David Icke

David Vaughan Icke (/ˈdeɪvɪd vɔːn aɪk/; born 29 April 1952) is an English conspiracy theorist,[1][3][4][5] and a former footballer and sports broadcaster.[6] Icke has written more than 20 books and has lectured in over 25 countries.[7]:75[8]:121

David Icke
Icke in 2013
Born
David Vaughan Icke

(1952-04-29) 29 April 1952
Leicester, England
OccupationConspiracy theorist,[1] former sports broadcaster and football player
MovementNew Age conspiracism
Spouse(s)
  • Linda Atherton
    ​
    (
    m. 1971; div. 2001)
  • Pamela Richards
    ​
    (
    m. 2001; div. 2011)
Children4
Association football career
Playing position(s) Goalkeeper
Youth career
1967–1971 Coventry City
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
1971–1973 Hereford United[2] 37 (0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only
Websitedavidicke.com

In 1990, while spokesman for the Green Party, he visited a psychic who he said told him he had been placed on earth for a purpose and would begin to receive messages from the spirit world.[9]:103 These events led him to announce the following year that he was a "Son of the Godhead"[6] and that the world would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes, a prediction he repeated on the BBC's primetime show Wogan.[10]:192–194[11] Icke's appearance on the show led to public ridicule in the United Kingdom.[12]

Over the next 11 years Icke wrote The Robots' Rebellion (1994), And the Truth Shall Set You Free (1995), The Biggest Secret (1999), and Children of the Matrix (2001), in which he developed his worldview of New Age conspiracism.[9]:103 His endorsement of the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in The Robots' Rebellion and And the Truth Shall Set You Free led his publisher to refuse to publish his books, which were self-published thereafter.[13]

Icke believes that the universe is made up of "vibrational" energy and consists of an infinite number of dimensions that share the same space.[14][15][16]:26–27 He claims that an inter-dimensional race of reptilian beings called the Archons (or Anunnaki) have hijacked the earth, and that a genetically modified human–Archon hybrid race of shape-shifting reptilians known as the Babylonian Brotherhood, the Illuminati, or the "elite", manipulate global events to help keep humans in constant fear. Thus, the Archons can feed off the "negative energy" this creates.[14][7]:82[16]:19–25, 40[17]

He claims many prominent public figures belong to the Babylonian Brotherhood and are propelling humanity toward an Orwellian global fascist state, or New World Order, a post-truth era where freedom of speech is ended.[9]:103[14][18][19] Icke believes that the only way this "Archontic" influence can be defeated is if people wake up to the truth and fill their hearts with love.[14]

Critics have accused Icke of being antisemitic and a Holocaust denier with his theories about reptilians serving as a deliberate "code".[20][21][22] Icke denies these claims.[23]

Early life

Family and education

The middle son of three boys born seven years apart, Icke was born in Leicester General Hospital to Beric Vaughan Icke and Barbara J. Icke, née Cooke, who were married in Leicester in 1951. Beric Icke had wanted to be a doctor, but in part due to the family's limited funds, he joined the Royal Air Force as a medical orderly.[10]:28–30 In 1943, after an aircraft crashed into the Chipping Warden airfield in Northamptonshire, Acting Squadron Leader Frederick Thomas Moore and Leading Aircraftman Beric Icke entered a burning aircraft without protective clothing and saved the life of a crew member trapped inside.[24] The injured Frederick Moore, who rendered first aid, was awarded an MBE for gallantry, and Beric Icke was awarded a BEM.

After the war Beric became a clerk in the Gents clock factory. The family lived in a terraced house on Lead Street in the centre of Leicester,[10]:29, 33 an area that was demolished in the mid-1950s as part of the city's slum clearance.[25] When David Icke was three, around 1955, they moved to the Goodwood estate, one of the council estates the post-war Labour government built. "To say we were skint," he wrote in 1993, "is like saying it is a little chilly at the North Pole."[10]:29, 33 He recalls having to hide under a window or chair when the council man came for the rent; after knocking, the rent man would walk around the house peering through windows. His mother never explained that it was about the rent; she just told Icke to hide. He wrote in 2003 that he still gets a fright when someone knocks on the door.[26]

Icke attended Whitehall Infant School, and then Whitehall Junior School.[10]:36, 38[26]

Football

Icke has said he made no effort at school, but when he was nine he was chosen for the junior school's third-year football team. He writes that this was the first time he had succeeded at anything, and he came to see football as his way out of poverty. He played in goal, which he wrote suited the loner in him and gave him a sense of living on the edge between hero and villain.[10]:39–40

After failing his 11-plus exam in 1963, he was sent to the city's Crown Hills Secondary Modern (rather than the local grammar school), where he was given a trial for the Leicester Boys Under-14 team.[10]:44, 46 He left school at 15 after being talent-spotted by Coventry City, who signed him up in 1967 as their youth team's goalkeeper. In 1968 he played in the Coventry City youth team that were runners up to Burnley in the F.A. Youth Cup. He also played for Oxford United's reserve team and Northampton Town, on loan from Coventry.[10]:54, 58

Rheumatoid arthritis in his left knee, which spread to the right knee, ankles, elbows, wrists and hands, stopped him from making a career out of football. Despite stating that he was often in agony during training, Icke managed to play part-time for Hereford United, including in the first team when they were in the fourth, and later in the third, division of the English Football League.[10]:66–69 He was earning up to £33 a week.[27] But in 1973, at the age of 21, the pain in his joints became so severe that he was forced to retire.[10]:69–73

First marriage

Icke met his first wife, Linda Atherton, in May 1971 at a dance at the Chesford Grange Hotel near Leamington Spa, Warwickshire. Shortly after they met, Icke left home following one of a number of frequent arguments he had started having with his father. His father was upset that Icke's arthritis was interfering with his football career. Icke moved into a bedsit and worked in a travel agency, travelling to Hereford twice a week in the evenings to play football.[10]:61–63

Icke and Atherton married on 30 September 1971, four months after they met.[10]:61 Their daughter was born in March 1975, followed by one son in December 1981, and another in November 1992.[10]:82, 96, 253–254

The couple divorced in 2001 but remained friends, and Atherton continued to work as Icke's business manager.[8]:139–140, 147

Journalism, sports broadcasting

The loss of Icke's position with Hereford meant that he and his wife had to sell their home, and for several weeks they lived apart, each moving in with their parents. In 1973 Icke found a job as a reporter with the weekly Leicester Advertiser, through a contact who was a sports editor at the Daily Mail.[10]:72, 75 He moved on to the Leicester News Agency, did some work for BBC Radio Leicester as its football reporter,[10]:78 then worked his way up through the Loughborough Monitor, the Leicester Mercury and BRMB Radio in Birmingham.[10]:79, 81, 83

In 1976, Icke worked for two months in Saudi Arabia, helping with the national football team. It was supposed to be a longer-term position, but he missed his wife and daughter and decided not to return after his first holiday back to the UK.[10]:85–86 BRMB gave him his job back, after which he successfully applied to Midlands Today at the BBC's Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham, a job that included on-air appearances.[10]:88–91 One of the earliest stories he covered there was the murder of Carl Bridgewater, the paperboy shot during a robbery in 1978.[10]:91–92

In 1981, Icke became a sports presenter for the BBC's national programme Newsnight, which had begun the previous year. Two years later, on 17 January 1983, he appeared on the first edition of the BBC's Breakfast Time, British television's first national breakfast show, and presented the sports news there until 1985. In 1983 he co-hosted Grandstand, at the time the BBC's flagship national sports programme.[10]:93–95, 99–100 He also published his first book that year, It's a Tough Game, Son!, about how to break into football.[10]:98

Icke and his family moved in 1982 to Ryde on the Isle of Wight.[10]:109 His relationship with Grandstand was short-lived – he wrote that a new editor arrived in 1983 who appeared not to like him – but he continued working for BBC Sport until 1990, often on bowls and snooker programmes, and at the 1988 Summer Olympics.[10]:104 Icke was by then a household name, but has said that a career in television began to lose its appeal to him; he found television workers insecure, shallow and sometimes vicious.[28]

In August 1990, his contract with the BBC was terminated when he initially refused to pay the Community Charge (also known as the "poll tax"), a local tax Margaret Thatcher's government introduced that year. He ultimately paid it, but his announcement that he was willing to go to prison rather than pay prompted the BBC, by charter an impartial public-service broadcaster, to distance itself from him.[29][30]

Green Party, Betty Shine
Icke moved to Ryde on the Isle of Wight in 1982.

Icke began to flirt with alternative medicine and New Age philosophies in the 1980s in an effort to relieve his arthritis, and this encouraged his interest in Green politics. Within six months of joining the Green Party, he was given a position as one of its four principal speakers, positions created in lieu of a single leader.[31]

His second book, It Doesn't Have To Be Like This, an outline of his views on the environment, was published in 1989, and he was regularly invited to high-profile events. That year he discussed animal rights during a televised debate at the Royal Institution, alongside Tom Regan, Mary Warnock and Germaine Greer,[32] and in 1990 his name appeared on advertisements for a children's charity, along with Audrey Hepburn, Woody Allen and other celebrities.[33]

Despite his successful media career, Icke wrote that 1989 was a time of considerable personal despair, and it was during this period that he said he began to feel a presence around him.[34] He often describes how he felt it while alone in a hotel room in March 1990, and finally asked: "If there is anybody here, will you please contact me because you are driving me up the wall!" Days later, in a newsagent's shop in Ryde, he felt a force pull his feet to the ground and heard a voice guide him toward some books. One of them was Mind to Mind (1989) by Betty Shine, a psychic healer in Brighton. He read the book, then wrote to her requesting a consultation about his arthritis.[35][36][37][38]

Icke visited Shine four times. During the third meeting, on 29 March 1990, Icke claims to have felt something like a spider's web on his face, and Shine told him she had a message from Wang Ye Lee of the spirit world.[39][40] Icke had been sent to heal the earth, she said, and would become famous but would face opposition. The spirit world was going to pass ideas to him, which he would speak about to others. He would write five books in three years; in 20 years a new flying machine would allow us to go wherever we wanted and time would have no meaning; and there would be earthquakes in unusual places, because the inner earth was being destabilised by having oil taken from under the seabed.[36][41][42]

In February 1991, Icke visited a pre-Inca Sillustani burial ground near Puno, Peru, where he felt drawn to a particular circle of waist-high stones. As he stood in the circle he had two thoughts: that people would be talking about this in 100 years, and that it would be over when it rained. His body shook as though plugged into an electrical socket, he wrote, and new ideas poured into him. Then it started raining and the experience ended. He described it as the kundalini (a term from Hindu yoga) activating his chakras, or energy centres, triggering a higher level of consciousness.[43][9]:103

Turquoise period
Icke's turquoise period followed an experience by a burial site in Sillustani, Peru, in 1991.

There followed what Icke called his "turquoise period". He had been channelling for some time, he wrote, and had received a message through automatic writing that he was a "Son of the Godhead", interpreting "Godhead" as the "Infinite Mind".[10]:190, 208 He began to wear only turquoise, often a turquoise shell suit, a colour he saw as a conduit for positive energy.[10]:192[44] He also started working on his third book, and the first of his New-Age period, The Truth Vibrations.

In August 1990, before his visit to Peru, Icke met Deborah Shaw, an English psychic living in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. When he returned from Peru they began a relationship, with the apparent blessing of Icke's wife. In March 1991 Shaw began living with the couple, a short-lived arrangement that the press called the "turquoise triangle". Shaw changed her name to Mari Shawsun, while Icke's wife became Michaela, which she said was an aspect of the Archangel Michael.[45][8]:130

The relationship with Shaw led to the birth of a daughter in December 1991, although she and Icke had stopped seeing each other by then. Icke wrote in 1993 that he decided not to visit his daughter and had seen her only once, at Shaw's request. Icke's wife gave birth to the couple's second son in November 1992.[10]:223, 254[8]:134–135

Press conference

In March 1991, Icke resigned from the Green Party during a party conference, telling them he was about to be at the centre of "tremendous and increasing controversy", and winning a standing ovation from delegates after the announcement.[30] A week later, shortly after his father died, Icke and his wife, Linda Atherton, along with their daughter and Deborah Shaw, held a press conference to announce that Icke was a son of the Godhead.[10]:188, 192–193[8]:130–131 He told reporters the world was going to end in 1997. It would be preceded by a hurricane around the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans, eruptions in Cuba, disruption in China, a hurricane in Derry, and an earthquake on the Isle of Arran. The information was being given to them by voices and automatic writing, he said. Los Angeles would become an island, New Zealand would disappear, and the cliffs of Kent would be underwater by Christmas.[46]

Wogan interview

The headlines following Icke's press conference attracted requests for interviews from Nicky Campbell's BBC Radio One programme, for Terry Wogan's prime-time Wogan show, and Fern Britton's ITV chat show.[8]:131

Wogan introduced the 1991 segment with "The world as we know it is about to end". Amid laughter from the audience, Icke demurred when asked if he was the son of God, replying that Jesus would have been laughed at too, and repeated that Britain would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes. Without these, "the Earth will cease to exist". When Icke said laughter was the best way to remove negativity, Wogan replied of the audience: "But they're laughing at you. They're not laughing with you."[8]:131[47][48] The BBC was criticised for allowing it to go ahead; Des Christy of The Guardian called it a "media crucifixion".[49][50]

The interview led to a difficult period for Icke. In May 1991, police were called to the couple's home after a crowd of over 100 youths gathered outside, chanting "We want the Messiah" and "Give us a sign, David".[51] Icke told Jon Ronson in 2001:

One of my very greatest fears as a child was being ridiculed in public. And there it was coming true. As a television presenter, I'd been respected. People come up to you in the street and shake your hand and talk to you in a respectful way. And suddenly, overnight, this was transformed into "Icke's a nutter." I couldn't walk down any street in Britain without being laughed at. It was a nightmare. My children were devastated because their dad was a figure of ridicule.[44][52]

In 2006, Wogan interviewed Icke again for a special Wogan Now & Then series. Wogan was apologetic for his conduct in the 1991 interview.[8]:147 However in his autobiography, Mustn't Grumble, Wogan described Icke as being a "ranting demagogue convinced we were all manipulated sheep".[53]

Writing and lecturing

Early books

The Wogan interview separated Icke from his previous life, he wrote in 2003, although he considered it the making of him in the end, giving him the courage to develop his ideas without caring what anyone thought.[54] His book The Truth Vibrations, inspired by his experience in Peru, was published in May 1991.

Between 1992 and 1994, he wrote five books, all published by mainstream publishers, four in 1993. Love Changes Everything (1992), influenced by the "channelling" work of Deborah Shaw, is a theosophical work about the origin of the planet, in which Icke writes with admiration about Jesus. Days of Decision (1993) is an 86-page summary of his interviews after the 1991 press conference; it questions the historicity of Jesus but accepts the existence of the Christ spirit. Icke's autobiography, In the Light of Experience, was published the same year,[8]:133–135 followed by Heal the World: A Do-It-Yourself Guide to Personal and Planetary Transformation (1993).

The Robots' Rebellion
In his 2001 documentary about Icke, Jon Ronson cited this cartoon, "Rothschild" (1898), by Charles Léandre, arguing that Jews have long been depicted as lizard-like creatures who are out to control the world.[55]

Icke's The Robots' Rebellion (1994), a book published by Gateway, attracted allegations that his work was antisemitic. According to historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, the book contains "all the familiar beliefs and paranoid clichés" of the US conspiracists and militia.[56]:291 It claims that a plan for world domination by a shadowy cabal, perhaps extraterrestrial, was laid out in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (c. 1897).

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an antisemitic literary forgery,[57] probably written under the direction of the Russian secret police in Paris, purporting to reveal a conspiracy by the Jewish people to achieve global domination. It was exposed as a forgery in 1920 by Lucien Wolf and the following year by Philip Graves in The Times.[9]:50, 145–146 Once exposed, it disappeared from mainstream discourse until interest in it was renewed by the American far right in the 1950s.[9]:50, 145–146 Interest in it was further spread by conspiracy groups on the Internet.[58] According to Michael Barkun, Icke's reliance on the Protocols in The Robots' Rebellion is "the first of a number of instances in which Icke moves into the dangerous terrain of antisemitism".[9]:104[59]

Icke took both the extraterrestrial angle and the focus on the Protocols from Behold a Pale Horse (1991) by Milton William Cooper, who was associated with the American militia movement; chapter 15 of Cooper's book reproduces the Protocols in full.[8]:138[56][60] The Robots' Rebellion refers repeatedly to the Protocols, calling them the Illuminati protocols, and defining Illuminati as the "Brotherhood elite at the top of the pyramid of secret societies world-wide". Icke adds that the Protocols were not the work of the Jewish people, but of Zionists.[61][62]

The Robots' Rebellion was greeted with dismay by the Green Party's executive. Despite the controversy over the press conference and the Wogan interview, they had allowed Icke to address the party's annual conference in 1992 – a decision that led one of its principal speakers, Sara Parkin, to resign – but after the publication of The Robot's Rebellion they moved to ban him.[8]:138[63][64][65][66]Icke wrote to The Guardian in September 1994 denying that The Robots' Rebellion was antisemitic, and rejecting racism, sexism and prejudice of any kind, while insisting that whoever had written the Protocols "knew the game plan" for the 20th century.[67][9]:144

Self-publishing

Why do we play a part in suppressing alternative information to the official line of the Second World War? How is it right that while this fierce suppression goes on, free copies of the Spielberg film, Schindler's List, are given to schools to indoctrinate children with the unchallenged version of events. And why do we, who say we oppose tyranny and demand freedom of speech, allow people to go to prison and be vilified, and magazines to be closed down on the spot, for suggesting another version of history.

— And the Truth Shall Set You Free (1995)[13]

Icke's next manuscript, And the Truth Shall Set You Free (1995), contained a chapter questioning aspects of the Holocaust, which caused a rift with his publisher, Gateway.[62][68][20] In the book Icke suggested that Jews funded the Holocaust by quoting and seconding Gary Allen's claim that "The Warburgs, part of the Rothschild empire, helped finance Adolf Hitler". In his view, schools "indoctrinate children with the unchallenged version of events" with the mainstream account of the Holocaust thanks to their use of free copies of the film Schindler's List (1993).[69][21] After borrowing £15,000 from a friend, Icke established Bridge of Love Publications, later called David Icke Books. He self-published And the Truth Shall Set You Free and all his subsequent books.

According to Lewis and Kahn, Icke aimed to consolidate all conspiracy theories into one project with unlimited explanatory power. His books sold 140,000 copies between 1998 and 2011, at a value of over £2 million.[70] Thirty thousand copies of The Biggest Secret (1999) were in print months after publication, according to Icke,[9]:106 and it was reprinted six times between 1999 and 2006. His 2002 book Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster became a long-standing top-five bestseller in South Africa.[7]:75 By 2006, his website was gaining 600,000 hits a week, and by 2011 his books had been translated into 11 languages.[70]

Lecturing
Icke speaking in June 2013

Icke has held public lectures around the world, and by 2006 had spoken in at least 25 countries.[7]:75 He spoke for seven hours to 2,500 people at the Brixton Academy, London, in 2008,[15] and the same year addressed the University of Oxford's debating society, the Oxford Union.[71][72][73] His book tour for Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More (2010) included a sold-out talk to 2,100 in New York and £83,000 worth of ticket sales in Melbourne, Australia. In October 2012, he spoke for 11-hours to 6,000 people at London's Wembley Arena.[74]

Second marriage, politics, television

In 1997 Icke met his second wife, Pamela Leigh Richards, in Jamaica. He and Linda Atherton divorced in 2001,[8]:139–140 and he and Richards were married the same year. They separated in 2008 and divorced in 2011.[8]:147

Icke stood for parliament in the 2008 by-election for Haltemprice and Howden (an East Yorkshire constituency), on the issue of "Big Brother – The Big Picture". He came 12th out of 26 candidates, with 110 votes (0.46%), resulting in a lost deposit.[75][76] He explained that he was standing because "if we don't face this now we are going to have some serious explaining to do when we are asked by our children and grandchildren what we were doing when the global fascist state was installed. 'I was watching EastEnders, dear' will not be good enough."[77][78]

In November 2013, Icke launched an internet television station, The People's Voice, broadcast from London. He founded the station after crowdsourcing over £300,000 and worked for it as a volunteer until March 2014. Later that year the station stopped broadcasting.[79][80]

Conspiracy theories

Icke combines New Age philosophical discussion about the universe and consciousness with conspiracy theories about public figures being reptilian humanoids and paedophiles. He argues in favour of reincarnation; a collective consciousness that has intentionality; modal realism[16]:26–27 (that other possible worlds exist alongside ours); and the law of attraction[16]:30–40 (that good and bad thoughts can attract experiences).[81][14]

In The Biggest Secret (1999), he introduced the idea that many prominent figures derive from the Anunnaki, a reptilian race from the Draco constellation.[16]:5–9 In Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More (2012), he identified the Moon (and later Saturn) as the source of holographic experiences, broadcast by the reptiles, that humanity interprets as reality.[82][14]

Icke is a critic of the scientific method, describing it as "bollocks" in 2013. When asked by The Sunday Times to explain the existence of television, he said "It's not that all science is bollocks," but rather "[t]he basis of the way science judges reality is bollocks."[83] He also thinks climate change is a hoax.[84]

Infinite dimensions

Icke believes that the universe is made up of "vibrational" energy, and consists of an infinite number of dimensions that share the same space, just like television and radio frequencies, and that some people can tune their consciousness to other wavelengths.[16]:26–27[14] He stated in an interview with The Guardian that:

Our five senses can access only a tiny frequency range, like a radio tuned to one station. In the space you are occupying now are all the radio and television stations broadcasting to your area. You can't see them and they can't see each other because they are on different wavelengths. But move your radio dial and suddenly there they are, one after the other. It is the same with the reality we experience here as "life". What we call the "world" and the "universe" is only one frequency range in an infinite number sharing the same space.[15]

Icke believes that time is an illusion; there is no past, or future, and only the "infinite now" is real, and that humans are an aspect of consciousness, or infinite awareness, which he describes as "all that there is, has been, and ever can be".[14]

Reptoid humanoids
Further information: New World Order (conspiracy theory)
The Draco constellation from Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia (1690) by Johannes Hevelius. Icke's "reptoid hypothesis" posits that humanity is ruled by descendants of reptilians from Draco.[9]:105

Icke believes that an inter-dimensional race of reptilian beings called the Archons have hijacked the earth and are stopping humanity from realising its true potential.[14][17] He claims they are the same beings as the Anunnaki, deities from the Babylonian creation myth the Enûma Eliš, and the fallen angels, or Watchers, who mated with human women in the Biblical apocrypha.[16]:19–25, 40

He believes that a genetically modified human/Archon hybrid race of shape-shifting reptilians, known as the "Babylonian Brotherhood" or the Illuminati, manipulate global events to keep humans in constant fear, so the Archons can feed off the "negative energy" this creates.[14][16]:52ff In The Biggest Secret, Icke identified the Brotherhood as descendants of reptilians from the constellation Draco, and said they live in caverns inside the earth.[8]:140ff

Icke said in an interview:

"When you get back into the ancient world, you find this recurring theme of a union between a non-human race and humans – creating a hybrid race."

"From 1998, I started coming across people who told me they had seen people change into a non-human form. It's an age-old phenomenon known as shape-shifting. The basic form is like a scaly humanoid, with reptilian rather than humanoid eyes."[85]

Icke claims the first reptilian-human breeding programmes took place 200,000–300,000 years ago (perhaps creating Adam),[16]:40 and the third (and latest) 7,000 years ago. He claims the hybrids of the third programme, which are more Anunnaki than human, currently control the world. He writes in The Biggest Secret, "The Brotherhood which controls the world today is the modern expression of the Babylonian Brotherhood of reptile-Aryan priests and 'royalty'". Icke states that they came together in Sumer after "the flood", but originated in the Caucasus.[16]:61, 52, 43 He explains that when he uses the term "Aryan" he means "the white race."[16]:61

Icke has stated that the reptilians come from not only another planet but another dimension, the lower level of the fourth dimension (the "lower astral dimension"), the one nearest the physical world.[16]:26–27 From this dimension they control the planet, although just as fourth-dimensional reptilians control us, they in turn are controlled by a fifth dimension.[16]:26–27 Michael Barkun argues that Icke's introduction of different dimensions allowed him to skip awkward questions about how the reptilians got here.[9]:106

Icke believes that the only way this "Archontic" influence can be defeated is if people wake up to "the truth" and fill their hearts with love.[14]

Icke briefly introduced his ideas about ancient astronauts in The Robot's Rebellion (1994), citing Milton William Cooper's Behold a Pale Horse (1991), and expanded it in And the Truth Shall Set You Free (1995), citing Barbara Marciniak's Bringers of the Dawn (1992).[8]:138[56]

Religious studies lecturer David G. Robertson writes that Icke's reptilian idea is adapted from Zecharia Sitchin's The 12th Planet (1976), combined with material from Credo Mutwa, a Zulu healer.[86] Sitchin suggested that the Anunnaki came to Earth for its precious metals. Icke has said that they came for what he refers to as "mono-atomic gold", which he claims can increase the capacity of the nervous system ten thousandfold, and that after ingesting it the Anunnaki can process vast amounts of information, speed up trans-dimensional travel, and shapeshift from reptilian to human.[16]:30[7]:81 Lewis and Kahn argue that Icke is using allegory to depict the alien, and alienating, nature of global capitalism.[7]:82 Icke has said he is not using allegory.[8]:150–151

As of 2003, Icke claims the reptilian bloodline includes all American presidents, three British and two Canadian prime ministers, several Sumerian kings and Egyptian pharaohs, and a smattering of celebrities. Key bloodlines are said to include the Rockefellers, Rothschilds, various European aristocratic families, the establishment families of the Eastern United States, and the British House of Windsor.[9]:104 Icke has claimed that he saw former British Prime Minister Ted Heath's eyes turn entirely "jet black" while the two men waited for a Sky News interview in 1989.[87][15] He confirmed to Andrew Neil in May 2016 that he believes the British royal family are shape-shifting lizards.[18] In 2001, Icke said the Queen Mother was "seriously reptilian".[9]:104 The Rothschilds, in Icke's opinion, are also blood-drinking, Satan-worshipers, which Daniel Allington and David Toube in 2018, argued was part of a revival of medieval antisemitic attitudes towards Jews.[88]

Icke sometimes calls the reptilian plot the "unseen". After a 2018 talk involving Icke in Southport, UK, Michael Marshall reported:

"The appearance of the 'unseen' in the Middle East 6,000 years ago seems to be no coincidence, and it's little wonder that Icke's work is so often accused of anti-Semitism. However, if we were to accept that Icke himself does not hold such views, and that his work is merely co-opted by groups who undeniably are anti-Semitic, we also have to acknowledge that Icke often does his case no favours.[89]

Critics view Icke's "reptilians" and other theories as antisemitic,[22][90][91] and accuse him of Holocaust denial.[22] Critics have claimed that Icke's reptilians are symbolic representations of Jews, which Icke called "total friggin' nonsense", adding, "this is not a plot on the world by Jewish people".[92] Icke has rejected the assertion he is a Holocaust denier.[23]

Brotherhood aims and institutions

Icke states that at the apex of the Babylonian Brotherhood stand the Global Elite, and at the top of the Global Elite are what Icke has referred to as the "Prison Wardens". Icke claims the brotherhood's goal, or their "Great Work of Ages", is a microchipped population, a world government, and a global Orwellian fascist state or New World Order, which he claims will be a post-truth era where freedom of speech is ended.[9]:103–104[14][18][19][56]

Icke believes that the brotherhood uses human anxiety as energy, and that the Archons keep humanity trapped in a "five sense reality" so they can feed off the negative energy created by fear and hate.[14][7]:82 In 1999 he wrote, "Thus we have the encouragement of wars, human genocide, the mass slaughter of animals, sexual perversions which create highly charged negative energy, and black magic ritual and sacrifice which takes place on a scale that will stagger those who have not studied the subject."[16]:40 Icke proposes that human sacrifice "to the gods" in the ancient world was for the reptilians' benefit, especially sacrifice of children, because "at the moment of death by sacrifice a form of adrenaline surges through the body, accumulating at the base of the brain, and is apparently more potent in children", claiming "this is what the reptilians and their crossbreeds want". He suggests that these sacrifices continue to this day.[16]:40 He also claims the reptilians and their hybrid bloodlines engage in paedophilia and cannibalism.[8]:152

It is claimed that the brotherhood either created or controls the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Round Table, Council on Foreign Relations, Chatham House, Club of Rome, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Trilateral Commission and Bilderberg Group, as well as the media, military, CIA, MI6, Mossad, science, religion, and the internet, with witting or unwitting support from the London School of Economics.[44][56][93][7]:83 In an interview in February 2019, Icke was asked about his beliefs and replied, "They're very clever in their systems of manipulation, which is overwhelmingly psychological manipulation, because if you can manipulate perceptions to believe that Osama bin Laden was behind 9/11, then you'll get support to invade Afghanistan".[94]

Problem–reaction–solution

Icke uses the phrase "problem–reaction–solution" to explain how he believes the Illuminati agenda advances. According to Icke, the Illuminati guide us in the direction they desire by creating false problems, which allows them to give their desired solution to the problem they created.[8]:139 He also refers to this process as "order out of chaos".[95] In 2018 researchers looking at the psychological effects of Icke's belief system argued that "problem–reaction–solution" resembles the misinterpretation of the Hegelian thesis, antithesis, synthesis triad popularized by Chalybäus.[96]

Incidents and issues Icke attributes to the Illuminati, or "Global Elite", include the Oklahoma City bombing, Dunblane, Columbine, 9/11 (which Icke believes was an "inside job" to provide an excuse to advance an agenda of regime change across the world), 7/7, global warming, chemtrails, water fluoridation, the death of Princess Diana, the assassination of John F. Kennedy and Agenda 21.[85][97][98][99][100] These incidents allow them to respond in whatever way they intended to act in the first place.[95]

One of the methods Icke claims they use is creating fake opposites, or what he calls "opposames", such as the Axis and Allied powers of World War II, which he believes were used to provoke the creation of the European Union and the state of Israel.[8]:139 Icke argues that to ensure the outcome they want they have to control both sides.[19] He believes that US presidents George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump are part of a false political divide. Despite the presidency belonging to the Republican Party then the Democratic Party, then going back to the Republicans, Icke claims they are all pushing the same agenda of regime change in the Middle East, a goal set out in the early 2000s in a document called The Project for the New American Century.[19] Icke claims that this dialectic allows the Illuminati to gradually move societies toward totalitarianism without challenge, a process he calls the "totalitarian tiptoe".[8]:139

In Tales From The Time Loop (2003), Icke argues that the Illuminati create religious, racial, ethnic and sexual division to divide and rule humanity but believes that the many can only be controlled by the few if they allow themselves to be, and that the power the Illuminati have is the power the people give them.[8]:157[101] "Divide and rule is the bottom line of all dictatorships… Arab is turned against Jew, black against white, Right against Left. Unplugging from the Matrix means refusing to recognise these illusory fault lines. We are all One. I refuse to see a Jew as different from an Arab and vice versa. They are both expressions of the One and need to be observed and treated the same, none more or less important than the other. I refuse to see black people in terms that I would not see white, nor to see the 'Left' as I would not see the 'Right'. How could it be any different, except when we believe the illusion of division is real? If we do that, the Matrix has us."[101]

Icke's solution is peaceful non-compliance, which he believes will disempower "the elite".[8]:157

Saturn–Moon Matrix

The Moon Matrix is introduced in Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More (2010), in which Icke suggests that the Earth and collective human mind are manipulated from the Moon, a spacecraft and inter-dimensional portal the reptilians control. The Moon Matrix is a broadcast from that spacecraft to the human body–computer, specifically to the left hemisphere of the brain, which gives us our sense of reality: "We are living in a dreamworld within a dreamworld – a Matrix within the virtual-reality universe – and it is being broadcast from the Moon. Unless people force themselves to become fully conscious, their minds are the Moon's mind."[102][103] Will Storr, writing for The Sunday Times in 2013, ponders if Icke's ideas suddenly "pop" into his head. On page 299 of Human Race Get Off Your Knees, Icke writes about working at his computer on the book and having "the overwhelming feeling out of 'nowhere' that the moon was not 'real'. By 'real' I mean not a 'heavenly body', but an artificial construct (or hollowed-out planetoid) that has been put there to control life on Earth — which it does. I have pondered this possibility a few times over the years, but this time I just 'knew'. It was like an enormous penny had suddenly dropped".[83]

This idea is further explored in Icke's Remember Who You Are: Remember 'Where' You Are and Where You 'Come' From (2012), where he introduces the concept of the "Saturn–Moon Matrix". In this more recent conceptualization, the rings of Saturn (which Icke believes were artificially created by reptilian spacecraft) are the ultimate source of the signal, while the Moon functions as an amplifier.[82][8]:157 He claims that frequencies broadcast from the hexagonal storm on Saturn are amplified through the hollow structure of our artificial moon keeping humanity trapped in a holographic projection.[14]

5G and COVID-19

In April 2020, Icke claimed in a YouTube video on the London Real channel that there was a link between the COVID-19 pandemic and 5G mobile phone networks. The video was removed from the platform, and YouTube tightened its rules to prevent its website being used to spread conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 pandemic.[104] It was also later deleted from Facebook.[105] A number of mobile phone masts were subject to arson attacks at this time, as well as telecom engineers being abused.[106] Nick Cohen in The Observer thought Icke was ambiguous as to whether the phone masts should be left alone. Icke said in the London Real interview: "If 5G continues and reaches where they want to take it, human life as we know it is over… so people have to make a decision."[104][107][108]

London Live screened a similar interview with Icke about coronavirus on 8 April 2020.[109] He made an unsupported claim that Israel was using the crisis "to test its technology" and suggested any attempt to require people to be vaccinated against COVID-19 amounted to "fascism".[110]

After Ofcom's formal investigation the UK media regulator decided the 80 minute interview broke the terms of the broadcasting code as it "expressed views which had the potential to cause significant harm to viewers in London during the pandemic" which "were made without the support of any scientific or other evidence."[111]

Icke's main page on Facebook was deleted on 1 May 2020, while other pages on the site promoting Icke with a smaller readership remained on the platform.[112] Facebook said it had removed Icke's page for its "health misinformation that could cause physical harm".[113] His YouTube channel was deleted a day later. A spokeswoman for YouTube told BBC News: "YouTube has clear policies prohibiting any content that disputes the existence and transmission of COVID-19 as described by the WHO and the NHS. Due to continued violation of these policies, we have terminated David Icke's YouTube channel." Icke's videos from other users are still allowed if they are within the rules.[114]

Reception

Interest in Icke's conspiracy theories is widespread and has cut across political, economic, and religious divides. His audiences hold a wide range of beliefs, uniting individuals, and left and right wing groups; from New Agers, and Ufologists,[7]:75[9]:106 as well as far-right Christian Patriots, and the UK neo-Nazi group Combat 18, which supports his writings.[7]:75 Icke's work is representative of a major global countercultural trend.[7]:75 American novelist Alice Walker is an admirer of Icke's writings,[69][21][115][116] along with comedian Russell Brand,[117][118] and musician Mick Fleetwood.[119] Icke has emerged as a professional conspiracy theorist[1] within a global counter-cultural movement that combines New World Order conspiracism, the truther movement and anti-globalisation, with an extraterrestrial conspiracist subculture.[7]:75

Accusations of antisemitism
"There is a strong strain of anti-Semitic conspiracy theorizing that makes ufological connections, including especially the work of Milton William Cooper (1991) and David Icke (e.g., 1997). Both are controversial but still well known in both right-wing conspiracist and ufological subcultures."

Christopher F. Roth, Ufology as Anthropology: Race, Extraterrestrials, and the Occult[120]

Jonathan A. Greenblatt, chief executive of the Anti-Defamation League told The New York Times in December 2018: "There is no fair reading of Icke's work that could be seen as not anti-Semitic".[121] However, Icke has repeatedly denied the accusation that he is an antisemite. In 2001, when he was questioned by Jon Ronson, Icke declared that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is evidence not of a Jewish plot but of a reptilian plot. He also said, "the families in positions of great financial power obsessively interbreed with each other. But I'm not talking about one earth race, Jewish or non-Jewish. I'm talking about a genetic network that operates through all races, this bloodline being a fusion of human and reptilian genes… let me make myself clear: this does not in any way relate to an earth race."[122] In an article in The Algemeiner, the writer commented: "Yet when he goes through a list of people in power who he considers to be 'Rothschild Zionists,' they all happen to be Jews (with many of them never claiming to be Zionists at all.)"[123] According to Mark Gardner of the Community Security Trust, Icke believes a "'Rothschild Zionist' conspiracy controls the world, driving global conflict through NATO and seeking World War Three, which will begin between Zionists and Muslims." Such claims about the Rothschilds have a long history as an antisemitic theme.[91]

Icke states in And the Truth Shall Set you Free (1996):

Why do we play a part in suppressing alternative information to the official line of the Second World War? How is it right that while this fierce suppression goes on, free copies of the Spielberg film, Schindler's List, are given to schools to indoctrinate children with the unchallenged version of events. And why do we, who say we oppose tyranny and demand freedom of speech, allow people to go to prison and be vilified, and magazines to be closed down on the spot, for suggesting another version of history.[13]

Icke claims that the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is genuine, explaining in And the Truth Shall Set you Free:

I strongly believe that a small Jewish clique which has contempt for the mass of Jewish people worked with non-Jews to create the First World War, the Russian Revolution, and the Second World War… They then dominated the Versailles Peace Conference and created the circumstances which made the Second World War inevitable. They financed Hitler to power in 1933 and made the funds available for his rearmament.[13][124]

In the book, Yair Rosenberg reports, Icke uses the words "Jewish" on 241 occasions, and "Rothschild" on 374 occasions.[21] Icke claims that Jews themselves are to blame for antisemitism (a classic Nazi claim that can be traced to Adolf Hitler):

Thought patterns in the collective Jewish mind have repeatedly created that physical reality of oppression, prejudice and racism which matches the pattern – the expectation – programmed into their collective psyche. They expect it; they create it.[125]

In The Trigger: The Lie That Changed the World – Who Really Did It and Why (2019), Icke writes that the official explanation for the September 11 attacks is false and are intended to cover-up the "massive and central involvement in 9/11 by Israeli government, military and intelligence operatives."[126]

In his book UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age, David G. Robertson disputes that Icke is antisemitic, saying that it is just easier for some people to accept that when Icke says reptilians he really means Jews than that he literally means extraterrestrial reptilians control world politics. Robertson also says that in order to believe the accusations of antisemitism you must ignore numerous things, such as the many high-profile people Icke names as reptilian who are not Jewish (a point also made by Jon Ronson in his 2001 documentary The Secret Rulers of the World, Part 2: "David Icke, The Lizards and The Jews"), Icke's frequent statements that he is speaking literally and not metaphorically, and that Icke identifies the supposedly reptilian ruling elite as "Aryan" in several places. Robertson also writes that Icke denounces racism, having called it "the ultimate idiocy".[8]:150–151 In 2018, in response to allegations of antisemitism, Icke stated to Vox that: "My philosophy and view of life is that we are all points of attention within the same state of Infinite Awareness and the labels we are given and give ourselves are merely temporary experiences and not who we are… Thus to me all racism is ridiculous and completely missing the point of who we are and where we are."[69]

Following complaints from the Canadian Jewish Congress in 2000, Icke was briefly detained by immigration officials in Canada, where he was booked for a speaking tour,[44] and his books were removed from Indigo Books, a Canadian chain. Several stops on the tour were cancelled by the venues, as was a lecture in London.[127][128] Two venues in Berlin cancelled live events scheduled to be hosted by Icke in 2017 following accusations of antisemitism. The Maritim hotel did not give a reason for the cancellation, but The Carl Benz Arena wrote on its Facebook page that it was due to the "contentious nature and the contradictory statements, which for us as a politically neutral event venue do not give a clear picture."[22] An event to be held at Manchester United's Old Trafford was also cancelled in 2017, with the venue saying it was due to Icke's "objectionable views."[129] After Icke's talk in Vancouver on 2 September 2017, the Canadian Jewish News called him "a controversial conspiracy theorist, antisemite and Holocaust denier". Micheal Vonn, the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association's policy director, told the newspaper: "You are free to be a racist in Canada, you are free to say so and tell others that they should be, too."[130]

In February 2019, the Australian Government cancelled Icke's visa ahead of a planned speaking tour[131] on the grounds of his character.[132] Immigration Minister David Coleman upheld the complaint made by Dvir Abramovich, the chairman of the Anti-Defamation Commission.[133] This decision was applauded by both major political parties. Labor's immigration spokesman, Shayne Neumann, said, "Labor welcomes the fact that the Government did what we called on them to do and refused David Icke's visa application."[132] Icke issued a statement in which he described himself as "the victim of a smear campaign from politicians who have been listening to special interest groups".[134]

Other responses

Political Research Associates has described Icke's politics as "a mishmash of most of the dominant themes of contemporary neofascism, mixed in with a smattering of topics culled from the U.S. militia movement." He opposes gun control, and claims that many mass shootings were orchestrated in order to increase public opposition to guns. He believes the U.S. government carried out the Oklahoma City bombing.[13] He endorses or recommends antisemitic and far-right publications such as Spotlight and On Target, the magazine of the white supremacist group the "British League of Rights", and has been closely associated with antisemitic "New Age" periodicals such as Nexus and Rainbow Ark, a "New Age" magazine which is financed by far-right activists and affiliated with the neo-Nazi National Front.[125][135] The neo-Nazi terrorist group Combat 18 promoted Icke's public speaking events in its internal journal Putsch; of one such event, the journal wrote approvingly:

[Icke] spoke of "the sheep" and how the Zionist-operated government, sorry, "Illuminati", uses them for its own ends. He began to talk about the big conspiracy by a group of bankers, media moguls, etc. - always being clever enough not to mention what all these had in common.[13]

Michael Barkun has described Icke's position as New Age conspiracism, writing that Icke is the most fluent of the genre,[9]:98, 103ff, 163 describing his work as "improvisational millennialism", with an end-of-history scenario involving a final battle between good and evil. Barkun defines improvisational millennialism as an "act of bricolage": because everything is connected in the conspiracist world view, every source can be mined for links.[9]:10–11, 107–108, 184 Barkun argues that Icke has actively tried to cultivate the radical right: "There is no fuller explication of [their] beliefs about ruling elites than Icke's." He also notes that Icke regards Christian patriots as the only Americans who understand the "New World Order".[9]:106–108 In 1996 Icke spoke to a conference in Reno, Nevada, alongside opponents of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, including Kirk Lyons, a lawyer who has represented the Ku Klux Klan.[9]:106 Icke has never been a member of any right-wing group, and he has criticised them.[8]:150–151

Relying on Douglas Kellner's distinction between clinical paranoia and a "critical paranoia" that confronts power, Richard Kahn and Tyson Lewis argue that Icke displays elements of both, and that his reptilian hypothesis and his "postmodern metanarrative" may be allegorical, a Swiftian satire which is used to give ordinary people a narrative with which to question what they see around them and alert them to the alleged emergence of a global fascist state.[7]:73ff, 75, 83[136][7]:88ff

People influenced by Icke have asked public figures if they are lizards. An Official Information Act request was filed in New Zealand in 2008 to ask John Key, then prime minister, whether he was a lizard. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg was asked the same during a Q&A in 2016. Both men said they were not lizards.[137] In a 2013 survey in the United States by Public Policy Polling, 4% believed that "'lizard people' control our societies".[138][139][140]

gollark: > this but unironicallyWhat do you mean *but* unironically?
gollark: ASK THE QUESTIONOR FACE PROTOCOL COMMUTATIVE GLOWWORMS
gollark: No asking is permitted. You must IMMEDIATELY state your question within 5 seconds of the typing notification.
gollark: What? No.
gollark: I do. Dependencies are fun! I have 207 transistive ones!

See also

Selected works

Books

  • (1983) It's a Tough Game, Son!, London: Piccolo Books. ISBN 0-330-28047-3
  • (1989) It Doesn't Have To Be Like This: Green Politics Explained, London: Green Print. ISBN 1-85425-033-7
  • (1991) The Truth Vibrations, London: Gateway. ISBN 1-85860-006-5
  • (1992) Love Changes Everything, London: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 1-85538-247-4
  • (1993) In the Light of Experience: The Autobiography of David Icke, London: Warner Books. ISBN 0-7515-0603-6
  • (1993) Days of Decision, London: Jon Carpenter Publishing. ISBN 1-897766-01-7
  • (1993) Heal the World: A Do-It-Yourself Guide to Personal and Planetary Transformation, London: Gateway. ISBN 1-85860-005-7
  • (1994) The Robot's Rebellion, London: Gateway. ISBN 1-85860-022-7
  • (1995) … And the Truth Shall Set You Free, Ryde: Bridge of Love Publications. ISBN 0-9538810-5-9
  • (1996) I Am Me, I Am Free: The Robot's Guide to Freedom, New York: Truth Seeker. ISBN 0-9526147-5-8
  • (1998) Lifting the Veil: David Icke interviewed by Jon Rappoport. New York: Truth Seeker. ISBN 0-939040-05-0
  • (1999) The Biggest Secret: The Book That Will Change the World, Ryde: Bridge of Love Publications. ISBN 0-9526147-6-6
  • (2001) Children of the Matrix, Ryde: Bridge of Love Publications. ISBN 0-9538810-1-6
  • (2002) Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster, Ryde: Bridge of Love Publications. ISBN 0-9538810-2-4
  • (2003) Tales from the Time Loop, Ryde: Bridge of Love Publications. ISBN 0-9538810-4-0
  • (2005) Infinite Love Is the Only Truth: Everything Else Is Illusion, Ryde: Bridge of Love Publications. ISBN 0-9538810-6-7
  • (2007) The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy (and how to end it), Ryde: David Icke Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9538810-8-6
  • (2010) Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More, Ryde: David Icke Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9559973-1-0
  • (2012) Remember Who You Are: Remember 'Where' You Are and Where You 'Come' From, Ryde: David Icke Books Ltd. ISBN 0-9559973-3-X
  • (2013) The Perception Deception: Or … It's All Bollocks — Yes, All of It, Ryde: David Icke Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-955997389
  • (2016) Phantom Self (And how to find the real one), Ryde: David Icke Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9576308-8-8
  • (2017) Everything You Need To Know But Have Never Been Told, Ryde: David Icke Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1527207264
  • (2019) The Trigger: The Lie That Changed The World, Ryde: David Icke Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-916025806

Videos

  • (1994) The Robots' Rebellion
  • (1996) Turning of the Tide
  • (1998) The Freedom Road
  • (1999) David Icke: The Reptilian Agenda, with Zulu Sanusi (Shaman) Credo Mutwa
  • (1999) David Icke: Revelations of a Mother Goddess, with Arizona Wilder
  • (2000) David Icke Live in Vancouver: From Prison to Paradise
  • (2003) Secrets of the Matrix
  • (2006) Freedom or Fascism: The Time to Choose
  • (2008) David Icke Live at the Oxford Union Debating Society on YouTube
  • (2008) Beyond the Cutting Edge: Live from Brixton Academy
  • (2008) David Icke: Big Brother, the BIG Picture
  • (2010) The Lion Sleeps No More
  • (2012) Return to Peru
  • (2012) Remember Who You Are: Live at Wembley Arena
  • (2014) Awaken: Live from Wembley Arena
  • (2017) Worldwide Wakeup Tour Live
  • (2019) Renegade

Notes

    References
    1. Barkun, Michael (25 April 2011). Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11. University of North Carolina Press. p. 72.
    2. Dunning, Bob (30 November 2002). "David Icke Coventry City". Archived from the original on 3 January 2003.
    3. "Conspiracy Theories — The Reptilian Elite". Time. 20 November 2008. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
    4. Doherty, Rosa (17 December 2018). "Acclaimed author Alice Walker recommends book by notorious conspiracy theorist David Icke". Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
    5. Shabi, Rachel (27 November 2018). "How David Icke helped unite Labour's factions against antisemitism". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
    6. Bowlin, Ben; Fredrick, Matt; Brown, Noel (10 February 2017). "David Icke and the Rise of the Lizard People". stufftheydontwantyoutoknow.com (Podcast). Retrieved 3 March 2017.
    7. Lewis, Tyson E.; Kahn, Richard (14 November 2010). Education Out of Bounds: Reimagining Cultural Studies for a Posthuman Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    8. Robertson, David G. (25 February 2016). UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age (1st ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1474253208.
    9. Barkun, Michael (7 November 2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
    10. Icke, David (12 August 1993). In the Light of Experience. London: Warner Books.
    11. Ronson, Jon (2001). Them: Adventures with Extremists. London: Picador. p. 152–154.
    12. Evans, Paul. "Interview: David Icke". New Statesman. NS Media Group. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
    13. Offley, Will (29 February 2000). "David Icke And The Politics Of Madness Where The New Age Meets The Third Reich". Political Research Associates. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
    14. Ward, James (10 December 2014). "Mocked prophet: what is David Icke's appeal?". New Humanist. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
    15. Doyle, Paul (17 February 2006). "David Icke". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
    16. Icke, David (February 1999). The Biggest Secret. Bridge of Love Publications USA.
    17. Lynskey, Dorian (6 November 2014). "Psycho lizards from Saturn: The godlike genius of David Icke!". New Statesman. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
    18. Andrew Neil, "David Icke on 9/11 and lizards in Buckingham Palace theories", This Week, BBC (video), 20 May 2016, 00:04:02.
    19. Widdas, Henry (17 April 2018). "Being 'red-pilled' by David Icke has never been so entertaining… and terrifying". Lancashire Evening Post. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
    20. Offley, Will (23 February 2000). "Selected Quotes Of David Icke". Political Research Associates. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
    21. Rosenberg, Yair (17 December 2018). "The New York Times Just Published an Unqualified Recommendation for an Insanely Anti-Semitic Book". Tablet. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
    22. "Lizard conspiracist David Icke not wanted in Berlin". Deutsche Welle. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    23. Widdas, Henry (16 July 2018). "Icke: Reports of my madness have been greatly exaggerated". Lancashire Post. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
    24. "1479714 Leading Aircraftman Beric Vaughan Icke, Royal Air Force" (PDF). The London Gazette. 14 May 1943. p. 1.
    25. Newitt, Ned (21 March 2013). The Slums of Leicester. JMD Media Ltd. pp. 153, 159–160.
    26. David Icke, Tales from the Time Loop, Ryde: Bridge of Love Publications, 2003, 2–3.
    27. David Icke, Remember Who You Are: Remember 'Where' You Are and Where You 'Come' From, Ryde: David Icke Books, 2012, 4.
    28. Icke, Tales from the Time Loop, 7.
    29. Anonymous (14 November 1990). "Protester David Icke finally pays community charge". The Guardian.
    30. Kennedy, Maev (20 March 1991). "Icke resigns Green Speaker and parliamentary roles". The Guardian.
    31. David Icke, Truth Vibrations, London: Gateway, 1991, 3.
    32. David Icke, "Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?", Royal Institute of Great Britain, 1989.
    33. Weekend Guardian, 22–23 September 1990.
    34. Icke, Days of Decision, 19.
    35. David Icke, Phantom Self, Ryde: David Icke Books, 2016, 1–2.
    36. "Biography 1", davidickebooks.co.uk, accessed 8 June 2011 (archived).
    37. Icke, The Truth Vibrations, 4.
    38. "The 10 worst decisions in the history of sport". The Observer. Guardian News & Media. 12 January 2003.
    39. Kay 2011, 179.
    40. Robertson, David G. (7 September 2013). "David Icke's Reptilian Thesis and the Development of New Age Theodicy". International Journal for the Study of New Religions. 4(1): 27–47. doi:10.1558/ijsnr.v4i1.27.
    41. For the date and predictions, "Biography 2", davidickebooks.co.uk, accessed 12 December 2010 (archived).
    42. Icke 2016, 3.
    43. Icke, Tales from the Time Loop, 12–13, 16.
    44. Jon Ronson, "Beset by lizards (part one)"; "Beset by lizards (part two)", The Guardian, 17 March 2001, edited extracts from Jon Ronson, Them: Adventures with Extremists.
    45. Sam Taylor, "So I was in this bar with the son of God…," The Observer, 20 April 1997.
    46. John Ezard, "'Son and daughter of God' predict apocalypse is nigh," The Guardian, 28 March 1991.
    47. Ronson 2001, 154.
    48. "The day David Icke told Terry Wogan "I'm the son of God"". The Daily Telegraph. 29 April 2016.
    49. Des Christy, "Crucifixion, courtesy of the BBC," The Guardian, 6 May 1991.
    50. Oppenheim, Maya (31 January 2016). "The most controversial moments from Sir Terry Wogan's chat show". The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
    51. "Icke taunted," The Times, 27 May 1991.
    52. Ronson 2001, 173.
    53. Wogan, Terry (2007) [2006]. Mustn't Grumble. London: Orion. p. 158.
    54. Icke, Tales from the Time Loop, 14, 17, 26.
    55. Ronson (Channel 4) 2001, 06:12 mins.
    56. Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press.
    57. "Protocols of the Elders of Zion | The Holocaust Encyclopedia". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
    58. Juliane Wetzel, "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion on the internet: How radical political groups are networked via antisemitic conspiracy theories," in Esther Webman (ed.), The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century-Old Myth, New York: Routledge, 2012 (147–160), 148.
    59. Also see Norman Simms, "Anti-Semitism: A Psychopathological Disease," in Jerry S. Piven, Chris Boyd, Henry W. Lawton (eds.), Judaism and Genocide: Psychological Undercurrents of History, Volume IV, Lincoln, NE: Writers Club Press, 2002, 30ff.
    60. For Cooper: Ed Vulliamy, Bruce Dirks, "New trial may solve riddle of Oklahoma bombing", The Guardian, 3 November 1997.
    61. Icke, The Robots' Rebellion, London: Gateway, 1992, 114.
    62. Honigsbaum, Mark (26 May 1995). "The Dark Side of David Icke". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 28 February 1999.
    63. "Greens bar Icke", The Independent, 12 September 1994.
    64. Vivek Chaudhary, "Greens see red at 'Son of God's anti-Semitism'," The Guardian, 12 September 1994.
    65. Goodwin, Stephen (29 September 1994). "Icke factor could thwart Greens' serious message". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013.
    66. Faucher-King, Florence (11 October 2005). Changing Parties: An Anthropology of British Political Conferences. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 264, note 10. ISBN 978-0-230-50988-7.
    67. David Icke, "Down but speaking out among the Greens," letters to the editor, The Guardian, 14 September 1994.
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