Rejang language

Rejang (baso Jang, baso Hejang) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken by the Rejang people in southwestern parts of Sumatra (Bengkulu), Indonesia. There are five dialects, spread from mountainous region to the coastal region of Bengkulu, including the Musi (Musai) dialect, the Lebong dialect, the Kebanagung dialect, the Rawas (Awes) dialect, and the Pesisir dialect.

Rejang
Baso Jang
Baso Hejang
Native toIndonesia
Region
[1]
EthnicityRejang people
Native speakers
350,000 (2000 census)[2]
Dialects
  • Lebong
  • Musai (Musi)
  • Kebanagung
  • Pesisir
  • Awes (Rawas)
Latin (present)
Rejang script (historically)
Language codes
ISO 639-3rej
Glottologreja1240[3]

Rejang was written with the Rejang script for a long time.[4] The script is thought to pre-date the introduction of Islam to the area in the 12th century CE, although the earliest attested document has been dated to the mid 18th century. It is traditionally written on bamboo, buffalo horn, bark or copper plates. It was only recently that the Latin alphabet was introduced as a way of writing the language.

Classification

Rejang is not obviously close to other Malayo-Polynesian languages in Sumatra. McGinn (2009) classified it among the Bidayuh languages of Borneo, closest to Bukar Sadong.[5] It may be that it is related to the newly described language Nasal, but that is speculative at this point.[6] Robert Blust and Alexander Smith classified Rejang as part of Greater North Borneo languages (2017a, 2017b).[7][8][9]

Dialects

Rejang has five different dialects. Speakers of each dialects are able to communicate with one another, in spite of lexical and phonological differences. The five dialects of Rejangs are Musi (Musai), Lebong, Kebanagung, Rawas (Awes), and Pesisir. Among all dialects, Awes dialect is the hardest for other dialects speakers.

Vocabulary

Astronomical terms
English Lêbong Dialect Musai Dialect Kêbanagung Dialect Pêsisia Dialect
earthbumai,
dênio,
dunio		bumêi,
dênio,
dunio		bumêi,
dênio,
dunio		bumai,
dênio,
dunio
starbitangbitangbitangbitang
moonbulênbulênbulênbulên
sunmataibilaimatêibilêimatêibilêi, matoibiloimataibilai
cloudawênawênawênawên
skylengetlengetlengetlenget

Gender
English Lebong Dialect Cu'up Dialect Payang Dialect Utara Dialect
femaleslawêibia, sêbia,
bie, sêbie,
slawie		bêe sêbêeslawêi
malesmanêisêbong,
smanie		smanêismanêi
third gendertayuktayuktayuktayuk

Colour
English Lebong Dialect Cu'up Dialect Payang Dialect Utara Dialect
redmiləakmiləakmiləah/abangmiləak
whiteputiakputeakputeahputeak
blackməluomələumələaməluo
greenijoijoijoijo
bluebiru/blu/blaubiru/blu/bləubiru/blu/bləubiru/blu/blau
greyabu-abu/abauabu-abu/abəuabu-abu/abəuabu-abu/abəu
jinggajinggajinggajinggajingga
violetungu/ungauungu/ungəuungu/ungəuungu/ungau
brownperangperangperangcoklat
pinkmiləak mudo/miləak jam(b)aumiləak mudo/miləak jam(b)əumiləah mudo/miləak jam(b)əumiləak mudo/miləak jam(b)au
silver (color)pirokpirakpirakpirak
maroonmiləak atiemiləak atəimiləah atəeimiləak atəi

Pronouns
English Lêbong Dialect Musai Dialect Kêbanagung Dialect Pêsisia Dialect
IUku,
Ku		Uku,
Ku		Uku,
Ku		Uku,
Ku
YouKumu (honour, formal),
ko (common)		Kumu (honour, formal),
Ko (common)		KoKumu (honour, formal),
Ko (common)
WeItêItêItêItê
TheyTobo'oTobo'oTobohoTobo'o
HeSiSiSiSi
SheSiSiSiSi

Numbers
Numeral English Lebong Dialect Cu'up Dialect Payang Dialect Utara Dialect
0zerokosongnolnolnol
1onedo (sometimes dəlai)do (sometimes dəlai)do (sometimes dikup)do (sometimes dəlai)
2twoduaiduəiduiduəi
3threetəlautələutələutəlau
4fourəpat, patəpat, patəpat, patəpat, pat
5fiveləmoləmoləmoləmo
6sixnumnumnumnum
7seventujuaktojoaktojoahtojoak
8eightdəlapəndəlapəndəlapəndəlapən
9nines(mb)ilans(mb)ilans(mb)ilans(mb)ilan
10tendəpuluakdəpoloakdəpoloahdəpoloak
11elevensəblas, dəblassəblas, dəblassəblas, dəblassəblas, dəblas
12twelveduai bəlasduəi bəlasdui bəlasduəi balas
13thirteentəlau bəlastələu bəlastələu bəlastəlau bəlas
19nineteens(mb)ilan bəlass(mb)ilan bəlass(mb)ilan bəlass(mb)ilan bəlas
20twentyduai puluakduəi poloakdui poloahduəi poloak
21twenty oneduai puluak satuduəi poloak satudui poloah satuduəi poloak do
50fiftyləmo puluakləmo poloakləmo poloahləmo poloak
100one hundreddə'otos, dotos, sotosdə'otos, dotos, sotosdə'otos, dotos, sotosdə'otos, dotos, sotos
200two hundredduai otosduəi otosdui otosduəi otos
1000one thousanddəribau,səribaudəribeu, səribeudəribeu, səribeudəribau, səribau
10000ten thousanddəpuluak ribaudəpoloak ribəudəpoloah ribəudəpoloak ribau
100000one hunder thousandsotos ribausotos ribəusotos ribəusotos ribau
1000000one milliondəjutadəjutadəjutadəjuta

Days of the Week
English Lebong Dialect Cu'up Dialect Payang Dialect Utara Dialect
mondaysəninsəninsəninsənin
tuesdaysəlasasəlasasəlasasəlasa
wednesdayrabau/rabu/rəbaurabəu/rabu/rəbəurabəu/rabu/rəbəurebaa/rəbu/rəbəu
thursdaykəmiskəmiskəmiskəmis
fridayjəm'at/jum'atjəma'at/jum'atjəmahat/jum'atjəm'at/jum'at
saturdaysabtau/səbtau/səbtusabtəusabtəusabtau/səbtau
sundayming(g)auming(g)əuming(g)əuming(g)əu

Preposition

Place
English Lêbong Dialect Musai Dialect Kêbanagung Dialect Pêsisia Dialect
behindbêlakang,
kədong		bêlakang,
kêdong		bêlakang,
kêdong		bêlakang,
kêdong
besidedêpêak, pêakdêpêak, pêakdêpêah, pêah, sapingdêpêak, pêak
abovedasdasdasdas
in front ofmukomukomukomuko
outsideluêaluêauêhluêa
insidelêmlêmlêmlêm
corneridingidingidingiding
underbêakbêakbêakbêak
betweenantaroantaroantaroantaro

Basic Element
English Lêbong Dialect Musai Dialect Kêbanagung Dialect Pêsisia Dialect
windanginanginanginangin
waterbioabioabioabioa
landtanêaktanêaktanəahtanəak
soilpitokpitakpitakpitak
airudaroudaroudaroudaro
fireopoiopoiopoeopoi

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Rejang, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):

Kutê tun laher mêrdeka, tmuan hok-hok gik srai. Kutê nagiak-ba akêa peker ngen atêi, kêrno o kêlok-nê bêkuat-ba do ngen luyên lêm asai sêpasuak.

Gloss (word-to-word):

Article 1 – All human was born independent, has an equal rights. They are endowed a way to think and heart, then they need to be friend each other in the taste of brotherhood.

Translation (grammatical):

Article 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Notes
  1. Saputri, Nur Rahmah (2014). Analisis hukum Islam terhadap Adat Bemaling Suku Rejang di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong Bengkulu (PDF) (Undergraduate thesis). UIN Surabaya. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  2. Rejang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Rejang". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. Rejang (Redjang, Kaganga), ScriptSource (developed and maintained by SIL International), retrieved 30 May 2019
  5. McGinn, Richard (2009). "24. Out-of-Borneo subgrouping hypothesis for Rejang: re-weighing the evidence" (PDF). In Adelaar, Alexander; Pawley, Andre (eds.). Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Bob Blust. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 397–410. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  6. "Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF), ISO 639-3 Registration Authority
  7. Blust 2010, pp. 44, 47.
  8. Smith 2017a, p. 346–364.
  9. Smith 2017b, p. 459–460.

Bibliography
  • Blust, Robert (2010). "The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. University of Hawai'i Press. 49 (1): 44–118. JSTOR 40783586.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Smith, Alexander D. (May 2017). The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
  • Smith, Alexander D. (December 2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. University of Hawai'i Press. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.
gollark: They don't use all wavelengths, and they don't use what they do use entirely efficiently.
gollark: The figure is 1.361kW/m² solar irradiance, which is just measured from satellites.
gollark: Also nonequatorial regions.
gollark: 1.4kW/m² *maximum* ignoring things like the atmosphere, night, solar panel efficiency, solar panels not using all radiation ever, and weather.
gollark: It's very bizarre, given that according to random internet stuff I looked at polygraphs do not actually work as intended.
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