Fisk University

Fisk University is a private historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. The university was founded in 1866 and its 40-acre (160,000 m²) campus is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Fisk University

Former names	The Fisk Freed Colored School
Motto	Her sons and daughters are ever on the altar[1]
Type	Private, HBCU
Established	1866
Religious affiliation	United Church of Christ (historically related)
Academic affiliations	UNCF ORAU CIC
President	Kevin D. Rome
Academic staff	70 full-time
Students	780[2]
Location	Nashville , Tennessee , United States 36.1688°N 86.8047°W / 36.1688; -86.8047
Campus	Urban, 40 acres (16 ha)
Colors	Gold and Blue
Nickname	Bulldogs
Sporting affiliations	NAIA – Independent (previously GCAC)
Mascot	The Fisk Bulldog
Website	www.fisk.edu

In 1930, Fisk was the first African-American institution to gain accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). Accreditations for specialized programs soon followed. Although the university remains accredited by SACS, the university was placed on probation in June 2018.[3]

History

University namesake Clinton B. Fisk

A class c. 1900

Founding

Fisk Free Colored School opened on January 9, 1866, shortly after the end of the Civil War. It was founded by John Ogden, Erastus Milo Cravath, and Edward Parmelee Smith of the American Missionary Association for the education of freedmen in Nashville. Fisk was one of several schools and colleges that the association helped found across the South to educate freed slaves following the Civil War. The school is named for Clinton B. Fisk, a Union general and assistant commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau of Tennessee. Fisk secured a site to house the school in a former military barracks near Union Station and provided $30,000 for its endowment.[4][5]

The American Missionary Association's work was supported by the United Church of Christ, which retains an affiliation with the university.[6] Fisk is the oldest higher education institution in Nashville.[7]

19th Century

Enrollment rose to 900 in the first several months following the school's opening, indicating the strong desire for education among local freedmen. Student ages ranged from seven to seventy.[4]

During the nation's Reconstruction era, the Tennessee General Assembly passed legislation to enable free public education, which caused a need to increase teacher training. In 1867 the Fisk Free Colored School was reorganized and incorporated as Fisk University to focus on higher education.[5][4] James Dallas Burrus, John Houston Burrus, Virginia E. Walker, and America W. Robinson were the first students to enroll at the university. In 1875, the two Burruses and Walker graduated from Fisk and became the first African-American students to graduate from a liberal arts college south of the Mason–Dixon line.[8][9]

In 1870 Adam K. Spence became the school's principal. Spence developed plans to expand and move the school to a larger campus in north Nashville on a site that had been Fort Gillem, a Union army base.[10][11] To raise money for the school's initiatives, his wife Catherine Mackie Spence traveled throughout the United States to set up mission Sunday schools in support of Fisk students, organizing endowments through the American Missionary Association.[12] With a strong interest in religion and the arts, Adam Spence supported the founding of a student choir; they were the start of the Fisk Jubilee Singers.

With the school facing financial distress, the choir went on tour to raise funds in 1871, led by professor and university treasurer George L. White.[4][13] They toured the U.S. and Europe and became a sensation, singing before Ulysses S. Grant, Mark Twain, Queen Victoria; popularizing spirituals written by Wallace Willis such as "Swing Low Sweet Chariot"; and changing racial stereotypes.[14][15][13] Their tour raised nearly $50,000 and funded construction of Jubilee Hall. It was the first building built for the education of freedmen in the South and is now a National Historic Landmark.[16]

Fisk co-founder Cravath returned in 1875 and became the university's first president.[17] He oversaw an active construction program and expansion of the school's curriculum offerings to include liberal arts, theology, and teacher training. By the turn of the 20th century, the university had strengthened its reputation, built several campus buildings, added African-American teachers and staff to the university, and enrolled a second generation of students.[16][17]

20th Century

Fisk's dedication to liberal arts education at the turn of the century distinguished it from many other black colleges and universities that emphasized vocational training.[18] The school established a department of social science in 1910, founded and directed by George E. Haynes. It was the first social work training center for African-American graduate students and a model for those established at other universities.[19][20] The school was criticized by some at the time for fostering an elitist reputation.[21]

From 1915 to 1925, Fayette Avery McKenzie was president of Fisk. McKenzie's tenure, before and after World War I, was during a turbulent period in American history. In spite of many challenges, McKenzie developed Fisk as the premier all Black university in the United States, secured Fisk's academic recognition as a standard college by the Carnegie Foundation, Columbia University and the University of Chicago, raised a $1 million endowment fund to ensure quality faculty, and laid a foundation for Fisk's accreditation and future success.[22] McKenzie was eventually forced to resign when his strict policies on dress code, extracurricular activities, and other aspects of student life led to student protests in 1924 and 1925.

Thomas Elsa Jones became the university's fourth president in 1925. He sought to diversify the university's faculty and further build the school's reputation.[23] In 1930, Fisk became the first historically black college to gain accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. It was also the first such institution approved by the Association of American Universities in 1933. Accreditations for specialized programs soon followed.

In 1946, Charles S. Johnson became the university's sixth president and first African-American president.[17] Johnson was a premier sociologist, a scholar who had also been the editor of Opportunity magazine, a noted periodical of the Harlem Renaissance. Johnson expanded the school's Institute of Race Relations, which was established in 1942. The institute conducted research and fostered discussion about racial disparity in the U.S. and would later help develop strategies for desegregation in schools, employment, and the military.[23][24][25][18] In 1949, Fisk received the Stieglitz Collection of modern art from photographer and arts patron Alfred Stieglitz.

In 1952, Fisk was the first predominantly black college to earn a Phi Beta Kappa charter.[26] Organized as the Delta of Tennessee Chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society that December, the chapter inducted its first student members on April 4, 1953.

In 1960, Fisk students joined other black leaders in the Nashville sit-ins, nonviolent protests against segregation at lunch counters in the city during the civil rights movement.[27] Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke at the university in May 1960 in response to civil rights movement in the city.[28] Fisk students John Lewis and Diane Nash were leaders during the protests, which led to Nashville becoming the first major city in the South to desegregate lunch counters.[29] The two became early leaders of the national Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

On April 8, 1967, a riot occurred near the Fisk and Tennessee State University campuses after Stokely Carmichael spoke at Vanderbilt University.[30] Although it was viewed as a "race riot", it had classist characteristics.[30] Protestors marched from Fisk to the Nashville courthouse to protest police brutality during the riots.[31]

In 1978 Fisk's campus was recognized as a National Historic Landmark.[5] The campus underwent significant restoration in the 1990s through assistance from a U.S. Congressional Grant.[17]

21st Century

From 2004 to 2013, Fisk was directed by its 14th president, Hazel O'Leary, former Secretary of Energy under President Bill Clinton. She was the second woman to serve as president of the university. On June 25, 2008, Fisk announced that it had successfully raised $4 million during the fiscal year ending June 30. It ended nine years of budget deficits and qualified for a Mellon Foundation challenge grant.[32][33] However, Fisk still faced significant financial hardship, and said that it may need to close its doors unless its finances improved.[34]

H. James Williams, served as president from February 2013 to September 2015. Williams had previously been dean of the Seidman College of Business at Grand Valley State University in Michigan and, before that, an accounting professor at Georgetown University, Florida A&M, and Texas Southern University.[35][36][37] Williams was succeeded by interim president Frank Sims.[38] In March 2017 the Fisk board of trustees announced that Kevin Rome would be Fisk university's seventeenth president.[39]

In June 2017, a service in memory of 1892 lynching victim Ephraim Grizzard was held in the Fisk Memorial Chapel. A plaque memorializing Grizzard and two other lynching victims—is brother Henry and Samuel Smith—was installed at St. Anselm's Episcopal church in Nashville.[40]

In 2018 the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools placed the university on probation. The accreditor cited failings related to financial responsibility, control of research funds, and federal and state responsibility.[41] Fisk announced a fundraising record and increased enrollment the following year.[42]

Campus

Fisk University Historic District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Location	Roughly bounded by 16th and 18th Aves., Hermosa, Herman and Jefferson Sts. Nashville, Tennessee
Architectural style	Italianate; Queen Anne
NRHP reference No.	78002579
Added to NRHP	February 9, 1978

Fisk's 40-acre campus was dedicated in 1876. It sits on a small hill approximately two miles northwest of downtown that was previously Fort Gillem, a Union fort during the Civil War.[43] The campus lies on Jefferson Street, a historic center of Nashville's African-American community.

The Fisk University Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Notable campus buildings that contribute to the historic district include:

• The Carl Van Vechten Gallery was built in 1888. It served as the school's gymnasium before becoming an art gallery. The building houses the university's renowned Stieglitz Collection of modern art. It is named for photographer Carl Van Vechten.[17][44]
• Carnegie Hall was originally built as a library in 1908. It is the first major building by Moses McKissack III, co-founder of the first African-American owned architecture firm in the United States.[45]
• Cravath Hall, named for the university's first president Erastus Milo Cravath and completed in 1930, is an eight-story building originally used as a library. It was designed by Henry Hibbs. The building features a series of murals by painter Aaron Douglas, which he described as a "panorama of the development of Black people in this hemisphere, in the new world."[46] The murals have been described as the most ambitious works of his career.[47] The building now houses administrative offices.
• Fisk Memorial Chapel was built in 1892 in the Victorian style. At the time it was the largest building for African Americans to gather in the country.[48] The chapel hosts campus functions and public events such as concerts, lectures, and graduations. The building was restored and rededicated in 1992.[49]
• Jubilee Hall, completed in 1876, is the oldest permanent building for the higher education of African Americans in the United States.[50] It is named for the Fisk Jubilee Singers who toured the country to raise funds for its construction. The six-story, L-shaped building is noted for its Victorian Gothic architecture.[51]
• Talley Brady Hall, built in 1931, is the first modern chemistry building at an historically black university. It is named for Thomas E. Talley and St. Elmo Brady, two notable African American chemists and faculty members.[52]

Additional campus buildings listed on the register include Little Theater, Harris Music Building, numerous residential structures, and a limestone wall built around 1873.[48]

In the 1930s the university hired the Olmsted Brothers firm to lead a master design of its campus at this time, resulting in the Beaux-Arts landscape.[53][54]

• 
  Students and teachers in training school (between 1890 and 1906)
• 
  Theological Hall (later Bennett Hall). The building was demolished.[55]
• 
  Jubilee Hall
• 
  Fisk Memorial Chapel
• 
  Cravath Hall
• 
  Interior of Cravath Hall
• 
  Carnegie Hall

Music, art, and literature collections

Jubilee Hall

Library Collections

Fisk is the home of a music literature collection founded by the noted Harlem Renaissance figure Carl Van Vechten, for whom the campus museum is named.[56] It also holds a substantial collection of materials associated with Charles W. Chestnutt.[57]

Aaron Douglas Murals

Harlem Renaissance painter Aaron Douglas was commissioned to paint murals for the new campus library, Cravath Hall, in 1930. Douglas described them a "panorama of the development of Black people in this hemisphere, in the new world." Douglas returned to Fisk in 1939 to teach and later served as chair of the university's art department. The murals were restored in 2003.[58][59]

Alfred Stieglitz Collection

In 1949, Georgia O'Keeffe wife, and Executrix of her late husband's estate, donated to Fisk a number of paintings that had belonged to her husband (in accordance with the terms of his will), the photographer and art patron Alfred Stieglitz. The collection consists of 101 works by important artists, including European modernists Paul Cézanne, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso and Diego Rivera, as well as American artists Marsden Hartley, Arthur Dove and Charles Demuth and works by O'Keeffe.[60]

In 2005, mounting financial difficulties and deteriorating conditions in the gallery led the University trustees to vote to sell two of the paintings, O'Keeffe's "Radiator Building" and Hartley's "Painting No. 3," together estimated to be worth up to 45 million U.S. dollars. The sale was challenged by the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, the legal guardians of her estate. This challenge failed. A joint agreement was established between Fisk University and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.[61][62][63][64] The two museums now share the works' presentation and display rights of the Stieglitz collection, (ownership remains with Fisk University, in accord with the terms of Stieglitz's estate). Presentation and display rights, rotate between Fisk University and Crystal Bridges Museum, every two years. In 2016, as part of the university's sesquicentennial celebration, the collection was displayed at the newly renovated Carl Van Vechten Gallery.[60]

Science programs

Fisk University has a strong record of academic excellence: it has graduated more African Americans who go on to earn PhDs in the natural sciences than any other institution.[65]

Fisk-Vanderbilt Bridge Program

Started in 2004,[66] the Fisk-Vanderbilt bridge program helps underrepresented groups gain access to Ph.D. programs in STEM fields. The partnership between a small, historically black college and a major research university aims to diversify doctoral study.[67] The program, which has received money from NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship,[68] provides a scholarship for a master's degree at Fisk University and close mentorship for students who go on to a Ph.D.[66] Since 2004, 21 students in the program have completed a Ph.D., with another 56 currently pursuing graduate study.[66] The program has a success rate far higher than the national average for completion of Ph.D. programs, which is about 50%.[69]

Rankings

University rankings
National
Forbes[70]	642
Liberal arts colleges
U.S. News & World Report[71]	164–215
Washington Monthly[72]	162

• For 2020, U.S. News & World Report ranked Fisk University tied for 35th for best undergraduate teaching and 164–215 overall among national liberal arts colleges, and 9th among historically black colleges and universities in the U.S.[73]
• For 2019, Washington Monthly ranked Fisk 162nd among liberal arts colleges in the U.S. based on their contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.[74]
• Forbes ranks Fisk 642nd on its 2019 "America's Top Colleges" list of 650 colleges, universities and service academies.[75]

Athletics

Fisk University teams, nicknamed athletically as the Bulldogs, are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)[76] Division I level, primarily competing in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC).[77] Men's sports include basketball, cross country, tennis and track & field; women's sports include basketball, cross country, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Notable alumni

Name	Class year	Notability	Reference(s)
Lil Hardin Armstrong	1915	jazz pianist/composer, second wife of Louis Armstrong
Constance Baker Motley	1941–1942	first African-American woman elected to the New York State Senate
Marion Barry	1960	former mayor of Washington, D.C.
Mary Frances Berry		former Chair, United States Commission on Civil Rights; former Chancellor University of Colorado at Boulder
John Betsch	1967	jazz percussionist
Joyce Bolden		first African-American woman to serve on the Commission for Accreditation of the National Association of Schools of Music
Otis Boykin	1942	inventor, control device for the heart pacemaker
St. Elmo Brady		first African American to earn a doctorate in Chemistry
Virginia E. Walker Broughton	1875, 1878	author and Baptist missionary	[78][79][80]
Cora Brown		first African-American woman elected to a state senate
James Dallas Burrus	1875	educator
John Houston Burrus	1875	educator
Henry Alvin Cameron	1896	educator, decorated World War I veteran
Elizabeth Hortense (Golden) Canady		past national president of Delta Sigma Theta sorority
Alfred O. Coffin		first African American to earn a doctorate in zoology
Malia Cohen	2001	San Francisco District 10 Supervisor 2010 – Present
Johnnetta B. Cole		anthropologist, former President of Spelman College and Bennett College
Neal Craig	1971	NFL Cornerback for Cincinnati Bengals, Buffalo Bills, and Cleveland Browns
Arthur Cunningham	1951	musical composer, studied at Juilliard and Columbia University
William L. Dawson (politician)	1909	U.S. Congressman (1943–1970)
Charles Diggs		United States House of Representatives Michigan (1955–1980)
Mahala Ashley Dickerson	1935	first black female attorney in the state of Alabama and first black president of the National Association of Women Lawyers
Rel Dowdell	1993	acclaimed filmmaker
W. E. B. Du Bois	1888	sociologist, scholar, first African-American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard
James J. Durham	1880, 1885	Founder of Morris College
Althea Brown Edmiston	1901	Presbyterian missionary in Belgian Congo
Venida Evans	1969	actress, best known for IKEA commercials
Etta Zuber Falconer	1953	first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics; former Chair, mathematics department at Spelman College
John Hope Franklin	1935	historian, professor, scholar, author of landmark text From Slavery to Freedom
Victor O. Frazer		United States House of Representatives (1995–1997)
Alonzo Fulgham		former acting chief and operating officer of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Nikki Giovanni	1967	poet, author, professor, scholar
Louis George Gregory		posthumously, a Hand of the Cause in Bahá'í Faith
Eliza Ann Grier	1891	first African-American female physician in Georgia
Kevin Hales		professor, Africologist, Fulbright Scholar, NEH Scholar, Teaching Excellence Professor (Scholar of global African culture)
Alcee Hastings		U.S. Congressman and former U.S. district court judge
Roland Hayes		concert singer
Perry Wilbon Howard		Assistant U.S. Attorney General under President Herbert Hoover
Elmer Imes	1903	renowned physicist and second African-American to earn a Ph.D in Physics
Esther Cooper Jackson	1940	Founding editor of Freedomways Journal
Lena Terrell Jackson	1885	educator in Nashville for over 50 years
Leonard Jackson (actor)	1952	Actor, Five on the Black Hand Side; The Color Purple
Robert James		former NFL cornerback
Judith Jamison		pioneering dancer and choreographer; former artistic Director, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
Ted Jarrett		R&B recording artist and producer
Dr. Charles Jeter	1971	father of Derek Jeter
Ben Jobe	1956	legendary basketball coach, Southern University
Lewis Wade Jones	1931	sociologist; Julius Rosenwald Foundation Fellow at Columbia University
Ella Mae Johnson	1921	at age 105 years old, Ella Mae Johnson traveled to Washington, DC to attend the inauguration of Barack Obama
Mame Stewart Josenberger	1888	businesswoman and clubwoman in Arkansas
Anne Gamble Kennedy	1941	Pianist, professor, and piano accompanist for the Fisk Jubilee Singers
Matthew Kennedy	1947	Pianist, professor, and former director of the Fisk Jubilee Singers
Mathew Knowles	1973	father and former manager of Beyoncé, founder and owner of Music World Entertainment, and adjunct professor at Texas Southern University
Dr. John Angelo Lester	1895	Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Meharry Medical College
Nella Larsen	1908	novelist, Harlem Renaissance era
Julius Lester	1960	author of children's books and former professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst
David Levering Lewis	1956	two-time Pulitzer Prize Winner
John Lewis	1967	Congressman, civil rights activist, former President of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Hettie Simmons Love	1943	first African-American to earn an MBA at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania
Jimmie Lunceford	1925	famous bandleader in the swing era
Aubrey Lyles	1903	vaudeville performer
Mandisa	2001	Grammy Award-winning and Dove Award-nominated Christian contemporary singer/songwriter, ninth-place finalist in the fifth season (2006) of American Idol
Ariana Austin Makonnen		philanthropist and member of the Ethiopian Imperial Family
Patti J. Malone	1880	Fisk Jubilee Singer
Louis E. Martin	1933	Godfather of Black Politics
Fatima Massaquoi	1936	pioneering Liberian educator	[81]
Jedidah Isler	2007	Isler became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in Astrophysics from Yale University in 2014	[82]
Wade H. McCree	1941	second African-American United States Solicitor General; Justice, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Samuel A. McElwee	1883	State Senator during the Reconstruction Era and the first African American elected three times to the Tennessee General Assembly
Robert McFerrin		first African American male to sing at the Metropolitan Opera and father of Bobby McFerrin
Leslie Meek	1987	Administrative Law Judge, wife of Congressman Kendrick Meek
Theo Mitchell	1960	Senator, South Carolina General Assembly
Undine Smith Moore		first Fisk graduate to receive a scholarship to Juilliard, Pulitzer Prize Nominee
Diane Nash		founding member of SNCC
Rachel B. Noel		politician; first African-American to serve on the Denver Public Schools Board of Education
Lonnie H. Norris, D.M.D., M.P.H.	1964	first African American Dean in the history of Tufts University School of Dental Medicine.	[83]
Donna M. Norris M.D.	1964	psychiatrist and the first black and first woman speaker at the assembly of the American Psychiatric Association.	[84]
Hon. Hazel O'Leary		former U.S. Secretary of Energy
Lucius T. Outlaw, Jr.		Philosophy professor at Vanderbilt University[85]
J.O. Patterson, Jr.	1958	first African American to occupy the office of Mayor of Memphis. Tennessee State Representative, State Senator, Memphis Councilman, Jurisdictional Bishop in the Church of God in Christ
Helen Phillips	1928	first African-American to perform with the Metropolitan Opera Chorus
Annette Lewis Phinazee	1939	first black woman to earn a doctorate in library sciences from Columbia University
Alma Powell		wife of Gen. Colin Powell
Cecelia Cabaniss Saunders	1903	director of Harlem YWCA, 1914-1947
Lorenzo Dow Turner	1910	linguist and Chair, African Studies at Roosevelt University
A. Maceo Walker	1930	businessman, Universal Life Insurance, Tri-State Bank
Ron Walters	1963	scholar of African-American politics, Chair, Afro-American Studies Brandeis University
Margaret Murray Washington	1890	Lady Principal of Tuskegee Institute and third wife of Booker T. Washington
Ida B. Wells		American civil rights activist and women's suffrage advocate
Charles H. Wesley	1911	President of Wilberforce University from 1942 to 1947, and President of Central State College from 1947–1965; third African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard
Kym Whitley		actress, comedian
Frederica Wilson	1963	U.S. Representative for Florida's 17th congressional district
Tom Wilson (producer)	1953	music producer, best known for his work with Bob Dylan and Frank Zappa
Frank Yerby	1938	first African-American to publish a best-selling novel

Notable faculty

Name	Department	Notability	Reference
Camille Akeju	Art	Art historian and museum administrator	[86]
Ebenezer Ako-Adjei	African studies	Ghanaian politician and founding member of the United Gold Coast Convention
Arna Bontemps	Librarian	Head librarian and Harlem Renaissance poet	[87]
Aaron Douglas	Art	Harlem Renaissance painter, illustrator, and muralist	[88]
Robert Hayden		United States Poet Laureate (1976–1978)	[89]
Charles Spurgeon Johnson	President, Research	First African-American president of Fisk University	[90]
James Weldon Johnson	Literature	Author, poet, and civil rights activist; wrote the poem on which the song "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing" is based (also known as the Black national anthem)	[91]
Thomas Elsa Jones	President	Fifth president of Fisk University	[92]
Percy Lavon Julian	Chemistry	Chemist and second African-American member of the National Academy of Sciences	[93]
Anne Gamble Kennedy	Music	Concert pianist, piano professor, and accompanist for the Fisk Jubilee Singers
Matthew Kennedy	Music	Concert pianist, piano professor, and director of the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1957–1986 intermittently)	[94]
John Oliver Killens	Writer in Residence	Two-time Pulitzer Prize nominee	[95]
Lee Lorch	Mathematics	Mathematician and civil rights activist. Fired in 1955 for refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee.	[96]
Hazel R. O'Leary	President	First woman and first African-American U.S. Secretary of Energy; fourteenth president of Fisk University	[97]
Helen Clarissa Morgan	Latin	First woman to be appointed professor of Latin (1869–1907) at a coeducational college	[98]
Robert E. Park	Sociology	Sociologist of the Chicago School	[99]
John W. Work III	Music	Choir director, ethnomusicologist, and scholar of Afro-American folk music	[100]

References

1. "Welcome". Fisk Memorial Chapel. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
2. https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Fisk+University&s=all&id=220181
3. Lederman, Doug (June 25, 2018). "Southern Accreditor Places 4 Institutions on Probation". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
4. Randal Rust. "Fisk University". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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7. "Fisk University". UNCF. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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9. "Blacks and the American Missionary Association". United Church of Christ. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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12. Biographical note: Adam Knight Spence, Spence Family Collection, Fisk University Library, accessed 3 Mar 2009. Link via the Internet Archive, accessed 15 August 2013.
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15. "Jubilee Singers: Sacrifice and Glory | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
16. "Fisk University", The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002, accessed 3 Mar 2009. Quote: "When the American Missionary Association declined to assume the financial responsibility of the Jubilee Singers, Professor George L. White, Treasurer of the University, took the responsibility upon himself and started North in 1871 with his troupe. On April 12, 1873, the Jubilee Singers sailed for England where they sang before a fashionable audience in the presence of the Queen, who expressed her gratification at the performance."
17. "Fisk 2018/2020 Undergraduate Bulletin" (PDF). Fisk University. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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19. "Haynes, George Edmund (1880 – 1960)". Social Welfare History Project. October 2, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
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22. Christopher L. Nicholson, To Advance a Race: A Historical Analysis of the Personal Belief, Industrial Philanthropy and Black Liberal Arts Higher Education in Fayette McKenzie's Presidency at Fisk University, 1915–1925, Loyola University, Chicago, May 2011, p.299-301, 315–318.
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25. Knight, Meribah. "Looking To Reignite Its Influence, Fisk University Revives Its Social Justice Program". www.wkyufm.org. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
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27. Bliss, Jessica. "60 years ago, they sat down at Nashville lunch counters — and sparked a movement against segregation". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
28. "King urges sit-ins continue; bomb scare clears Fisk gym". Nashville Banner. April 21, 1960. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
29. Staff. "Complete Coverage: The civil rights movement in Nashville". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
30. Frizzell, Scott (Spring 2011). "Not Just a Matter of Black and White: The Nashville Riot of 1967". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 70 (1): 26–51. JSTOR 42628733.
31. "Nashville Then: 1967 Civil Rights Movement in Nashville". www.tennessean.com. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
32. "Institutional Support : Fisk University | The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation". mellon.org. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
33. "Institutional Support : Fisk University | The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation". mellon.org. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
34. "Fisk University Struggles Through Financial Crisis", NPR, September 16, 2010
35. "President" Archived 2013-08-29 at the Wayback Machine, Fisk University webpage. Retrieved 2013-07-29
36. Phillips, Betsy, "H. James Williams Named New President of Fisk University", Nashville Scene, December 7, 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
37. Tamburin, Adam (September 21, 2015). "Fisk University president resigns". The Tennessean. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
38. , Fisk University, May 14, 2017
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External links

• Official website
• Fisk Athletics website