History of the Jews in Slovenia

The history of the Jews in Slovenia and areas connected with it goes back to the times of Ancient Rome. The present-day small Jewish community of Slovenia (Slovene: Judovska skupnost Slovenije) is estimated at 400 to 600 members, with the Jewish community of Slovenia suggesting 500 to 1000 members . Around 130 are officially registered,[1] most of whom live in the capital, Ljubljana.

The location of Slovenia (dark green) in Europe
Part of a series on
Jews and Judaism
  • Category
  • Portal
Part of a series on the
History of Slovenia
 Slovenia portal

History of the community

Ancient community
Painting of a Jewish woman, c. 1682. In the collection of the Ptuj Ormoz Regional Museum.

The Jewish community of Slovenia pre-dates the 6th century Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps, when the Slavic ancestors of present-day Slovenes conquered their current territory[2],. The first Jews arrived in present-day Slovenia in Roman times, with archaeological evidence of Jews found in Maribor, and in the village of Škocjan in Lower Carniola. In Škocjan, an engraved menorah dating from the 5th century AD was found in a graveyard.[3]

In the 12th century, Jews arrived to the Slovene Lands fleeing poverty in Italy and central Europe. Even though they were forced to live in ghettos, many Jews prospered. Relations between Jews and the local Christian population were generally peaceful. In Maribor, Jews were successful bankers, winegrowers and millers. Several "Jewish Courts" (Judenhof) existed in Styria, settling disputes between Jews and Christians. Israel Isserlein, who authored several essays on medieval Jewish life in Lower Styria, was the most important rabbi at the time, having lived in Maribor.[4] In 1397, Jewish ghettos in Radgona and Ptuj were set ablaze by anonymous anti-Jewish assailants.[5]

The first synagogue in Ljubljana is mentioned in 1213. Issued with a Privilegium, Jews were able to settle an area of Ljubljana located on the left bank of the Ljubljanica River. The streets Židovska ulica ("Jewish Street") and Židovska steza ("Jewish Lane"), which now occupy the area, are still reminiscent of that period.

The Expulsion of Jews

The wealth of the Jews bred resentment among the Inner Austrian nobility and the burghers, with many refusing to repay Jewish money-lenders, while local merchants considered Jews as competitors. The antisemitism of the Catholic Church also played an important role in whipping up animosity against the Jews,[6] In 1494 and 1495 the assemblies of Styria and Carinthia offered Austrian Emperor Maximilian a bounty for the expulsion of Jews from both provinces.

Maximilian granted their request, citing as reasons for the expulsion the Jewish pollution of the Christian sacrament, the ritual killings of Christian children, and the defrauding of debtors.[6] The expulsions started immediately, with the last Jews expelled by 1718.[7] The Jews were expelled from Maribor in 1496.[8] Following separate demands by the citizens of Ljubljana for the expulsion of Jews, Jews were expelled from Ljubljana in 1515.[9] After the expulsion of the Jewish community, the Maribor synagogue was turned into a church.[8]

The modern era
The building of a former synagogue in Lendava.

In 1709, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy[10], issued a decree allowing Jews to return to Inner Austria. Nevertheless, Jews in that time settled almost exclusively in the commercial city of Trieste and, to a much smaller extent, in the town of Gorizia (now both part of Italy). The decree was overturned in 1817 by Francis I, and Jews were granted full civil and political right only with the Austrian constitution of 1867. Nevertheless, the Slovene Lands remained virtually without a consistent Jewish population, with the exception of Gorizia, Trieste, the region of Prekmurje, and some smaller towns in the western part of the County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Gradisca, Cervignano), which were inhabited mostly by a Friulian-speaking population.

According to the census of 1910, only 146 Jews lived in the territory of present-day Slovenia, excluding the Prekmurje region.[7] Yet despite this, as elsewhere in Austria-Hungary, antisemitism started to intensify also in Slovenia, from the mid-19th century onward. propagated by prominent Slovene Catholic leaders, such as Bishop Anton Mahnič and Janez Evangelist Krek. The former called for a war against Judaism and the latter sought to persuade believers that the Jews were transmitters of the most harmful influences.[10]

In 1918, in the chaotic transition between Austria-Hungary and the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, riots broke out against Jews and Hungarians in many places in Prekmurje.[11] Soldiers returning from the front and locals looted Jewish and Hungarian shops. On November 4, 1918, in Beltinci, locals looted Jewish homes and shops, tortured Jews, and set fire to the synagogue.[11]. After the pogrom, the once powerful Beltinci Orthodox Jewish community, numbering 150 in the mid-19th century, disappeared. In 1937 the local authorities demolished the Beltinci synagogue[12]

Rampant anti-Semitism was among the reasons why few Jews decided to settle in the area, and the overall Jewish population remained at a very low level. In the 1920s, after the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), the local Jewish community merged with the Jewish community of Zagreb, Croatia.[7]

According to the 1931 census, there were about 900 Jews in the Drava Banovina, mostly concentrated in Prekmurje, which was a part of the Kingdom of Hungary prior to 1919. This was the reason why in the mid-1930s Murska Sobota became the seat of the Jewish Community of Slovenia. During that period, the Jewish population was reinvigorated by many immigrants fleeing from neighbouring Austria and Nazi Germany to a more tolerant Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Nevertheless, in the prewar period the Slovene Roman Catholic Church and its affiliated largest political party, the Slovenian People's Party, engaged in antisemitism [13], with Catholic papers writing about "Jews" as "a disaster for our countryside", "Jews" as "fraudsters" and "traitors to Christ", while the main Slovene Catholic daily, Slovenec, informed local Jews that their "road out of Yugoslavia ...was open". and that from Slovenia "we export such goods [I.e. Jews] without compensation".[10] While Interior Minister in the Yugoslav government, the leading Slovene politician and former Catholic priest, Anton Korošec, declared "all Jews, Communists, and Freemasons as traitors, conspirators, and enemies of the State".[14] Then in 1940 Korošec introduced two antisemitic laws in Yugoslavia, to ban Jews from the food industry and restrict the number of Jewish students in high schools and universities[10] Slovene Jews were severely affected, as Sharika Horvat noted in her testimony for the Shoah Foundation, "everything fell apart....under the Korošec government."[10]

According to official Yugoslav data, the number of self-declared Jews (according to religion, not to ancestry) in Yugoslav Slovenia rose to 1,533 by 1939. In that year, there were 288 declared Jews in Maribor, 273 in Ljubljana, 270 in Murska Sobota, 210 in Lendava and 66 in Celje. The other 400 Jews lived scattered around the country, with a quarter of them living in the Prekmurje region. Prior to World War Two, there were two active synagogues in Slovenia, one in Murska Sobota and one in Lendava. The overall number of Jews prior to the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 is estimated to have been around 2,500, including baptised Jews and refugees from Austria and Germany.

The Holocaust

The Jewish community, very small even before World War II and the Shoah, was further reduced by the Nazis occupation between 1941 and 1945. The Jews in northern and eastern Slovenia (the Slovenian Styria, Upper Carniola, Slovenian Carinthia, and Posavje), which was annexed to the Third Reich, were deported to concentration camps as early as in the late spring of 1941. Very few survived. In Ljubljana and in Lower Carniola, which came under Italian occupation, the Jews were relatively safe until September 1943, when most of the zone was occupied by the Nazi German forces. In late 1943, most of them were deported to concentration camps, although some managed to escape, especially by fleeing to the zones freed by the partisan resistance.

In Ljubljana, 32 Jews were able to hide until September 1944, when they were betrayed and arrested in raids by the collaborationist Slovene Home Guard police and handed over to the Nazis, who then sent them to Auschwitz, where most were exterminated. The Slovene Home Guard greatly intensified the antisemitism already present in prewar Slovene Catholic circles, engaging in vicious antisemitic propaganda. Thus the Slovene Home Guard leader, Leon Rupnik, attacked Jews in virtually all his public speeches,[15] In 1944, the Slovene Home Guard newspaper wrote: "Judaism wants to enslave the whole world. It can enslave it if it also economically destroys all the nations. That is why it drove nations into war to destroy themselves and thereby benefit the Jews. Communism is the most loyal executor of Jewish orders, along with liberal democracy. Both ideas were created by Jews for non-Jewish peoples. The Slovenian nation also wants to bring Judaism to its knees, along with its moral decay and impoverishment."[16] The influential Catholic priest, Lambert Ehrlich, who advocated collaboration with the Italian Fascist authorities, campaigned against “Jewish Satanism,” which he maintained was trying to get its hands on other peoples’ national treasures.

The Jews of Prekmurje, where the majority of Slovenian Jewry lived prior to World War Two, suffered the same fate as the Jews of Hungary. Following the German occupation of Hungary, almost the entire Jewish population of the Prekmurje region was deported to Auschwitz. Very few survived. All together it is estimated that of the 1,500 Jews in Slovenia in 1939, only 200 managed to survive, meaning 87% were exterminated by the Nazis, among the highest rates in Europe.[17]

Some Slovene Jews managed to save themselves by joining the partisans. Unlike the Polish resistance, which did not allow Jews in their ranks, the Yugoslav partisans welcomed Jews. 3,254 Jews in former Yugoslavia survived by joining the partisans, more than one-fifth of all survivors. After the war 10 Jewish partisans were named Yugoslav national heroes.[18] For assisting Jews during the Holocaust, 15 Slovenes have been named Righteous Among the Nations, by Yad Vashem.

Post-war community
Jewish cemetery in Lendava, in the eastern Slovenian Prekmurje region.

Under Communism in Yugoslavia, the Jewish community in Socialist Slovenia numbered fewer than 100 members. The Federation of Jewish Communities was reestablished and upon the establishment of the State of Israel (1948), the Federation sought and received permission from the Yugoslav authorities to organize Jewish emigration to Israel.[19] 8,000 Yugoslav Jews, among them Slovene Jews, who were all allowed to take their property with them, left for Israel[19]. In 1953, the synagogue of Murska Sobota, the only remaining after the Shoah, which the handful of Jewish survivors were unable to maintain and therefore sold in 1949 to the city, was demolished by the local Communist authorities to make way for new apartments. Many Jews were expelled from Yugoslavia as "ethnic Germans", and most of Jewish property was confiscated. The Judovska občina v Ljubljani (Jewish Community of Ljubljana) was officially reformed following World War II. Its first president was Artur Kon, followed by Aleksandar Švarc, and by Roza Fertig-Švarc in 1988. In 1969, it numbered only 84 members and its membership was declining due to emigration and age.

In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a revival of Jewish themes in Slovenian literature, almost exclusively by women authors. Berta Bojetu was the most renowned Jewish author who wrote in Slovene. Others included Miriam Steiner and Zlata Medic-Vokač.[20]

After 1990

In the last Yugoslav census in 1991, 199 Slovenes declared themselves of the Jewish religion, and in the 2011 census, this number was 99.[21]The Jewish community today is estimated at 400–600 members,[22] although only 130 are members of the Jewish Community of Slovenia organization. The community consists of people of Ashkenazi and Sephardi descent. In 1999, the first Chief Rabbi for Slovenia was appointed since 1941. Before that, religious services were provided with help from the Jewish community of Zagreb. The present chief rabbi for Slovenia, Ariel Haddad, resides in Trieste and is a member of the Lubavitcher Hassidic school.[23] The current president of the Jewish Community of Slovenia is Andrej Kožar Beck.

Since the year 2000, there has been a noticeable revival of Jewish culture in Slovenia. In 2003, a synagogue was opened in Ljubljana.[24] In 2008, the Association Isserlein was founded to promote the legacy of Jewish culture in Slovenia.[25] It has organized several public events that have received positive responses from the media, such as the public lighting of the hanukiah in Ljubljana in 2009.[26] There has also been a growing public interest in the Jewish historical legacy in Slovenia. In 2008, the complex of the Jewish Cemetery in Rožna Dolina near Nova Gorica was restored due to the efforts of the local Democratic Party politicians, pressure from the neighboring Jewish Community of Gorizia, and the American Embassy in Slovenia.[27] In January 2010, the first monument to the victims of the Shoah in Slovenia was unveiled in Murska Sobota.[27]

Occasional antisemitic incidents still occur, such as the defacing of the Maribor synagogue with graffiti saying “Juden Raus” ("Out with the Jews")[28], while others have warned against Holocaust denial and antisemitic pronouncements by Slovene right-wingers.[29]

Famous Jews from Slovenia

  • Kurt Sonnenschein, Gynecologist
  • Mišo Alkalaj, Computer scientist, writer and journalist
  • Katja Boh, Sociologist and politician, founding member of the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia
  • Israel Isserlin, Medieval rabbi from Maribor
  • Pavle Kornhauser, Pediatrician
  • Lev Kreft, Philosopher and politician
  • Paul Parin, Psychoanalyst
  • Hannah Starman, Scholar
  • Dušan Šarotar, Writer
  • Mirjam Štajner, Writer
  • Mladen Aleksander Švarc, Philosopher, Journalist and political activist
  • Polona Vetrih, Actress
  • Igor Vojtic (Woititz),[30] Veterinarian and university professor
gollark: Is "finger" a metaphor for "things which are not actually fingers"?
gollark: I'm not looking at any fingers. Except possibly my own, since they are in front of me when I use a keyboard. Unless you count the kermit's in the thumbnail.
gollark: > the idea that we need to do better than someone else at what they did to get more recognition or money than themI mean, you don't, you can do... different things, if people prefer them.
gollark: Although I only ever ended up writing something like one nontrivial Rust program.
gollark: I mostly end up thinking the same thing, which is why my complex stuff is primarily done in TypeScript, but for things when performance matters I do use Rust.

See also

Notes and references
  1. http://www.zurnal24.si/judje-zakljucujejo-s-praznovanjem-hanuke-clanek-144186
  2. Jews of Yugoslavia 1941–1945 Victims of Genocide and Freedom Fighters, Jasa Romano
  3. Excerpts from Jews in Yugoslavia – Part I Archived 2006-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  4. V. Travner, Mariborski ghetto, Kronika 2, 1935, pp. 154–150.
  5. Enciklopedija Slovenije, 4. Zvezek, 1990, p. 315.
  6. Kavčič, Jerneja. "Judovstvo na Slovenskem" (PDF).
  7. Jewish Virtual Library – Slovenia
  8. "Jewish Community of Maribor". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  9. "The Jewish Community of Ljubljana". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  10. Luthar, Oto. "MARGINS OF MEMORY' Anti-Semitism and the destruction of the Jewish community in Prekmurje" (PDF).
  11. "Antisemitizem › 1918: BELTINŠKI POGROM | Sinagoga Lendava" (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  12. "Židovska verska občina Beltinci | Sinagoga Lendava" (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  13. Šumi, Irena. "Slovenian Anti-Semitism, Buried Alive in the Ideology of Slovenian National Reconciliation" (PDF).
  14. Gregor Tomc, Doroteja Lešnik (1995). Rdeče in črno. Slovensko partizanstvo in domobranstvo. Ljubljana. pp. 38–39.
  15. Šumi, Irena. "Slovenski antisemitizem, živ pokopan v ideologiji slovenske narodne sprave" (PDF).
  16. Luthar, Oto (2014-05-09). "Razumevanje preteklosti: Presenetljivo? Ne. Nedopustno? Da!". www.delo.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  17. "Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  18. Edited by Irena Šumi and Oto Luthar (2016). THE SLOVENIAN RIGHTEOUS AMONG NATIONS. Ljubljana.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  19. "Yugoslavia". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
  20. Enciklopedija Slovenije
  21. "Statistični urad RS - Popis 2002". www.stat.si. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  22. "Jewish Community of Slovenia – Demographic Overview". Archived from the original on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  23. The Jewish Community of Slovenia
  24. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/slovenia.html
  25. http://www.bizi.si/podjetje/o-podjetju.aspx?rDxAvxJYStSQReojk53ILkr0E9MbqyYir9BDpgUWqLs%3D
  26. http://www.siol.net/slovenija/novice/2009/12/priziganje_svecnika_hanukija.aspx
  27. http://lojze68.blogspot.com/2010/04/studij-judovska-skupnost-na-goriskem.html
  28. "Anti-Semitism in Slovenia". Sinagoga Maribor. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  29. "Zanikanje holokavsta". Mladina.si. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  30. "State Secretary Benčina opens the exhibition 'Past and Forgotten' at the Maribor Synagogue". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.