Mundari language

Mundari (Muɳɖa) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda people in eastern Indian state of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. It is closely related to Santali. Mundari Bani, a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag.[3][4] It has also been written in the Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin writing systems.

Mundari
ମୁଣ୍ଡା, মুন্ডা, मुंडारि
Mundari Bani or Mundari script
Native toIndia, Bangladesh, Nepal
EthnicityMunda
Native speakers
1,128,228 (2011 census)[1]
Austroasiatic
Dialects
  • Bhumij
    Hasada
    Naguri
    Tamaria
    Kera
Mundari Bani Others :Odia script, Devanagari, Bengali–Assamese script, Latin script
Official status
Official language in
 India (Jharkhand)
Language codes
ISO 639-3unr – inclusive code
Individual code:
unx – Kili (called "Munda" in the census)
Glottologmund1320[2]
"Mundari" written in Mundari Bani

History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[5]

Geographical distribution

Mundari is spoken in the Ranchi, Khunti, Seraikela Kharsawan and West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and in the Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Baleshwar, Sundargarh district of Odisha.[6]

Dialects

Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.

  • Hasada ([hasa-daʔ]): east of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
  • Naguri ([naguri]): west of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
  • Tamaria ([tamaɽ-ia]) or Latar: Panchpargana area (Bundu, Tamar, Silli, Baranda, and Rahe)
  • Kera ([keraʔ]): ethnic Oraon who live in the Ranchi city area

Bhumij, listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across Jharkhand state and in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers.[7]

Phonology

The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)

Vowels

Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.

Front Central Back
Close iu
Mid eo
Open a

Consonants

Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.

Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless pt̪ʈt͡ɕk ʔ
aspirated (pʰ)(t̪ʰ)(ʈʰ)(t͡ɕʰ)(kʰ)
voiced bd̪ɖd͡ʑg
Fricative s̪ h
Nasal m n̪ ɳ ɲ ŋ
Approximant w l ɽ j
Trill r

Counting
MundariTransliterationTranslation
मिसाMissa Once
बरसाBirsaTwice
अपिसाApisaThrice
उपनुसाUpnisafour times
मोंड़ेसाMondesaFive times
तुरिसाTurisaSix times
ए'साEh saSeven times
इरलसाErklsaEight Times
अरे-साAre saNine times
गेलसाGelsaTen times
Gel Miyad...eleven
Gel Bariya...Twelve
,, Apiya...Thirteen
,, Upuna...Fourteen
,, Modeya...Fifteen
,, Turiya...Sixteen
,, Eya...Seventeen
,, Iriliya...Eighteen
,, Areya...Nineteen
Mid Hisi...Twenty
Hisi Miyad...Twenty one
Mid hisi Gel...Thirty
Hisi Gel Miyad...Thirty-one
Bar Hisi...Fourty
Bar Hisi Miyad...Fourty one
Bar Hisi Gel...Fifty
Aapi Hisi...Sixty
Aapi Hisi Gel...Seventy
Upun Hisi...Eighty
Upun Hisi Gel...Ninety
Mid Saaye...One Hundred
Bar Saaye...Two Hundred
Mid Hazar...One Thousand
Mid Lak...One Lakh

Relations
MundariTransliterationTranslation
ऐंन्गाEngaMother
आपूमApumFather
हग्गाHaggaBrother
मिस्सीMissiSister
गुयाGuyaSister/brother of sister/brother in law
गतिंगGatinFriend
Hon koda...Son
Hon Kudi...Daughter

Verb
MundariTransliterationTranslation
रिकाएआRikā'ē'āDoes
ओलेआOl'ē'āWrite
जगरेआJagor'ē'āTalk
पढ़वएआPadv'ē'āRead
लेलेआLel'ē'āLook/ See
सेनेआSen'ē'āCome along with
नमेआNem'ē'āFound
निरेआ Nir'ē'āRun
सबेआSab'ē'āHold
लेका एआLeka'ē'āCount
मुकाएआMuka'ē'āMeasure
रिका एआRika'ē'āCut
Hedem...Sweet
Kete-e...Hard
Lebe-e...Soft

Samples
MundariTransliterationTranslation
सिंग बोंगा मरांग बोंगा।Sing bonga marang bongaGod is almighty.
अमा नुतुम चिना ?Amā nutum chénāWhat is your name?
अायं नुतुम रिमिल तना।A̔iy nutum Rimil tanā.My name is Rimil.
अम कोते सेनो तना?Am kōtēm sēnō tanāWhere are you going?
नेते हुजू मेंNētē hijū mēCome here.
अम चिल्का मेना ?Am chilkā mēnāmeHow are you?
आलोम नाक खुजाओ मेंĀlama nāka khujā'ō maiṁDon't scratch your nose.
जागर लाई पैसा लॉगो।Jāgar natin paisā lagawaTalking costs money.
अम सिनेमा लाई सेनो तना चि का ?Ām cinēmā lel sēnō tanā cī .Will you go to Cinema?
अम चिकम चिका ताना ?Am kanam cekā tānā?What are you doing?
एमके चिकना मेना ?Ēmakē cikanā mēnā?you have any problem
अम कोतेम सेनो ताना ?Ām kōtēm senoh tānā?Where are you going?
अम कोते ते हिजु ताना ?Koteyam hijuh tanWhere are you coming from?
थड़ीआThaṛī'āUtensils.
बहाBaāFlower.
हइः Hai Fish
हइःपसे Hai pase Fishing
gollark: no.
gollark: Successfully debugged.
gollark: `gdb :bees:`
gollark: (bees are sort of bugs, right?)
gollark: DEPLOY DEBUGGERS! ONLY THEY CAN STOP THE BEES!

References
  1. "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mundari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. "BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". oneindia.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  4. "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012". Page 22
  5. Sidwell, Paul. 2018. "Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018". Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
  6. "Mundari". ethnologue.
  7. "Keeping Munda in mind". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  • Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
  • Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

Further reading
  • Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 351–390.
  • Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 442–457
  • Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 406–431.
  • Newberry, J. (2000). North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. ISBN 0-921599-68-4

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