Alpha Kappa Alpha

Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated (ΑΚΑ) is the first historically African American Greek-letter sorority.[4] The organization was founded on five basic tenets:

To cultivate and encourage high scholastic and ethical standards, to promote unity and friendship among college women, to study and help alleviate problems concerning girls and women in order to improve their social stature, to maintain a progressive interest in college life, and to be of 'Service to All Mankind'.[5]

Alpha Kappa Alpha
ΑΚΑ
Crest of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, which was designed by Phyllis Wheatley Waters in 1920.[1]
FoundedJanuary 15, 1908 (1908-01-15)[2]
Howard University
TypePublic Service/Social
EmphasisService and Culture
ScopeInternational
Motto"By Culture and By Merit "[2]
Colors     Salmon Pink
     Apple Green[2]
SymbolIvy leaf[2]
FlowerPink Tea Rose[2]
PublicationIvy Leaf magazine[2]
Chapters1,024[3]
NicknameAKA, Alpha Women, Pretty Girls, Ks
Headquarters5656 S. Stony Island Ave.
Chicago, Illinois 60637
US
Websitewww.aka1908.com
Part of a series on
African Americans
  •  United States portal
  • Category
  • Index

The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at the historically black Howard University in Washington, D.C., by a group of sixteen students led by Ethel Hedgeman Lyle. Forming a sorority broke barriers for African-American women in areas where they had little power or authority due to a lack of opportunities for minorities and women in the early 20th century.[6] Alpha Kappa Alpha was incorporated on January 29, 1913.

One of the largest historically African American Greek-letter organizations consisting of college-educated women of many diverse backgrounds from around the world, the sorority serves through a membership of more than 300,000 women in 1,024 chapters in the United States and several other countries.[3] Women may join through undergraduate chapters at a college or university or they may also join through a graduate chapter after acquiring an undergraduate or advanced college degree.[7]

After the organization's establishment, Alpha Kappa Alpha has helped to improve social and economic conditions through community service programs. Members have improved education through independent initiatives, contributed to community-building by creating programs and associations, such as the Mississippi Health Clinic, and influenced federal legislation by Congressional lobbying through the National Non-Partisan Lobby on Civil and Democratic Rights. The sorority works with communities through service initiatives and progressive programs relating to education, family, health, and business.

Alpha Kappa Alpha is part of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC). The current International President is Dr. Glenda Glover and the sorority's document and pictorial archives are located at Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.

History
Main Hall and Miner Hall in 1868. Miner Hall is located to the left.[8] Miner Hall was the site of Alpha Kappa Alpha's founding on January 15, 1908.[9] The building was demolished in 1961.[10]

Beginnings: 1907–1912

In spring 1907, Ethel Hedgeman led efforts to create a sisterhood at Howard University. Howard faculty member, Ethel Robinson, encouraged Hedgeman by relating her own observances of sorority life at the Women's College at Brown University, even though she was not a member of any sorority while a student at Brown.[11][12] Hedgeman was also inspired by her mentors at Howard. To implement her idea, Hedgeman began recruiting interested classmates during the summer of 1907.[13]

Eventually, nine women including Hedgeman were instrumental in organizing Alpha Kappa Alpha in the fall of 1907.[11][13] With Hedgeman serving as the temporary chairperson,[12] the women wrote the sorority's constitution, devised the motto, chose the favorite colors, and named the sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha.[11] Later in 1908, seven sophomore honor students expressed interest in joining and were accepted without initiation.[11][14] The first initiation was held in a wing of Miner Hall on Howard University on February 11, 1909.[15][16] On May 25, 1909, Alpha Kappa Alpha held its first "Ivy Week," a celebration that included planting ivy at Miner Hall.[17]

Struggles and incorporation: 1912–1913
A 1921 Certificate of Membership from the Gamma Chapter at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign[16]

Alpha Kappa Alpha continued to grow at Howard. By the end of the 1911–12 school year, there were more than twenty members of the sorority and the organization had become an influential part of student life at Howard.[18] Following her graduation in 1912, while attending a meeting with current chapter members in October 1912, former President Nellie Quander learned that all of the newly initiated members of the sorority planned to change the colors, letters, and constitution of the sorority.[19] Quander actively worked with the women who had become ΑΚΑs during the four years of the sorority's existence to maintain the integrity and tenets of Alpha Kappa Alpha. On January 13, 1913, the members who wanted to transform Alpha Kappa Alpha left the organization and formed Delta Sigma Theta. Quander set up a three-person committee that successfully petitioned to incorporate ΑΚΑ as a perpetual entity. Alpha Kappa Alpha was nationally incorporated on January 29, 1913; the 1st African-American sorority to do so.[20]

   Alpha Kappa Alpha Officer Titles[2]   
"Basileus" President
"Anti-Basileus" Vice-President
"Grammateus" Recording Secretary
"Anti-Grammateus" Assistant Secretary
"Pecunious Grammateus" Financial Secretary
"Tamiouchos" Treasurer
"Epistoleus" Corresponding Secretary
"Hodegos" Hostess
"Philacter" Sergeant at Arms
A close up of an Alpha Phi Alpha delegate badge from the 23rd Boulé. The tri-convention—consisting of Alpha Kappa Alpha, Alpha Phi Alpha, and Kappa Alpha Psi—was held from December 27–31, 1940, in Kansas City, Missouri.[16][21]

Expansion and implementation of programs: 1913–1940

Alpha Kappa Alpha continued to grow nationally. A second chapter at the University of Chicago was chartered in fall 1913.[22] In addition, Alpha Kappa Alpha helped to support members by providing scholarship funds for school and foreign studies.[23]

Alpha Kappa Alpha began to unite members at the annual Boulé, the sorority's governing body.[2] The sorority's pledge was written by Grace Edwards and was adopted by the 1920 Boulé.[1] In addition, the sorority's crest was designed by Phyllis Wheatley Waters and accepted in the same Boulé.[1] A year later, at the 1921 Boulé, the Ivy Leaf was designated as "the official organ of Alpha Kappa Alpha," and Founders' Week, paying honor to ΆKΆ's founders was established.[1][24] Pearls were first introduced to the sorority in the same year.[1] The sorority membership pin was accepted in the following Boulé in Kansas City, Missouri.[25] At the 1947 Boulé, pins for honorary members were designed and approved.[26]

On May 10, 1930, Alpha Kappa Alpha, along with the fraternities Kappa Alpha Psi and Omega Psi Phi and sororities Delta Sigma Theta and Zeta Phi Beta, formed the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) at Howard University.[27] Currently consisting of nine predominately black fraternities and sororities, NPHC promotes interaction through forums, meetings, and other mediums for the exchange of information, and engages in cooperative programming and initiatives through various activities and functions.[27]

A 1934 issue of Ivy Leaf, Alpha Kappa Alpha's official organ[2]

Throughout the Great Migration, members assisted the Travelers Aid Society, to help thousands of Southern Blacks adjust to Northern society, find housing and navigate around the city. They also volunteered at the Freedman's Hospital.[24]

In April 1933, during the Great Depression, International President Ida Jackson visited All Saints Industrial School in Lexington, Mississippi. She found difficult conditions in the Mississippi Delta. Some of the teachers did not have an education past the seventh grade. African Americans were trying to make a living sharecropping on plantation land as agricultural prices continued to fall.[28][29] In summer 1934, Ida Jackson initiated the Summer School for Rural Teachers to train future teachers. She worked with a total of 22 student teachers and 243 school children. In addition, she held night classes for 48 adults.[30] By obtaining 2600 books for the school's library, Jackson made it "the largest library owned by white or colored in all Holmes County."[30]

In summer 1938, Ida Jackson focused on poverty and established a regional health clinic. She had acquired $1,000 from the Boulé to fund the project in December 1935.[31] The clinic evolved into the Mississippi Health Project, with Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee appointed as the director.[31]

The Mississippi Health Project brought primary medical care to the rural Black population across the state for six summers.[32][33] The program has been recognized as the first mobile health clinic in the United States, assisting approximately 15,000 people in the Mississippi Delta.[34] The project was noted for helping to decrease cases diphtheria and smallpox in the region and to improve nutritional and dental practices throughout rural Mississippi.[35][36]

Led by incorporator Norma Elizabeth Boyd, the sorority created the National Non-Partisan Lobby on Civil and Democratic Rights (NPC) in 1938, later renamed the National Non-Partisan Council on Public Affairs. It was the first full-time congressional lobby for minority group civil rights.[37][38] Throughout the organization's life, the Non-Partisan Council worked with the NAACP, National Urban League, The United Office and Professional Workers of America, The National Association of Graduate Nurses, the American Federation of Churches, the Colored Women's Club, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Auxiliary, and the New York Voter's League.[39] The NPC was dissolved on July 15, 1948, by twelfth Supreme Basileus Edna Over Gray-Campbell.[38][38] A year later, Alpha Kappa Alpha was the first sorority to apply for life membership in the NAACP.[40]

To replace the NPC, in August 1945, Alpha Kappa Alpha established the American Council on Human Rights (ACHR). The council made recommendations to the government concerning civil rights legislation.[41] The ACHR was proposed at the 1946 Boulé.[41] In October 1946, Alpha Kappa Alpha was the first sorority to obtain observer status at the United Nations.[42] On January 25, 1948, Delta Sigma Theta, Zeta Phi Beta, Sigma Gamma Rho sororities and Alpha Phi Alpha and Phi Beta Sigma fraternities were charter members of the ACHR.[43] Kappa Alpha Psi later was included in March 1949.[44][45]

On September 1, 1945, Alpha Kappa Alpha established The National Health Office in New York City.[34] The National Health Office coordinated activities with local chapters and worked with the ACHC to promote health initiatives before Congress, increase the number of student nurses, and improve the state of health programs at historically Black Colleges and Universities.[46] The National Health Office was dissolved in 1951, as its goals were incorporated into the sorority's international program.[47]

Civil rights and educational training: 1950–1970

Throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, members helped to sponsor job training, reading enrichment, heritage and youth programs. By encouraging youth to improve math, science, and reading skills, the sorority continued a legacy of community service and pledged to enrich the lives of others. Financially, Alpha Kappa Alpha expanded funding for projects in 1953 through the creation and trademark of a fashion show called Fashionetta.[26][48] Politically, ACHR continued lobbying for equality concerning civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s. According to Collier-Thomas, the ACHR drew attention to legislation concerning education, transportation, employment, and improving equality in the armed forces and public places.[49] The ACHR participated in filing civil rights cases in amicus curiae with Bolling v. Sharpe and 1954's Brown v. Board of Education.[50] However, as a whole, ACHR voted to dissolve operations in 1963.[50]

Alpha Kappa Alpha contributed programs for inner city youth by capitalizing on political gains in the White House. On August 20, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act, which allowed the creation of the Job Corps.[51] The sorority wanted to operate a job training center for students. Led by president Julia Purnell, ΆKΆ negotiated with the Office of Economic Opportunity to operate a women's center from October 1964 to January 1965.[51] Alpha Kappa Alpha was awarded a US$4 million grant to operate the Cleveland Job Corps on February 12, 1965, becoming the first sorority to operate a federal job training center.[33][51] Beginning in 1965, the Cleveland Job Corps trained female high school dropouts, aged 16 to 21, with job and educational skills. In 1976, the Cleveland Job Corps accepted males.[33] The sorority operated the Cleveland Job Corps until 1995.[52]

The sorority educated the community through highlighting the accomplishments of notable individuals by publishing The Heritage Series between 1968 and 1972.[16] These pamphlets were a series of biographies of top African-American women. Altogether, the entire collection contained "Women in the Judiciary," "Women in Politics," "Women in Medicine," "Women in Business," and "Women in Dentistry."[53] Alpha Kappa Alpha also donated $20,000 for preserving Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthplace in Atlanta, Georgia, in the early 1970s.[54] In 1978, during the sorority's seventieth anniversary, the Memorial Window at Howard University was dedicated to the founders of Alpha Kappa Alpha. Surviving founders Lavinia Norman and Norma Boyd attended the celebration of unveiling the Memorial Window, designed by Lois Mailou Jones.[55]

Bridging toward the twenty-first century: 1980–2007

Soon after the sorority's 75th anniversary, Alpha Kappa Alpha contributed funds to decrease Africa's poverty with the establishment of African Village Development Program (AVDP).[56] As a conjoint program with Africare, the sorority sought to decrease poverty in African villages.[33][56] In collaboration with the International Foundation for Education and Self-Help (IFESH), the sorority built ten schools in South Africa after apartheid ended, and it donated computer technology to the region.[33][57]

Throughout the 1990s, the sorority continued to provide after-school mentoring programs, such as ON TRACK.[33] ON TRACK, an acronym which stands for "Organizing, Nurturing, Team building, Respecting, Achieving, Counseling and Knowing," was designed to help the progress of 20,000 third graders who were at-risk of failing their education.[58] Sponsored by Daimler Chrysler, ON TRACK was designated to "improve communication, academics, physical and emotional health, peer leadership, etiquette, and interpersonal relationships."[33][58] In addition, programs such as the Ivy Reading AKAdemy and Young Authors Program improved elementary reading comprehension skills, while P.I.M.S. highlighted programs in math and science.[33]

Acting Surgeon General Rear Admiral Kenneth P. Moritsugu addressing participants at the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated's 98th National Founders Day in 2006. Then Alpha Kappa Alpha Executive Director Barbara McKinzie sits to the right.[59]
The purpose of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority is to cultivate and encourage high scholastic and ethical standards, to promote unity and friendship among college women, to study and help alleviate problems concerning girls and women in order to improve their social stature, to maintain a progressive interest in college life, and to be of service to all mankind.

—Sorority Creed[60]

The sorority responded to the call for help in fall 2005 after Hurricane Katrina, by raising money for a disaster relief fund.[56] In July 2007, through Habitat for Humanity, the sorority helped build a house in New Orleans for a family that survived Hurricane Katrina.[61]

In addition to educational programs, Alpha Kappa Alpha contributed to drawing awareness to health-related issues, such as AIDS, sickle cell anemia, breast cancer, and the importance of staying in shape.[56][62][63] Recently, the sorority has supported the efforts of justice for the Jena Six.[64] Also, the sorority connects to the past by partnering with African Ancestry.[65] Sorority members may use African Ancestry's DNA testing to find genealogical data for themselves and their families. The purpose of the partnership is to help members trace family connections through the world as well as in Africa, to embrace African-American culture and the larger community.[66]

Centennial celebration: 2008

Alpha Kappa Alpha celebrated its centenary with a year-long commemoration in 2008. The celebration coincided with the sorority's biennial Boulé.[67] Internationally, some Alpha Kappa Alpha members began marking the festivities by making a pilgrimage to Howard University from January 12 to January 15, 2008.[67][68] The activities included sorority members financially donating $1 million in scholarship funds to Howard University,[69] contributing libraries for Middle School for Mathematics and Science and Asbury Dwelling for Senior Citizens, and unveiling a digital version of the entire Ivy Leaf publication.[70] In addition, sorority undergraduate and graduate members who were not available to attend ceremonies in Washington, D.C., held celebrations in local cities.[71][72] On July 11 to July 18, 2008, Alpha Kappa Alpha held their 63rd Boulé. A town hall meeting with the public, a unity march in conjunction with other NPHC members, and a concert featuring R&B Grammy Award winning singer Patti LaBelle were some of the events which occurred at the centennial Boulé.[73] On July 17, 2008, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority set a Guinness World Record when 16,206 members set a record by having the largest-ever silver service sit-down dinner in a convention.[74]

ΑΚΑ's centennial museum at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center

Alpha Kappa Alpha's accomplishments were heralded by the United States Congress, with U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton and sorority member U.S. Representative Sheila Jackson-Lee, who both agreed to pass legislation in both houses of the United States Congress to commemorate the sorority's founding.[75] In addition, the toy company Mattel designed a Barbie collectible doll fashioned with a pink and green evening gown.[76][77]

Lawsuits, forensic audits, and IRS review of former president

On June 20, 2009, eight Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority members filed a complaint in D.C. Superior Court demanding that International President Barbara McKinzie be fired for improper use of sorority funds and the money be returned to the sorority.[78] The lawsuit claimed that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated's Executive Board approved the spending of substantial amounts on McKinzie's costs of living, including commissioning an expensive wax model of McKinzie, which cost $900,000. In response, McKinzie denied the allegations, describing them as "without merit." The memberships of the eight AKAs who filed the complaint were revoked by the sorority in retaliation for the lawsuit but later forced to be reinstated by a judge.[79][80][81][82]

In February 2010, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia dismissed the lawsuit.[83][84] On August 18, 2011, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals reversed the previous decision.[85]

On March 22, 2012, a forensic audit of Alpha Kappa Alpha's 2010 financial records revealed troubling concerns with past president, Barbara McKinzie's development and access to a "secret" bank account. The audit of the sorority led to findings that supported the claims in the previous lawsuit. The audit also found two former officials continued to use sorority credit cards after their service ended, failing to appropriately document charges. Another lawsuit against the organization, the former president McKinzie and other officials contained similar allegations. The audit found that McKinzie and the other officials secretly created a second set of financial books to get around the sorority's accounting policies. According to the audit, "(n)early $1.7 million in payments were made to the former president, Barbara McKinzie, without authorization. Approximately $282,000 in credit card charges on a second set of books appear to be fraudulent, including personal charges the sorority wasn't reimbursed for."[86] The sorority later expelled McKinzie[87] and won an arbitration award of $1.6 million against her, which (as of January 2017) was challenged by McKinzie in court.[88]

Sigma Chapter hazing death lawsuit

On September 9, 2002, Kristin High (22) and Kenitha Saafir (24) from California State University – Los Angeles (CSULA), died following an illegal hazing activity. The women were instructed by members of Alpha Kappa Alpha to perform a series of activities blindfolded on Dockweiler State Beach when a high tide came and eventually drowned both of them. The next day when the women brought High's car and cellphone to her mother, she noticed her pledge journal missing from the car and numbers deleted from her cellphone. Prior to Kristin's death, Kristin's mother encouraged her to fully disassociate herself from the sorority after Kristin discussed inappropriate behavior by members of AKA. A year after the incident, the families of the deceased settled with Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated after filing a $100 million civil wrongful death lawsuit. The sorority denied having an active chapter at CSULA but this was dismissed by the court which found the sorority accountable for the deaths.[89][90][91] No criminal charges were filed. The CSULA chapter had previously been sanctioned for hazing, and the sorority permanently expelled all members involved with this lawsuit.[92][93][94]

Alpha Beta Chapter prostitution investigation

In May 2018, the Alpha Beta Chapter at Fort Valley State University (FVSU) was placed under investigation by the University System of Georgia and the Georgia Bureau of Investigations due to compelling allegations that the chapter's former graduate advisor and the executive assistant to the university president, Alecia Johnson, instructed low-income prospective members to have sex with random affluent men in Georgia to cover approximately $1,500 in membership intake fees. Johnson resigned from her position at the university and hired legal representation to contest the allegations.[95][96][97] In October 2018, six of the seven individuals involved in the prostitution ring turned themselves in to authorities.[98] In June 2019, Johnson plead guilty to prostituting herself and one FVSU student. Also as part of her plea deal, she testified against the men charged in the prostitution ring. Her plea deal resulted in her getting five-years of probation, 180 days of house arrest, and a $1,000 fine.[99] AKA's internal investigation into the matter was completed with the chapter remaining in good-standing with the sorority's highest leadership.[100]

Gamma Chi Chapter suicide lawsuit

In a 2019 lawsuit filed in U.S. District Court of Illinois, the family of Jordan Hankins blames Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. for her 2017 suicide. Hankins was a sophomore basketball player at Northwestern University while pledging the sorority. And while pledging, Hankins "was subjected to physical abuse including paddling, verbal abuse, mental abuse, financial exploitation, sleep deprivation, items being thrown and dumped on her, and other forms of hazing intended to humiliate and demean her," according to the lawsuit. An official statement from Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. says the sorority is “deeply saddened” by Hankins’ death and declined to comment on the details of the complaint and her suicide due to the “sensitive nature” of the incident and “the ongoing grief her family is experiencing.”[101][102][103]

Membership
Further information: List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters
Alpha Kappa Alpha's National Headquarters in Chicago, Illinois

Alpha Kappa Alpha has a membership of over 300,000 women internationally, with 90,000 active members of diverse backgrounds and professions.[3] Graduate members constitute the largest percentage of membership.[104] Alpha Kappa Alpha has over 1000 chapters, located in the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, and South Africa.[105]

The term soror, derived from the Latin for "sister",[106] is used between members of the sorority. Membership of the Directorate includes the Board of Directors. For graduate chapters, "Omega" is added to distinguish those which consist of college graduates from undergraduate chapters. "Supreme," as a term, is preposed to the title of an international officeholder, such as Supreme Basileus.[2] Deceased members are referred to as "Ivies Beyond the Wall".[2]

Honorary membership[107] is Alpha Kappa Alpha's highest honor.[104] Jane Addams, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, is among the first honorary members.[108] Eleanor Roosevelt, a former First Lady and wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was made an honorary member. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, former Senator and First Lady, and wife of President Bill Clinton, accepted honorary membership into Alpha Kappa Alpha.[109] However, Clinton later declined initiation into the organization due to the sorority's exclusive requirement preventing acceptance into other Pan-Hellenic organizations, and desired her membership in Alpha Kappa Alpha to be "non-exclusive."[109][110]

Membership interest and intake

The Ivy Leaf Pledge Club was the official pledge club of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated.[111] Potential candidates who were interested in joining the sorority would join the pledge club before being inducted into the sorority.[112]

An "Ivy Leaf Pledge Club" located at Wilberforce University in 1922

In Our Kind of People: Inside America's Upper Class, Lawrence Otis Graham tells of his aunt's experience in joining the Ivy Leaf Pledge Club:

We had to learn a lot more about the historic beginnings of the AKAs, and we did it by writing long letters of application to the Ivy Leaf Pledge Club—the senior wing of the sorority that regulated the admissions process—and then attending monthly meetings where the older students tutored us on the history.[113]

In addition, according to Graham, the sorority would have "Pledge Week", a period where a candidate's grades and behavior were reviewed by chapter members. Candidates who withstood this period were initiated into the sorority.[113] Membership interest is processed by an interest meeting, known as a "rush". After the candidate receives an official letter from the sorority, she can participate in the membership intake process. Prospective members must have a C+ average or better prior to their membership submission, as well as a record of community service. If a prospective member has graduated, she could be invited to join the sorority at the discretion of the graduate chapter.[114]

Leadership: Founders and Executive Directors

The leadership of the sorority in the early years was derived from three separate groups—the original group, the sophomores and the incorporators, who together are known as "The Twenty Pearls."[2][115] The Executive Director position has been held by eight members since the office's creation on October 9, 1949.[116]

Executive Directors:[118]

  1. Carey B. Maddox-Preston (1948–1974)
  2. Anne Mitchem-Davis (1974–1980)
  3. Earnestine G. McNealey (1980–1985)
  4. Barbara McKinzie (1985–1987)
  5. Nan D. Johnson (1987–1988)
  6. Alison Harris (1989–1996)
  7. Emma Lilly Henderson (1997–1998)
  8. Carey B. Maddox-Preston (1998–1999)
  9. Betty N. James (1999–2009)
  10. Deborah Dangerfield (2009–2013)
  11. Cynthia Howell (2013–Present)

International Presidents

Listed below are the thirty International Presidents since the 1913 institution of the office.[119]

  • Nellie Quander (1913)
  • Loraine R. Green (1919)
  • L. Pearl Mitchell (1923)
  • Pauline S. Puryear (1925)
  • B. Beatrix Scott (1927)
  • Maudelle Brown Bousfield (1929)
  • Maude B. Porter (1931)
  • Ida L. Jackson (1933)
  • Margaret D. Bowen (1936)
  • Dorothy B. Ferebee (1939)
  • Beulah T. Whitby (1941)
  • Edna O. Campbell (1946)
  • Laura Lovelace (1949)
  • Arnetta G. Wallace (1953)
  • Marjorie H. Parker (1958)
  • Julia B. Purnell (1962)
  • Larzette Hale (1966)
  • Mattelia B. Grays (1970)
  • Bernice I. Sumlin (1974)
  • Barbara K. Phillips (1978)
  • Faye B. Bryant (1982)
  • Janet Jones Ballard (1986)
  • Mary Shy Scott (1990)
  • Eva L. Evans (1994)
  • Norma S. White (1998)
  • Linda White (2002)
  • Barbara A. McKinzie (2006)
  • Carolyn House Stewart (2010)
  • Dorothy Buckhanan Wilson (2014)
  • Glenda Glover (2018)

Boulé
Main article: List of Alpha Kappa Alpha Boulés

The Boulé[upper-alpha 1] is the regulating institution of the sorority and currently meets every two years.[2] Throughout the years, notable individuals such as civil rights activists Martin Luther King, Jr. and Roy Wilkins were speakers at past Boulé conferences.[16]

Regions
The nine regions of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority within the United States[120]

After the establishment of 32 graduate and undergraduate chapters in 1924, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority organized chapters according to their regions in the United States and abroad. The Boulé determines the boundaries of the regions.[121] The ten regions are each led by a Regional Director, where she serves a member of the sorority's Board of Directors. In addition to serving on the sorority's Board of Directors, the Regional Director also follows guidelines, program targets set by the International President, as well as procedures.[121] Almost two-thirds of the sorority's Regional Directors have been elected as international presidents.[121]

National programs

Educational Advancement Foundation

Alpha Kappa Alpha's Educational Advancement Foundation (EAF) is a separate and tax-exempt branch of the sorority, which "provide[s] financial support to individuals and organizations engaged in lifelong learning."[122] The foundation awards academic scholarships (for undergraduate members of the sorority, as well as non-members), fellowships, and grants for community service.[123]

History and donations

The foundation was the brainchild of Constance Holland, the sister of former Alpha Kappa Alpha International President Dr. Barbara Phillips, in 1978. The foundation had official beginnings in 1980 and the sorority donated US$10,000 for the project. Eight years later, the organization first awarded $10,000 to fourteen students. In 1991, EAF first awarded mini-grants to community organizations. In 1998, EAF provided the first Youth Partners Accessing Capital (PAC) award to an undergraduate member.

At the organization's twentieth anniversary in 2000, EAF published Perpetuating Our Posterity: A Blueprint for Excellence. The book served as a comprehensive history of the organization and as a source of advice for other beginning philanthropies. EAF went online with a website in 2003.

The organization celebrated a silver anniversary in Nassau, Bahamas, in 2005. EAF is incorporated into the International President's centennial program for funding under Excellent Scholarly Performance. Overall, EAF has donated more than $200,000 in grants and awarded 1,400 students with scholarships.[124] Other major donors to EAF include Continental Airlines and Northern Trust.[125]

Projects
Members of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated assisting Delaware's Department of Highway Safety in distributing booster seats to low income children
  • Advocates for Black Colleges – The purpose of the Advocates for Black Colleges is to raise $100,000 for a selected historically black college and university, to support the institution's scholarships and program grants. Corporations as well as minority graduates of historically black colleges are encouraged to donate funds as well. The first college receiving aid is Stillman College in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.[126]
  • Howard University Fund – Alpha Kappa Alpha is celebrating the centennial of the sorority's founding by donating $2 million to Howard University though two facets. First, the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center houses the historical artifacts, photographs, documents, and recordings of Alpha Kappa Alpha's contributions to community service. One million dollars will be used to improve Alpha Kappa Alpha's archives. In addition, one million dollars will be donated to the Nellie M. Quander Scholarship Fund. The fund will be used to finance partial or full scholarships for Howard University women in their junior and senior years.[126]
  • Chapter Scholarships – Undergraduate and graduate members of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority's chapters send separate dues to the Educational Advancement Foundation to fund local scholarships.[126][127] Depending on the size of the contributions by the chapter, the scholarships generally range from $100 to $500. For a chapter to donate under the EAF's Endowment Fund, a chapter needs to raise $20,000.[128]
  • The Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Traveling Exhibit chronicles achievements of Alpha Kappa Alpha members through the organization's one-hundred years. The exhibit appears in several cities across the nation from 2006 to 2008.[129]

Ivy Acres

Ivy Acres will be a retirement center located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The retirement center is sponsored by Senior Residences, Incorporated, a subsidiary of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.[130] Ivy Acres will be one of the first retirement centers founded by African-Americans and minorities in the United States. It will offer assisted or individual living for individuals who are over fifty-five, regardless of background, ethnicity or religion.[130][131] Barbara K. Phillips, former Vice-President and Project Coordinator for Senior Residences, Incorporated, explains the purpose of Ivy Acres, "We determined that there is a need out there, but this will be open to all. We want to be diverse, we want to be multicultural. Anyone who wants to come will be welcome."[130]

The gated community will be located on a 48-acre (190,000 m2) site. The planning for Ivy Acres cost approximately US$32 million.[130] In addition, according to Business Wire, Ivy Acres will comprise "188 independent residential units, which will be both apartments and cottages, forty assisted-living apartments and twenty private accommodations for skilled nursing care."[130] Residents are expected to pay $1,890 to $2,890 per month for services.[130]

Alpha Kappa Alpha's Alpha Epsilon chapter at Virginia State University in 1994.

Ivy Reading AKAdemy

The Ivy Reading AKAdemy provides programs that encourage the entire community to become involved. The concept serves as an educational and human resource center for programs provided by Alpha Kappa Alpha. Working with No Child Left Behind in mind, "The Ivy Reading AKAdemy," a reading initiative, focuses on early learning and mastery of basic reading skills by the end of third grade. The Ivy Reading AKAdemy has a $1.5 million proposal pending with the United States Department of Education to fund a three-year nationwide after-school demonstration project in low-performing, economically deprived inner city schools in 16 sites within the continental United States.[33]

Leadership Fellows Program

The Leadership Fellows Program is a fully funded event in which thirty Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority sophomore and junior undergraduate members worldwide are individually trained for professional leadership roles. In addition, the fellows contribute to community service for one week. One of the selection criteria is that members must have at least a 3.0 GPA.[132] The program initially was planned in 1978. In the following year, the first program was held in Indiana with twenty-nine students.[33] Various cities around the United States have held the Leadership Fellows Program. In the past, Alpha Kappa Alpha has sponsored the event through the Educational Advancement Foundation. Also, the program has been financed by Pillsbury, Tyson Foods, Johnson & Johnson, and most recently General Electric.[133][134][135]

Partnerships in Mathematics and Science

Partnerships in Mathematics and Science (PIMS) began in Eva Evans's administration in 1994, and was a part of the SPIRIT program during the Linda White administration.[136] Eva Evans mentioned the need for a math and science program, "As a college sorority, we've always advanced an educational agenda. We always had high GPA requirements. And more than ever, we're pushing the importance of math and science for our girls. We need more black women in those fields."[137] The program's purpose is to increase the successes of youth in mathematics and science, as well as technology. Campaigns to highlight the program's importance were sponsored by the National Science Foundation and historically black colleges from across the country.[136] Several chapters provided two-week math and science summer camps on college and day school campuses, which consisted of hands-on-learning through laboratory interactions, field trips to important sites, youth camps, and speeches from influential experts in specific areas of studies.[33][58] For example, a PIMS program at Park Street Elementary School in Marietta, Georgia, consisted of third through fifth grade girls and provided educational field trips in order to stimulate involvement in math and science.[126][138] Also, a national P.I.M.S. Olympiad, deriving from knowledge of math and science, in conjunction with the PIMS Community Parade was held at the 58th Boulé in Dallas, Texas.[33][58]

Alpha Kappa Alpha tree at Howard University.

Young Authors Program

In Linda White's administrations, the Young Authors Program was born. The purpose of the program is to encourage and raise involvement in reading and writing in kindergarten through third grade school children. Each of the ten regions in the sorority had the opportunity to choose a child's story to be published in a two volume anthology entitled, The Spirit Within: Voices of Young Authors.[33] In 2004, twenty children were honored in the first anthology.[139] The authors were recognized and performed book signings in the 2004 and 2006 Boulés.[33] At the 2004 Boulé in Nashville, Tennessee, former Department of Education Secretary Rod Paige attended. On July 15, 2004, First Lady Laura Bush spoke on the Ivy AKAdemy's dedication to reading initiatives, "Teaching our children to read is the most critical educational priority facing our country. Children who do not learn to read by third grade continue to find reading a challenge throughout their lives. These expectations increase in amount and complexity each year."[139][140]

Notable Members
Main article: List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters

Many members of Alpha Kappa Alpha have become civil rights activists, educators, entertainers, and politicians.

Legacy
gollark: You banned heavpoot.
gollark: Your rule is bad.
gollark: !time set rust
gollark: ++delete anti-bee measures and <@543131534685765673>
gollark: The test bot isn't on, though.

See also

Notes
  1. The word boulé, derived from ancient Greek βουλή and originally referring to a council of nobles advising a king, is also used by the African-American professional organization Sigma Pi Phi.

References

Inline citations
  1. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 329.
  2. "AKA Quick Facts" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  3. "Membership". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. 2018.
  4. Honorary Members. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived October 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  5. "Alpha Kappa Alpha". orgsync.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  6. Tamara L. Brown, Gregory Parks, Clarenda M. Phillips, African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005. p. 342
  7. "Historical Overview". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. – International Region. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  8. "Gallery – Part II: The Progressive Era, 1890–1910". Moreland-Spingarn Research Center at Howard University. August 1999. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  9. "Alpha Kappa Alpha Important Facts". Lambda Eta Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. 2005-04-21. Archived from the original on 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  10. Matthew Gilmore (May 2003). "Capitol Losses, Second Edition". H-Net, Humanities & Social Sciences OnLine. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
  11. Ross, Jr., The Divine Nine, p. 166.
  12. Giddings, Paula (1988). In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenge of the Black Sorority Movement. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-688-13509-6.
  13. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 19.
  14. Parker, M., Past is Prologue, p. 12.
  15. "History of AKA". Lambda Eta Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. 2005-04-21. Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  16. "Alpha Kappa Alpha Timeline" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  17. "Ethel Jones Mowbray". Theta Rho Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  18. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service.
  19. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/author-rohulamin-quander-writes-about-the-first-african-american-sorority-12625967/
  20. "Centennial Celebration Quick Facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
  21. Parker, M., Alpha Kappa Alpha Through the Years, p. 140.
  22. "Beta Chapter History". Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2008-03-27.. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
  23. Jones-Wilson, Faustine Childress. Encyclopedia of African-American Education. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. p. 196. ISBN 0-313-28931-X.
  24. Ross, Jr., The Divine Nine, p. 167.
  25. "Regional Tributes: Midwestern Region". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
  26. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 327.
  27. "National Pan-Hellenic Council: About". NPHC. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
  28. Smith, Susan, L. (June 2003). "Arenia Mallory". The University of Mississippi. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  29. McNealey E., Pearls of Service, p. 150.
  30. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 151.
  31. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 181.
  32. "Changing the Face of Medicine: Dr. Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee". National Institutes of Health. 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  33. "Alpha Kappa Alpha National Programs" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  34. Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 87.
  35. More, Ellen S. (2001). Restoring the Balance: Women Physicians and the Profession of Medicine, 1850–1995. Harvard University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-674-00567-9.
  36. Dixon, Kenneth (December 3, 1999). "AKA seeking charter for new millennium". The Pleiad. Albion College. Archived from the original on November 1, 2004. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  37. Collier-Thomas, Bettye (2001). Sisters in the Struggle: African-American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. NYU Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8147-1603-8.
  38. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 157.
  39. Parker, M., Past is Prologue, p. 195.
  40. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 125.
  41. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 158.
  42. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 126.
  43. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 159.
  44. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 160.
  45. Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 101.
  46. Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 88.
  47. Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 89.
  48. "Delta Beta Omega Chapter's Programs". Alpha Kappa Alpha's Delta Beta Omega Chapter. Archived from the original on October 10, 2003. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
  49. Collier-Thomas, Bettye; Vincent P. Franklin (2001). Sisters in the Struggle: African-American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. New York City: NYU Press. p. 32.
  50. Ivy Leaf: 1921–1998 Microfiche Guide Archived 2008-02-29 at the Wayback Machine p. 15 (xv) Published by the United Publications of America, 2000.
  51. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 132.
  52. "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Cleveland Job Corps". Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  53. "Chapter History". Epsilon Mu Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on May 8, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
  54. Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 107.
  55. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 330.
  56. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 185.
  57. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 186.
  58. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 153.
  59. "On the Road to Better Health in Mississippi". National Institutes of Health. 2006-01-15. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  60. Alpha Kappa Alpha — Iota Gamma Chapter (2000-11-22). "History". Alpha Kappa Alpha — Iota Gamma Chapter. Archived from the original on 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  61. "New Orleanian Credits Alpha Kappa Alpha's Kindness for New Hope and New Home" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. 2007-07-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  62. "International President Supports Weight-Loss Initiative". aka1908.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  63. "AKA Centennial Welcome". aka1908.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
  64. "Sorority Demands Justice for Jena 6". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. 2007-09-19. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
  65. African Ancestry Retrieved on August 24, 2007.
  66. "Sorority Partners with African Ancestry to Trace Ancestral Roots". aka1908.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  67. "Celebrating 100 Years of Service". aka1908.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-02. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  68. "AKA Returns to Its Roots". aka1908.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  69. Alpha Kappa Alpha Donates $1 Million to Howard University: Contribution Caps Emotional Day of Tributes During ΑΚΑ's Centennial Celebration Archived January 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Black News Press Release. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  70. "Alpha Kappa Alpha Ushers in Centennial Year" Archived January 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. BlackNews.com. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
  71. Hanna, Wende (2008-01-15). "Sorority celebrates centennial anniversary". Nassau Guardian. The Freeport News. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
  72. Robinson, Wesley (2008-01-16). "Sorority honors members' work over 100 years". The Kentucky Kernal. University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
  73. "Centennial Boulé 2008: A Once-in-a-Century Celebration". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  74. Alpha Kappa Alpha's Dinner Sets Guinness World Record. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Retrieved on 2009-04-22.
  75. "Centennial Anniversary of Alpha Kappa Alpha". The Hudson Valley Press Online. The Hudson Valley Press. 2008-01-15. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  76. Bennett, Brad. "AKA's black Barbie may inspire young girls" Archived October 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Broward Times, 2008-01-18. Retrieved on 2008-01-21.
  77. "Barbie Doll Unveiled at International Convention" Archived January 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. July 14, 2008.
  78. Wright, James (2009-08-13). "AKA Battles Internal Discord". The New Journal & Guide Online. New Journal and Guide. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  79. "Members sue AKA president, cite $900K wax statue", Chicago Sun Times, July 29, 2009.
  80. Joy Elaine Dailey et. al. v. Barbara Anne McKinzie. Archived 2013-09-03 at the Wayback Machine Superior Court of The District of Columbia Civil Division. Friends of the Weeping Ivy. Accessed on July 12. 2018.
  81. Shackleford Letter Archived 2009-12-22 at the Wayback Machine. Friends of the Weeping Ivy. Accessed on July 12, 2018.
  82. "Judge Orders Alpha Kappa Alpha To Reinstate 8 Suspended Members". Welcome To KollegeKidd.com. 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  83. Judge dismisses suit against oldest black sorority Archived November 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  84. Castro, Melissa (2010-02-10). "Alpha Kappa Alpha lawsuit dismissed". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  85. Joy E. Daley et. al. v. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. Friends of the Weeping Ivy. Retrieved on July 12, 2018.
  86. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplemental Information, Year Ended December 31, 2010. Archived December 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  87. "Expelled and Revoked Members as of July 2016 (PDF)". Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc.
  88. "Ex-sorority president seeks to overturn $1.6M arbitration award over embezzlement claims | Cook County Record". cookcountyrecord.com. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  89. Pelisek, Christine (September 23, 2004). "Drowning deaths remembered". LA Weekly.
  90. "Sorority accused of hazing in $100 million suit". CNN. September 24, 2002. Archived from the original on August 6, 2004. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  91. "Pledging Gone Wrong". Essence. December 16, 2009. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  92. Banks, Sandy (September 15, 2007). "Five years later, still haunted by drowning". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  93. Fetters, Ashley (January 14, 2019). "A Northwestern Student Took Her Own Life. Is a Sorority to Blame?". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  94. https://aka-web.s3.amazonaws.com/files/expelled_members_boule_2016.pdf
  95. McNamara, Brittney. "A Sorority in Georgia Is Being Investigated for Sexual Misconduct". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  96. Brown, Elisha (2018-05-01). "AKA Sorority in Georgia Under Investigation for Sexual Misconduct". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  97. Report, Electronic Urban (2018-05-05). "AKA Chapter at Fort State Valley State Under Investigation for Running a Sex Ring". EURweb. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  98. https://www.ajc.com/news/local-education/fort-valley-state-prostitution-case-suspects-turn-themselves/BV9FcEyt27kbPDBCKPWPjJ/
  99. https://thegrio.com/2019/06/19/ex-fort-valley-state-employee-pleads-guilty-to-leading-prostitution-ring/
  100. https://hbcubuzz.com/2019/04/alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-inc-clears-fort-valley-state-chapter/
  101. https://dailynorthwestern.com/2019/01/11/campus/alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-headquarters-speaks-on-jordan-hankins-after-days-of-silence/
  102. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/us/jordan-hankins-northwestern-aka-sorority-lawsuit/index.html
  103. https://dailynorthwestern.com/2019/01/09/campus/mother-of-jordan-hankins-claims-alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-responsible-for-daughters-death/
  104. "AKA Membership Profile". aka1908.org. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
  105. "Chapter locator". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  106. Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.
  107. "Honorary members". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  108. Parker, M., Past is Prologue, p. 272.
  109. "Announcements." Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. October 2005.
  110. Bogues, Austin (July 14, 2008). "Sorority Celebrates Michelle Obama's Acceptance". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
  111. Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 2.
  112. "Prospective Members". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Lambda Zeta. 2007-02-19. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
  113. Graham, Lawrence Otis (1999). Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-06-018352-3.
  114. "Alpha Kappa Alpha — Prospective Members". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. 2006. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
  115. "AKA Leadership". aka1908.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  116. McNealey E., Pearls of Service, p. 257.
  117. "AKA Centennial Regions: North Atlantic Region". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  118. McNealey E., Pearls of Service, p. 256.
  119. "Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. - Service to All Mankind Since 1908". aka1908.com. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
  120. "Chapter Locator". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  121. "Regional Tributes". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  122. "About Educational Advancement Foundation". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  123. "AKA Educational Advancement Foundation Programs". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  124. "Making a Difference — Educational Advancement Foundation". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  125. "Donors — Educational Advancement Foundation". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  126. "New Initiatives". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
  127. "Chapter Remittance Guidelines — Steps To "ESP ... Excellent Scholarly Performance"" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
  128. "Chapter Endowment Memorandum of Understanding" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
  129. "Travelling Exhibit". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  130. Barnes, Marc (October 4, 2002). "Long-planned continuing care complex draws closer to reality". The Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
  131. "AKA Centennial Regions: Mid-Atlantic". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
  132. "Leadership Fellows Program". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  133. "2007 Leadership Fellows Program Application" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  134. "Leadership Fellows Program Adds GE as Partner". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  135. "Alpha Kappa Alpha Leadership Fellows Program". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Archived from the original on 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
  136. McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 152.
  137. Graham, L., Our Kind of People, p. 91.
  138. "Park Street Elementary School-Our Programs". Marietta City Schools. Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  139. "Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority focuses on early childhood literacy at 61st AKA National Convention". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 2004-08-30. Archived from the original on 2007-01-28. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
  140. "Mrs. Bush's Remarks at Alpha Kappa Alpha National Convention". Office of the First Lady. 2004-07-15. Retrieved 2007-05-31.

Sources referenced
  • Anderson, James D. (1988). The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Brown, Tamara L., Parks, Gregory and Phillips, Clarenda M. (2005) African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky
  • McNealey, Earnestine G. (2006). Pearls of Service: The Legacy of America's First Black Sorority, Alpha Kappa Alpha. Chicago: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. LCCN 2006928528.
  • Parker, Marjorie H. (1958). Alpha Kappa Alpha: 1908–1958. Chicago: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated.
  • Parker, Marjorie H. (1966). Alpha Kappa Alpha: Sixty Years of Service. Chicago: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated.
  • Parker, Marjorie H. (1979). Alpha Kappa Alpha: In the Eye of the Beholder. Chicago: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated.
  • Parker, Marjorie H. (1990). Alpha Kappa Alpha Through the Years: 1908–1988. Chicago: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated.
  • Parker, Marjorie H. (1999). Past is Prologue: The History of Alpha Kappa Alpha 1908–1999. Chicago: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-933244-00-9.
  • Ross, Jr., Lawrence (2000). The Divine Nine: The History of African-American Fraternities and Sororities in America. New York: Kensington. ISBN 978-1-57566-491-0.
  • Whaley, Deborah Elizabeth. Disciplining Women: Alpha Kappa Alpha, Black Counterpublics, and the Cultural Politics of Black Sororities (State University of New York Press; 2010) 206 pages; sociological study combines ethnographic, archival, oral-historical, and other approaches

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.