History of the Jews in Moldova
The history of the Jews in Moldova reaches back several centuries. Bessarabian Jews have been living in the area for some time. Today, the Jewish community living in Moldova number less than 4,000 according to one estimate[2] while local estimates put the number at 15–20,000 Jews and their family members.[3]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| est. 85,000 to 120,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 | 80,000–100,000[1] |
 | 4,000 to 15,000–20,000[2][3] |
 | ~1,000 |
| Languages | |
| Hebrew (in Israel), Moldovan/Romanian, Russian, Yiddish | |
| Religion | |
| Judaism | |
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Early Middle Ages |
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Bessarabian Jews
Early history
- 1889: There were 180,918 Jews of a total population of 1,628,867 in Bessarabia
- 1897: The Jewish population had grown to 225,637 of a total of 1,936,392[4]
- 1903: Chișinău (Kishinev) in Russian Bessarabia had a Jewish population of 50,000, or 46%, out of a total of approximately 110,000. While almost non-existent in the countryside, Jews had been present in all major towns since the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. Jewish life flourished with 16 Jewish schools and over 2,000 pupils in Chișinău alone.
- 16 February 1903: Kishinev pogrom
- 1920: The Jewish population had grown to approximately 267,000
- 1930: Romanian census registers 270,000 Jews[5]
Kishinev pogrom
In 1903, a young Christian Russian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, was found murdered in the town of Dubăsari (Dubossary), 37 km northeast of Chișinău. A Russian language antisemitic newspaper "Bessarabian" began to disseminate rumors about the murder being part of a Jewish ritual. Although the official investigation had determined the lack of any ritualism in the murder and eventually discovered that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), the unrest caused by these and other rumors had resulted in a major pogrom during the Easter holidays. The pogrom lasted for three days, without the intervention of the police. Forty seven (some say 49) Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded, 500 slightly wounded and over 700 houses destroyed.[6]
Many of the younger Jews, including Mendel Portugali, made an effort to defend the community. There was outcry from prominent Russian writers Leo Tolstoy and Maksim Gorky, as well as protests from Jews and non-Jews in Europe and the United States. Haim Nachman Bialik wrote about the pogrom in his poem, "The City of Slaughter", and Vladimir Korolenko in his book, House No. 13.[7]
The Holocaust
Up to two-thirds of Bessarabian Jews fled before the retreat of the Soviet troops. 110,033 people from Bessarabia and Bukovina (the latter included at the time the counties of Cernăuţi, Storojineţ, Rădăuţi, Suceava, Câmpulung, and Dorohoi - approximately 100,000 Jews) - all except a small minority of the Jews that did not flee in 1941 - were deported to the Transnistria Governorate, a region which was under Romanian military control during 1941–44.
- 1941: The Einsatzkommandos, German mobile killing units drawn from the Nazi-Schutzstaffel (SS) and commanded by Otto Ohlendorf entered Bessarabia. They were instrumental in the massacre of many Jews in Bessarabia, who did not flee in face of the German advancement.
- July 8, 1941: Ion Antonescu, Romania's ruler at the time, made a declaration in front of the Ministers' Council:
- ... With the risk of not being understood by some traditionalists which may be among you, I am in favour of the forced migration of the entire Jew element from Bessarabia and Bukovina, which must be thrown over the border. Also, I am in favor of the forced migration of the Ukrainian element, which does not belong here at this time. I don't care if we appear in history as barbarians. The Roman Empire has made a series of barbaric acts from a contemporary point of view and, still, was the greatest political settlement. There has never been a more suitable moment. If necessary, shoot with the machine gun.[8]
The killing squads of Einsatzgruppe D, together with special non-military units attached to the German Wehrmacht and the Romanian army were involved in many massacres in Bessarabia (over 10,000 in a single month of war, in June–July 1941), while deporting other thousands to Transnistria.
In Nazi ghettos organized in several towns, as well as in Nazi concentration camps (there was also a comparable number of Jews from Transnistria in those camps) many people died from starvation or bad sanitation, or were shot by special Nazi units right before the arrival of Soviet troops in 1944. The Romanian military administration of Transnistria kept very poor records of the people in the ghettos and camps. The only exact number found in Romanian sources is 59,392 died in the ghettos and camps from the moment those were open until mid-1943[9] This number includes all internees regardless of their origin, but does not include those that perished on the way to the camps, those that perished between mid-1943 and spring 1944, as well as those that perished in the immediate aftermath of the Romanian army's occupation of Transnistria (see for example the Odessa massacre).
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
After World War II, the number of Jews in Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic increased significantly, peaking at 98,001 in 1970.[10] During the 1970s Soviet Union aliyah and especially in the late 1980s, many of them emigrated to Israel. The last Soviet census of 1989 registered 65,672 Jews in the Soviet Republic.[11]
Contemporary situation
As of 2014, there are an estimated 15,000 Jews in Moldova, including over 10,000 in Chișinău alone. At the same time, there are 75,492 Moldovan Jews living in Israel.
However, antisemitism is still commonplace; several churches and political organisations still refer to antisemitic rhetoric. In addition, far right and neo-Nazi groups are active in the country. Because religion was heavily restricted in Soviet times, it is likely that there are many more people of ethnic Jewish heritage in Moldova than those who practice the religion, but many simply may not know about it.
References
- "Ambasada Republicii Moldova în Statul Israel". www.israel.mfa.md.
- "The Jewish Virtual World—Moldova". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- "Intoduction [sic] and History of the Jews in Moldova".
- Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку, губерниям и областям. Бессарабская губерния Archived 30 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. (in Russian)
- Populaţia pe Neamuri. Recensământul populaţiei din 1930 (in Romanian). Institutul Central de Statistică. pp. XXIV. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- Judge, Edward H. (1995). Easter in Kishinev: Anatomy of a Pogrom. NYU Press. pp. 42–47. ISBN 0814742238.
- "The Jewish Community of Kishinev". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- Quote from "The Stenograms of the Ministers' Council, Ion Antonescu's Government", vol. IV, July–September 1941 period, Bucharest, year 2000, page 57 (Stenogramele şedinţelor Consiliului de Miniştri, Guvernarea Ion Antonescu, vol. IV, perioada iulie-septembrie 1941, Bucureşti, anul 2000, pagina 57.
- Maresal Ion Antonescu. (in Romanian)
- Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР (in Russian)
- Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР. Archived 25 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
Further reading
- Weiner, Miriam; Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with); Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with) (1999). Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. ISBN 978-0-96-565081-6. OCLC 607423469.
- Berzoy, Antonina A. (1999). Weiner, Miriam (ed.). Jewish Genealogical Research in the Moldovan National Archives: Introduction (PDF). Kishinev, Moldova: Moldovan National Archives. pp. 381–385. ISBN 978-0-965-65080-9.
- Jignea, Clara; Kopansky, Yakov; Shoikhet, Semion (1999). Weiner, Miriam (ed.). The Jews of Moldova (PDF). Moldova: Department of Jewish History and Culture of Moldova at the Institute of Inter-Ethnic Research at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova; Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of the Republic of Moldova. pp. 395–400. ISBN 978-0-965-65080-9.
- Weiner, Miriam (1999). Cities and Towns in Moldova: Pages from the Past and Present: Historical Background (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-965-65080-9.