November 1991[27] and SAA's planes were able to fly for the first time over Egypt and Sudan, on 8 September.[28] The airline launched flights to Milan on 1 June during the year, and services to Athens were re-introduced.[28] Also, an interline with Aeroflot was established.

The first of SAA's eight Boeing 747-400s, named Durban, arrived in South Africa on 19 January 1991.[16] The airline was unusual in that two different turbofan engines were operated. Six Rolls-Royce RB211-524H-powered examples were ordered; the other two, part of an unfulfilled Philippine Airlines order, had General Electric CF6-80C2B5Fs.[16] Winglets, structural changes, as well as fuel-efficient engines enabled these aircraft to fly non-stop from South Africa to the East coast of the United States. The arrival of Boeing's newest jumbo jet perhaps overshadowed the acquisition by SAA of the world's first commercial fly-by-wire airliner, the Airbus A320, to assist and enhance services within the country and on regional services.[5] Boeing 767s arrived in August 1993[5] and flew on African, Southern European and Middle Eastern routes. They were retired within ten years.

During 1992, SAA began flights to Miami with a Cape Town to Miami International Airport route, and re-entered Australia, flying directly to Perth with a same-day return "shuttle" service to Sydney. This year also saw codesharing agreements with American Airlines[29] and Air Tanzania. There were direct flights to Bangkok and Singapore; the latter was discontinued by 1996. The airline Alliance, a partnership between SAA, Uganda Airlines and Air Tanzania, also began. SAA greeted its passengers in four different languages during domestic flights: English, Zulu, Afrikaans and Sotho, while passengers on international flights were also greeted in the destination's language.

On 24 April 1994, South African Express (SA Express), a feeder airline service of South African, began operating[30] after a 3-year preparation process begun in 1991, when the regional airline was granted its operating license. SAA initially held a 20% stake in SA Express (Alliance Airline Holdings held 51%, SA Enterprises, 24.9% and Abyss Investments, 4.1%).[31] SA Express took over some of South African's low-density domestic routes.

Airbus A340-200 landing at London Heathrow Airport. (2010)

In 1995, Lufthansa started a codesharing agreement with SAA, and SAA commissioned Diefenbach Elkins and Herdbuoys to lead its change of image.[32] SAA's Voyager and American Airlines' AAdvantage frequent flier clubs joined together.

As of April 1996, South African employed 11,100 people, of whom 3,100 were engineers.[33] It owned and operated 48 aircraft,[33] and served 34 destinations from its hubs at Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg.

Rebranding: 1997–2005
Boeing 747-300 Ndizani at Perth Airport, 2003

In 1997, SAA replaced the Springbok emblem and the old national colours of orange, white and blue with a new livery based upon the new national flag, with a sun motif. The airline's name on its aircraft was changed from the Afrikaans name Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens to South African. As a symbol of the new rainbow nation, one of SAA's 747-300s, named Ndizani (registration ZS-SAJ), was painted in bright colours.[34] This special-liveried 747-300 transported South African athletes to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[35] The airline started online ticket sales and formed an alliance with SA Airlink and SA Express.

In 1998, services to Copenhagen Airport were stopped. A new airline president and CEO, Coleman Andrews, was appointed. The arrival of the American saw a comprehensive and controversial overhaul of the airline, changing the management of SAA. Mr Andrews was hired by Transnet, the state-owned parent company, to remedy the problems of dwindling passengers, which Transnet's market research had revealed was caused by "failure to fly on time, unfriendly and minimally trained staff, poor food and SAA fares being 12–25% above its competitors".[36] He was credited with rescuing World Airways from the brink of bankruptcy earlier in the decade.[29] During his first 18 months as CEO, South African Airways' market value increased fivefold.[37]

In June 1999, Transnet entered into a sale agreement with Swissair in which Transnet sold 20% of its shareholding in SAA to Swissair for R1,4 billion and also included an option to sell and transfer a further 10% to Swissair thereby increasing its stake to 30%.[38] In 2002 the South African government repurchased the shares.[39]

In 2000, SAA ordered 21 Boeing 737-800s, reportedly worth US$680 million.[40] Five CFM 56-7B27-powered examples were requested outright from Boeing, the rest from other parties.[41] The 737s were to be deployed on short-haul routes, replacing Airbus A300s and A320s.[42]

The 737 order was followed by an Airbus order in 2002. Under CEO Andre Viljoen, South African Airways requested Airbus to overhaul its fleet at a cost of US$3.5 billion in March 2002, taking advantage of a slump in the order books of both Boeing and Airbus.[40] The airline industry was still staggering after the September 11 attacks in the US, which led to new aircraft orders either being deferred, or cancelled altogether. SAA was in a buyers' market and the demise of Swissair, which had A340-600s about to be delivered, effected Airbus clinching the SAA deal. This was part of a bigger order that covered 11 A319s, 15 A320s, nine A340-600s and six A340-300s.[40] Three of the A340-600 aircraft came from International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC). The new Airbus A319s replaced the ageing Boeing 737-200 fleet, but the Boeing 737-800s continue in service, because SAA cancelled the A320 order before any aircraft were delivered.[40]

Later that year, South African Airways made a successful bid for a 49% stake in Air Tanzania. The move highlighted SAA's wish to gain a foothold in eastern Africa. The bid was worth $20 million, and was SAA's first acquisition of a foreign airline.[43][44] The merger failed in 2006 when new SAA management felt that the arrangement was fruitless.[45]

"New" Business Class seat on display in 2006

In 1999, South African Airways and Delta Air Lines started to codeshare on SAA-operated flights from Atlanta to South Africa. 2000 saw South African Airways jets arrive at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport.

In 2001, South African Airways won the Best Cargo Airline to Africa award from Air Cargo News – (even though South African is mainly a passenger airline) – and South African Airways signed a codesharing agreement with Nigeria Airways to provide service from the United States to Lagos using South African Airways 747s (this codeshare agreement is no longer in effect, and SAA's flights to/from the United States no longer stop in Nigeria). The airline earned a spot on the Zagat Survey's top ten international airlines list, opened a new website and named Andre Viljoen as Chief Executive Officer (CEO).

In March 2004, South African Airways announced its application to join Star Alliance. The airline alliance accepted its application in June, with SAA joining as a full member in April 2006.

In July 2004, Andre Viljoen resigned as CEO of SAA. In August 2004, Khaya Ngqula was appointed as CEO of SAA. A new chairman, Professor Jakes Gerwel, was appointed in the same month.

In 2005, it became the first non-Saudi airline to fly a direct Hadj service to Medina in Saudi Arabia.

In July 2005, SAA started a four times weekly Johannesburg-Accra-Washington, D.C. service with a Boeing 747–400. Service was increased to daily flights in July 2006, and the 747-400 was replaced by an Airbus A340-600. Because SAA could not obtain rights to fly passengers between Ghana and the US, Dakar replaced Accra as the intermediate stop. In 2010, SAA retired the last of its 747-400 fleet.

On 6 June 2006, the codeshare agreement between South African Airways and Delta Air Lines was terminated because of the airlines' memberships in rival alliances (Star Alliance and SkyTeam respectively).

Restructuring and Star Alliance: 2006–2011
A Boeing 747-400 (ZS-SAX) at London Heathrow Airport in the old colour scheme. This type of aircraft was permanently retired in 2010.

The South African government's plans called for the separation of South African Airways and its parent company Transnet. The deadline was moved from 2005 to 31 March 2006.[46]

SAA joined Star Alliance on 10 April 2006,[47][48] becoming the first African airline to join Star Alliance.[49] To celebrate the occasion, and as a condition of entry, one Airbus A340-600 (registration ZS-SNC) and one Boeing 737-800 (registration ZS-SJV) were repainted in Star Alliance livery.[50] South African Airways fulfilled 53 requirements during the accession process.[51]

In May 2007, SAA launched an 18-month comprehensive restructuring programme[52] which aimed to make the airline profitable. According to then-CEO Khaya Ngqula, this came largely after "uncompetitive ownership and aircraft lease costs, excessive head count and fuel price volatility". The programme involves: the spin-off of businesses into seven subsidiaries,[52] thereby allowing SAA to concentrate on its core business of passenger and cargo transport; grounding SAA's Boeing 747-400 fleet;[52] rationalising international routes (Paris was dropped altogether); the axing of 30% of the airline's managers;[53] among other reductions. This was expected to save the airline R2.7 billion (US$378.2 million).[52] By June 2009, R2.5 billion had been saved.[54]

Two retired 747-400s were reactivated in 2008 for flights to Lagos, and by 2010 Luanda as well.[55]

On 20 June 2008, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) agreed to extend South African Airways' sponsorship of the organisation another 3 and a half years. This extension succeeds two years of co-operation that "have seen a successful partnership blossom between SAA and the ATP".[56] The deal is worth $20 million, and runs until the end of 2012. On the same day it was announced that a new ATP World Tour tournament would be held in South Africa in 2009. In 2010, the company sought to recover $4 million from then-CEO Khaya Ngqula, for allegedly spending the money on his friends and awarding business deals with organisations and individuals in which he had an interest. Among them are ATP and professional golfer Ángel Cabrera.[57]

In February 2010, the airline appointed Siza Mzimela as its first female CEO. She replaced Khaya Ngqula,[58] who was accused of mismanagement, and therefore quit. Mzimela was previously CEO of SAA's domestic partner airline, South African Express (SA Express). On 1 April 2010 she took over the position from Chris Smyth,[59] the acting CEO since Khaya Ngqula left in March 2009.[60][61]

At the end of 2010, SAA permanently retired the two Boeing 747-400s, which were temporarily re-introduced in late 2008.[62][63] This was expected to save it $60 million during the fiscal year ending March 2009. SAA's Airbus A340-600s are the 747's replacement.

Financial difficulties and bankruptcy: 2012–present
South African Airways Airbus A350-900 in the current colour scheme arriving in New York

On 24 February 2012 SAA's new Airbus A320-200, registration ZS-SZZ, made its first revenue flight between Johannesburg and Durban. There were twelve A320 in the fleet as of December 2016. On 16 August 2012, SAA ended its twenty-year-old Cape Town-London route, due to declining passenger numbers and increasing airport taxes.

SAA began flights to Beijing, China on 31 January 2012.[64] Buenos Aires flights ended in 2013 and in January 2015, SAA announced plans to end its non-stop services to Beijing and Mumbai. Services to China were replaced by Star Alliance partner Air China with a flight to Beijing.[65] In June 2015, the acting CEO stated that Hong Kong, Munich, Frankfurt and Perth are the only profitable long-haul routes; all others are loss-making.[66]

In September 2017, SAA began reducing its fleet and expected to cut 23% of its flights.[67] Standard Chartered Bank was the first bank in June 2017 to call in its loan. The South African government provided R2.2 billion to settle the debt.[68] Citibank was the second bank to refuse extending the loan facility. Together with some others, another R7.7 billion became payable at the end of September 2017. The South African treasury asked the Public Investment Corporation, which controls government pension funds, for R100 billion to help bailout state-owned enterprises, including SAA.[69]

On 5 December 2019, the Government of South Africa announced that SAA would enter into bankruptcy protection, as the airline has not turned a profit since 2011 and ran out of money.[70] In January 2020, South African Airways announced that it will suspend several routes, e.g. to Munich in order to reduce its financial struggle.[71] In February 2020, the airline introduced its first of four newly leased Airbus A350-900s in an attempt to modernize its loss-making long-haul fleet.[72]

On 5 December 2019, SAA was placed under business rescue. Les Matuson and Siviwe Dongwana were appointed as the Business Rescue Practitioners of SAA In December 2019.[73] A Business Recovery Plan was expected by the end of February 2020, extended, then postponed. A final plan is yet to be presented.[74][75]

In April 2020, following a request for further emergency financing due the COVID-19 pandemic, the South African government announced it would stop funding the airline with immediate effect.[76] The airline then announced plans to lay off all remaining staff by the end of the month, sparking fears the firm was on the brink of liquidation.

As of 1 May 2020, all SAA staff members are on unpaid leave of absence, including those who are reporting for duty - no pay for the 4708 workforce.[77][78] Unaudited financial statements presented in a draft report show SAA made losses of almost R16Bn in the last 3 years.[77][78] SAA received R50 bn of government assistance between 2004 and 2020.[79]

On May 2, The Government of South Africa announced that South African Airways would be ceasing operations after 86 years of service and that a new flagship carrier would be created for South Africa out of the ashes of the former airline.[80] The liquidation process was set to begin on May 8, however a legal battle between the liquidators and the workforce delayed the proceedings indefinitely.[81][82] In July, the creditors voted to accept the restructuring plan and the airline has avoided liquidation. Full domestic network to be reinstated by December 2020.[83]

Corporate affairs

Head office
Airways Park, the head office of South African Airways

South African Airways is headquartered in Airways Park on the grounds of OR Tambo International Airport in Kempton Park, Ekurhuleni, Gauteng.[84][85] The building was developed by Stauch Vorster Architects.[86] Completed in March 1997 for R70 million, the 27,000-square-metre (290,000 sq ft) current head-office building links to three older buildings.[87]

South African Airways moved its head office from Durban to Rand Airport in Germiston on 1 July 1935.[88] Before the head office moved to its current location, the airline's head office was in the Airways Towers in Johannesburg.[89]

The business trends shown below are for the South African Airways group (including SAA, Mango, SAA Technical and Air Chefs), based mainly on the published annual reports; there are gaps and some inconsistencies, largely because the reports vary year by year in the information given, and because figures are frequently restated in subsequent years. No figures appear to have been made public since SAA went into bankruptcy protection in December 2019.

The available trends are (for years ending 31 March):

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Turnover (R billion) 19.4 20.6 22.2 26.3 22.2 22.6 23.9 27.1 30.3 30.1 30.4 30.7
Operating profit (R million) 414 −610 −973 334 487 807 −1,300 −991 −2,307 −5,163 −538 −2,760
Retained earnings (R million) 301 779 681 −935 −1,204 −2,590 −5,619 −1,492 −5,431
Number of employees 11,524 10,048 8,227 7,989 8,034 10,057 11,044 11,462 11,491 11,476 10,706 10,071
Revenue passenger mile (R million) 24,488 25,920 26,131 23,328 22,413 22,661 23,217 24,880 25,606 24,523 24,234 23,740
- SAA 24,488 25,381 24,619 21,935 21,081 21,181 21,509 22,901 23,124 21,814 21,079 20,678
- Mango - 539 1,512 1,393 1,332 1,480 1,708 1,979 2,482 2,709 3,155 3,062
Number of passengers (million) 7.2 8.3 8.9 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.8 9.3 9.2 9.9 9.7
- SAA 7.2 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.5 7.0 7.1 6.7 6.9 6.8
- Mango - 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.9
Passenger load factor (%) 70 75 76 74 71 70 72 74 75 73 75 75
Cargo carried (000s tonnes) 185 202 186 138 119 129 142 133 132 131 114 111
Number of aircraft 75 66 61 59 55 45 55 53 64
Notes and sources [90] [91][92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102]

Emblems

South African Airways' "Flying Springbok" logo was the symbol of the carrier from its formation in 1934 to 1997. The logo was discontinued in 1997 in favour of a new aircraft livery, but the word "Springbok" remains the airline's radio callsign.

  • 1934
  • 1948
  • 1971

Anti-competitive practices

On 5 June 2007, it was announced that SAA paid R55 million to the Competition Commission of South Africa because of anti-competitive behaviour such as price fixing.[103][104] This fine was in addition to a R45 million fine paid by SAA on 31 May 2006 as a penalty for SAA's attempts to prevent travel agents from dealing with rival air carriers.[105]

"Kulula has once again called on government to call it a day and keep its promise...that South African taxpayers will stop filling the begging bowl for ailing state-owned businesses". Many other companies like Flitestar, SunAir and Nationwide had failed because they could not compete with state-funded SAA. "State re-nationalisation of the industry will continue to be destructive to free and fair competition". The company said it was "bizarre" that the proceeds of its income tax, fuel taxes, VAT, import duties and other government levies then were paid over to a state-owned competitor.[106]

Racism controversy

SAA has been accused of racism for rejecting white cadet pilots on the grounds of race, who met the educational and physical criteria. By filling out several dummy applications, journalists from the newspaper Beeld established that the online form had been programmed to reject any white applicants.[107][108] The South African trade union Solidarity instituted legal action against SAA resulting in the policy being revoked.[109][110]

"SAA’s normal recruitment process allows for the employment of white male pilots as and when vacancies exist; particularly when no candidate is available from a previously disadvantaged background. Like all other South African companies, the airline is also required to meet statutory transformation targets. This means that in recruiting, the airline has to ensure that the demographics of its employees match closely those of the country as a whole. This is in line with the employment equity definition which includes white females."[111]

Corruption controversy

During the administration of Jacob Zuma the SAA board was implicated in a number of corruption related controversies.[112] Most notable were allegations of corrupt or irregular activities by then SAA Non-Executive Director and Zuma appointee Dudu Myeni, which were widely blamed for placing SAA in serious financial difficulty.[113][114][115][116][117][118]

2019 Industrial strike action

South African Airways was hit by strike action by unions starting 15 November 2019 with an agreement in principle being reached on 22 November 2019. The strike action reportedly cost the airline R50 million per day.[119]

Delinquent Director Judgement - Dudu Myeni

In March 2017, Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse and the South African Airways Pilots' Association (SAAPA) brought an application in the Pretoria High Court for an order to declare Dudu Myeni a delinquent director in terms of section 162(5) of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008.

The application was based on Myeni's conduct whilst chair of the SAA board. During those five years (2012/13 to 2016/17) SAA ran up losses of R16.844bn‚ although it had previously been profitable.[120][121]

To ensure that the delinquency trial could be completed in the allotted five weeks, a decision was made to lead evidence on only two of the cases of alleged misconduct: the ‘Emirates deal’ and the ‘Airbus swap transaction’.

Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse and the South African Airways Pilots' Association (SAAPA) called six witnesses against Myeni, including four former SAA executives. Myeni was the only witness in her own defence.[122][123]

In closing argument, the counsel for the plaintiffs, Advocate Carol Steinberg, said during her time at SAA, Ms Myeni blocked, delayed and obstructed important initiatives to turn the airline around. She broke the law and flouted basic governance principles. [124]

The evidence in court showed a pattern of repeated misconduct: dishonesty, obstruction and interference, improperly inserting middlemen, and governance failures.[122][125][126][127][128]

Accused of bringing the embattled SAA to its knees, and based on her actions during her five-year tenure as chairperson of the SAA board, Myeni was declared a delinquent director and banned from holding any directorship position for life by Judge Ronel Tolmay at the Pretoria High Court on 27 May 2020.[129][130]

Strongly critical of Myeni's actions, Judge Tolmay commented, “She was a director gone rogue, she did not have the slightest consideration for her fiduciary duty to SAA”. As the presiding judge, she concluded, "This court cannot but find that she failed abysmally in executing her fiduciary duty. In my view, a lifelong delinquency order is appropriate. Ms Myeni is not a fit and proper person to be appointed as a director of any company, let alone a SOE".

The judge ordered Myeni to pay all legal costs.[131]

The judgement and evidence now goes to the National Prosecuting Authority so a criminal case can be pursued.[132][133]

Destinations
Main article: List of South African Airways destinations

South African Airways flies to 38 destinations in 26 countries in Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Australasia. The airline has a strong presence in Southern Africa. Within South Africa, SAA operates to five cities, however the airline has an extensive domestic and regional network through its affiliate partners such as its LCC Mango Airlines, Airlink, and South African Express.

Codeshare agreements

South African Airways has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[134]

Interline agreement

South African Airways interlines with the following airlines:

Fleet

Current fleet
South African Airbus A319-100
A South African Airbus A330-200 (ZS-SXX)

Under the proposed plan of the Business Rescue Practitioners (BRPs), SAA have returned a total of 31 aircraft to lessors in 2020. This will leave a restructured SAA with only nine aircraft, of which it plans to use 6 when initially resuming flights in late 2020. A large number of aircraft is currently parked due to low demand because of the COVID-19 pandemic. As of 1 August 2020 the all Airbus fleet consists of the following aircraft:[138][139]

South African Airways fleet
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
C Y Total
Airbus A319-100 3 — 25 95 120 All Parked[140]
Airbus A320-200 3 — 24 114 138 1 In Service[140]
Airbus A330-300 1 — 46 203 249 All Parked[140]
Airbus A340-300 4 — 38 215 253 All Parked[140]
Airbus A340-600 4 — 42 275 317 All Parked[140]
Airbus A350-900 2 — 28 298 326 All Parked[140]
Boeing 737 Freighter 2 _ N/A N/A N/A Stored at JNB[141]
Total 19 —

Historical fleet

South African Airways previously operated the following aircraft:

South African Airways historical fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Airbus A300B2 4 1976 2001
Airbus A300B4 4 1981 2001
Airbus A300C4 1 1982 2000
Airbus A330-200 6 2011 2020
Airbus A340-200 6 2003 2013
Airbus A340-300 8 2001 2020
Airbus A340-600 5 2003 2020
4 Currently in use for repatriation flights.
Airspeed AS.6 Envoy[142] 4 1936 1938
Avro 685 York[142] 8 1945 1947
Boeing 707-300[142] 11 1960 1980
Boeing 727-100[142] 6 1965 1982
Boeing 727-100C 3 1967 1982
Boeing 737-200 29 1968 2006
Boeing 737-200F 2 1981 2013
Boeing 737-800 7 2000 2019
14 Transferred to Mango Airlines.
Boeing 747-200 5 1971 2003
1 2004 Displayed at the South African Airways Museum Society at Rand Airport
Boeing 747-200F 1 1998 1999
Boeing 747-200M 1 1980 1987 Crashed as South African Airways Flight 295 due to in-flight fire.
1 1980 1995 After retired from passenger service, it converted into a freighter
Boeing 747-200SF 1 1995 2000 Converted from ZS-SAR.
Boeing 747-300 6 1983 2004
1 Once repainted in a special livery in 1997 to take the Olympic team to the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
Boeing 747-400[16] 8 1991 2010
Boeing 747SP 5 1976 2003
1 2006 Displayed at the South African Airways Museum Society at Rand Airport
Boeing 767-200ER 3 1993 2004
de Havilland DH.60 Gypsy Moth[142] 1 1934 1937
de Havilland DH.104 Dove[142] 2 1947 1952
de Havilland DH.106 Comet[142] 2 1953 1954 Leased from the British Overseas Airways Corporation for charter flights.
One aircraft written off as South African Airways Flight 201.
Douglas DC-3[142] 8 1946 1970
Douglas DC-4[142] 7 1946 1967
Douglas DC-7[142] 4 1956 1967
Hawker Siddeley HS 748[142] 3 1970 1983
Junkers F.13[142] 4 1934 1940
Junkers Ju 52/3m[142] 15 1934 1940
Junkers Ju 86[142] 18 1937 1940
Junkers W.34[142] 1 1934 1937
Lockheed Constellation[142] 4 1950 1964
Lockheed L-18 Lodestar[142] 21 1944 1955
Vickers VC.1 Viking[142] 8 1947 1951
Vickers Viscount[142] 8 1958 1971

Services

In-flight services
Business class

South African Airways' Airbus A330-200/-300 business-class seats have a pitch of 73" and 75" respectively whilst those in the A340-300s/-600s are pitched at 73" and 74" respectively; in a 2-2-2 configuration in both types. Passengers receive a welcome pack, a duvet & full-size pillow and a personal touchscreen monitor with audio/video on demand. South African Airways operates the Airbus A319 and Airbus A320-200 on its domestic- and regional routes. South African Airways' A319 business-class seats have a pitch of 36" in a 3-2 configuration, whilst the A320 business-class seats have a 39" pitch in a 2-2 configuration.[143]

Economy

SAA Airbus A330 and A340 economy-class seats have a pitch of 32" in a 2-4-2 configuration.Passengers receive a welcome pack, a blanket & full-size pillow and a personal touchscreen monitor with audio/video on demand. The Airbus A319 and A320 economy-class seats have a pitch of 31".[143]

Frequent-flyer program

Voyager is the frequent-flyer program of South African Airways. Apart from South African Airlink, South African Express and Eswatini Airlink, which have an alliance with SAA, the program also partners 32 other airlines, along with many more businesses.[144] Voyager consists of five tiers – Blue, Silver, Gold, Platinum and Lifetime Platinum. To reach a higher tier, members must fly on selected flights to allocate "Tier Miles". This differs from "Base Miles", which members can only use to receive awards.[145]

Accidents and incidents
  • On 16 June 1937, a Junkers Ju 52/3m (registration ZS-AKY) was destroyed by fire after it crashed on take-off at Port Elizabeth Airport following engine failure in two engines. All on board escaped. This was the airline's first accident in which passengers were injured.[146]
  • On 16 October 1937, a Junkers W34 fi (registration ZS-AEC), named Sir George Grey, crashed during a mail flight. The aeroplane was damaged beyond repair.[147]
  • On 28 March 1941, a Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar (registration ZS-AST) crashed at Elands Bay, South Africa. All on board were killed on impact and in the post-crash fire.[146][148]
  • On 5 January 1948, a Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar (registration ZS-ASW) touched down at Palmietfontein too far along the runway for it to stop before running off the end. The undercarriage was ripped off and the hull damaged beyond repair. There were light injuries to passengers but no fatalities.[146]
  • On 15 October 1951, a Douglas DC-3 (registration ZS-AVJ), named Pardeberg, flying in instrument meteorological conditions en route on a domestic flight from Port Elizabeth to Durban, flew into Mount Ingeli near Kokstad, Western KwaZulu-Natal. Seventeen people were killed. The board of inquiry determined that the unserviceability of ground-based radio navigational aids along the route was a major contributing factor.[146][148]
  • On 15 September 1952, a Douglas DC-3 (registration ZS-AVI) was damaged beyond repair while attempting to land at an unlit country airport at Carolina, South Africa after the crew became lost on a flight to Johannesburg from Livingstone, Zambia. After attempting to hold for thunderstorms to clear near their destination, the crew initiated a landing when their fuel ran low. The elevation of the airfield was mis-judged and the aircraft hit a rocky outcrop on final approach to the runway. No passengers or crew were killed or injured.[146]
  • On 8 April 1954, a de Havilland Comet (registration G-ALYY, aka 'Yoke Yoke'), Flight 201, departed Rome for Cairo and Johannesburg. The aircraft crashed off the coast of Italy, killing all 21 people on board. Along with BOAC Flight 781, it was one of two Comet crashes caused by a flaw in the design. The aircraft was leased from British Overseas Airways Corporation.
  • On 29 October 1960, Flight 218, operated by a Boeing 707-344A (registration ZS-CKC), executed a wheels-up landing at Nairobi airport after damaging the undercarriage during an impact with the ground on its initial approach. No passengers or crew were killed or injured but the aircraft remained out of operation for many months until it was repaired and re-introduced into service.[146]
  • On 6 March 1962, a Douglas DC-3 (registration ZS-DJC) operating as Flight 512 crashed into a mountainside in the vicinity of Seymour, Eastern Cape, South Africa, after the pilot insisted on conducting the flight under visual flight rules (VFR) while flying below low cloud above rising ground. The pilot and first officer were killed but the passengers and cabin staff survived.[146][148]
  • On 30 June 1962, a Douglas DC-4 (registration ZS-BMH) was involved in a mid-air collision with a military Harvard training aircraft near Durban airport. The military aircraft crashed but the crew managed to land the airliner without injury to passengers or crew despite losing a large part of the vertical stabiliser. The aircraft was the last DC-4 manufactured and was repaired and returned to service. It is currently owned by the South African Airways Museum Society and still flies.[146]
  • On 13 March 1967, a Vickers Viscount 818 (registration ZS-CVA), christened Rietbok, operating as Flight 406, crashed into the sea near Kayser's Beach during bad weather while on approach to East London, Eastern Cape. All twenty-five persons on board were killed.[146][148] The accident investigation board stated 'The available data is not sufficient for the originating cause of the accident to be determined with any degree of probability'. However the board couldn't rule out the possibility that the pilot suffered a heart attack resulting in a loss of control.[149]
  • On 20 April 1968, Flight 228, operated by a six-week-old Boeing 707-344C (registration ZS-EUW), named Pretoria, was lost near Windhoek, South West Africa (now Namibia). The crew used a flap retraction sequence from the 707-B series which removed flaps in larger increments than desirable for that stage of the flight, leading to a loss of lift at 600 feet (180 m) above ground level. The subsequent descent went undetected by the crew, leading to impact with the ground; 123 people died.[146][148]
  • On 24 May 1972, the only successful hijacking of a SAA flight took place; a Boeing 727-100 (registration ZS-SBE) was en route from Salisbury, Rhodesia (now known as Harare, Zimbabwe) to Johannesburg. Two Lebanese, Kamil and Yagi, took control of the aircraft by packing dynamite sticks on the hatracks. They were armed with a pistol. They forced the pilot, Captain Blake Flemington, to return to Salisbury, where they landed and re-fuelled with 12 hostages remaining on board. The captain tricked them into thinking that they were en route to the Seychelles, while he was in fact heading for Blantyre, Malawi. After landing, the passengers used nightfall to enter the cockpit, where they climbed down the emergency escape rope. By the time the hijackers realised this, only the captain, one passenger, and a flight steward, Dirk Nel, remained on the aircraft. The two hijackers started fighting with each other for possession of the dynamite fuse. In the ensuing chaos, the three captives escaped, leaving the two hijackers on board. Members of the Malawi security forces started shooting and the two surrendered. They were jailed for two years on a charge of being in possession of an undeclared firearm on board an aircraft. After serving one year of their sentence, they were released.
Boeing 747-244M ZS-SAS, photographed in 1986. ZS-SAS crashed in 1987 as South African Airways Flight 295.
  • On 28 November 1987, a Boeing 747-200B Combi (registration ZS-SAS and named Helderberg), operating as Flight 295, crashed in the Indian Ocean en route from Taipei, Taiwan to Johannesburg via Mauritius, after a fire in the main cargo hold. The cause of the fire is undetermined, and a number of conspiracy theories (mostly pertaining to the nuclear armaments being produced by the South African government at the time) are in circulation surrounding the crash. All 159 people on board were killed.[148]
  • On 17 June 2006, on South African Airways Flight 322, a Boeing 737-800 en route from Cape Town to Johannesburg, a 21-year-old Zimbabwean took a flight attendant hostage in an attempt to enter the aircraft's cockpit and divert the aircraft to Maputo, Mozambique. He was subdued while still in the cabin. The pilots had been monitoring the incident via CCTV and the aircraft returned to Cape Town where a police task force stormed the aircraft and arrested the suspect.[150]

Chief Executive Officers (CEO) through the years
Term started Term ended Surname Name(s)
1975 1977 Pienaar Salomon
1977 1982 Smuts Eddie
1982 1983 Swarts Frans
1983 1993 van der Veer Gerrit Dirk
1993 1998 Myburgh Michael F
1998 2001 Andrews Coleman
2001 2004 Viljoen Andre
2004 2009 Ngqula Khaya
2010 2012 Mzimela Sizakele Petunia
2012 2012 Kona Vuysile
2013 2013 Bezuidenhout Nico
2013 2015 Kalawe Monwabisi
2017 2019 Jarana Vuyani
2019 2020 Ramasia Zukisa
2020 Incumbent Saunders Philip
gollark: Interesting idea, but apiophotonic lasers are still *highly* experimental.
gollark: Photons cannot carry 🏳️‍🌈, although they do interact with the gay field somewhat.
gollark: No such thing.
gollark: Yes, this is the main barrier to its use.
gollark: They can be observed in high-energy collisions mostly.

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