Zeta Psi
Zeta Psi (ΖΨ) is one of the world's oldest collegiate fraternities. Its members are known as "Zetes" and have many notable alumni. Zeta Psi was founded on June 1, 1847 at New York University. The organization now comprises fifty-three active chapters and thirty-four inactive chapters, encompassing roughly fifty thousand brothers, and is a founding member of the North American Interfraternity Conference. It has historically been selective about the campuses at which it has established chapters,[1] focusing on forging new territory and maintaining a presence at prestigious institutions: it was the first Fraternity on the West Coast at the University of California, Berkeley June 10, 1870,[2] the first Fraternity in Canada at the University of Toronto,[3] March 27, 1879, and the only fraternity to have chapters simultaneously at all eight Ivy League schools with the chartering of the Eta Chapter at Yale University in 1889 (though this claim lasted only a few years, owing to faculty opposition to the Princeton University Chapter).[4] The fraternity became intercontinental on May 3, 2008 with the chartering of Iota Omicron at the University of Oxford, and then with the chartering of Theta Omicron at Trinity College Dublin in 2012. Its newest chapter, Psi Omicron at the University of Paris, officially joined on May 18, 2019.
| Zeta Psi | |
|---|---|
| ΖΨ | |
 | |
| Founded | June 1, 1847 New York University |
| Type | Social |
| Scope | International |
| Motto | ΤΚΦ (Tau Kappa Phi) |
| Colors | Zeta Psi Gold Pure White Pure Black |
| Flag |  |
| Flower | White Carnation |
| Publication | The Circle |
| Philanthropy | Zete Kids USA |
| Chapters | 87 (53 Active, 34 Inactive) |
| Nickname | Zete |
| Headquarters | 15 South Henry St Pearl River, New York USA |
| Website | http://www.zetapsi.org |
Zeta Psi's international headquarters is located in Pearl River, New York. Its current president is D. Stuart Bowers, who was elected in 2018.
History
1847 to 1860: Foundation and early expansion
On the first of June in 1847, three young men gathered in a New York City bungalow with a purpose in mind: the constitution of a new Greek-letter society. Their names were John Bradt Yates Sommers, William Henry Dayton, and John Moon Skillman.
Then students at New York University, the three men formed the core of the first chapter, Phi. But William Dayton was stricken with poor health, and departed New York shortly afterward for more temperate climes. He retired to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where the warm weather and liberal policies were expected to improve his humors, intending to begin a chapter there.[5] But the move was inauspicious: Dayton died within the year, and the University of North Carolina was without a chapter of Zeta Psi.
The Phi chapter at NYU persisted in his absence, and graduated its first member the next year with George S Woodhull (Φ '48). The second chapter was established as Zeta at Williams College in Massachusetts. The Delta chapter was founded at Rutgers University later that year,[5] and was the most continuously active chapter of the fraternity until it became inactive in 2009.
Three chapters followed in 1850: Omicron (now Omicron Epsilon) at Princeton University, Sigma at the University of Pennsylvania, and Chi at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. The first two are still active, as was the Chi Chapter until 1988. In the early 1980s Colby College prohibited Fraternities on campus, despite the long and storied tradition they had enjoyed there. By 1988, ejected from campus and banned from any formal rush, the chapter quietly expired after over 130 years of existence. Problems beset other early chapters as well. The first Alpha chapter was founded in 1852 at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. But immediate resistance from the administration slowly wore upon the brothers there, and that chapter became inactive in 1872, permitting its letter to be used for the later chapter founded at Columbia.[6]
1860 to 1864: The Civil War
Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States in 1860, and South Carolina seceded from the Union, followed shortly thereafter by her fellow Southern states. Expansion of the Fraternity halted as campuses rallied for war and sent companies of their collegemen to battle.
At the outbreak of war, the Upsilon chapter at UNC— only chartered three years before—found itself the only chapter of Zeta Psi among all the Southern states, sundered from the North by the sudden lines of enmity. But even as they mustered for war and marched south, the Grand Chapter of Zeta Psi, specially assembled in early July 1862, adopted the resolution of Brother William Cooke (Φ '58) prescribing unity:
- RESOLVED, That while we may differ in political sentiment with those of our Brothers who are courageously battling for principles which they deem right, no disaster shall separate them from the union of Tau Kappa Phi.
And the brothers of Upsilon replied by letter in like fashion:
- WHEREAS, The present distracted state of our country renders it inexpedient to hold our convention in this State during this year;
- RESOLVED, That the Sigma Alpha be instructed to write to all Chapters, assuring them that though our Federal Union has been dissolved, still the Circle of Zeta Psi Fraternity shall never be broken;
- RESOLVED, That the bonds of Tau Kappa Phi which bind us to our Brothers in the North are as strong as they ever were.
Nor was the brotherhood among Zetes limited to mere words; the moving tale of Brother Henry Schwerin (Θ '63) illustrates the embodiment of love even in the most trying of circumstance. Schwerin lay gravely wounded after the bloody Battle of Chattanooga; pinned on the breast of his Union uniform was the badge of Zeta Psi. A passing Confederate soldier, also a Zete, spied the badge and carried the invalid to medical care and safety, ignoring even the imperatives of war for the sake of his brother. The worthy badge later passed into the hands of his brother, Max Schwerin (Θ '70), who would one day serve as international president. After his death, it was donated by his sister to the Fraternity's archives and remains among its treasures. Brother John Day Smith (Ε '72) witnessed the incident on the Chattanooga field, and later related it to Brother Francis Lawton (Ε '69), who would author the poem "The Badge of Zeta Psi," later set to original music and preserved to this day. The reference to "Chattanooga's bloody field" is not idle hyperbole, but the recollection of a rare triumph among such sorrows.
And amid this sorrow and heroism where so many brothers of Zeta Psi perished, so too were even whole chapters swallowed by the War. The Eta (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, chartered 1861), Psi Epsilon (Dartmouth), Upsilon (UNC), Epsilon (Brown), and Theta (Union) chapters had vanished by the end of the conflict, decimated by fallen brothers or disheartened campuses returning from the shadow of death. The Theta and Eta chapters would never survive the staggering losses they suffered, though the others ultimately recovered and reactivated. And the Gamma chapter—chartered 1861 at the Georgia Military Institute, the only new chapter during the War—was annihilated utterly by General Sherman's march, and existed thus only for those few years of tumult. But out of the shadow of war came regrowth and a time for Zeta Psi to expand once more.
1864 to 1914: Breaking new ground
The nation was still young indeed even after the end of the Civil War: California had only recently become a State, committing to the side of the victorious Union and contributing its men though the conflict took place mainly across the continent, thousands of miles away. It was then only fitting that to California the Fraternities should next have moved. Pioneers in many initiatives, Zeta Psi was the first fraternity west of the Mississippi river and hence also the first to establish a chapter on the West Coast: in 1870 it established the Iota chapter at the University of California, Berkeley. (Though the Iota chapter would not be joined until 1892 by the next addition, the Mu chapter at Stanford University).[7]
Nor was Zeta Psi content even to remain a national Fraternity, but also pressed northward into Canada. The brothers of the Xi chapter at the University of Michigan in 1879 constituted the Theta Xi chapter at the University of Toronto, to make Zeta Psi the first international Fraternity. Since then, Zeta Psi has actively bolstered its Canadian presence, commissioning a director solely for Canadian chapter development and amassing a long list of successful chapters there.
The end of the nineteenth century was fecund ground for Zeta Psi. It took root at no fewer than fourteen colleges in those latter days: Omega was founded at University of Chicago in 1864; Pi at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1865; Lambda, Bowdoin College, 1867; Beta, University of Virginia, 1868; Psi, Cornell University, 1868; Iota, UC Berkeley, 1870; Gamma, first at the US Naval Academy in 1874, and then at Syracuse College in 1875 after the government proscribed Fraternities at its military academies; Theta Xi, University of Toronto, 1879; Alpha, Columbia University, 1879; Alpha Psi, McGill University, 1883; Nu, Case Western Reserve, 1884; Eta, Yale, 1889; Mu, Stanford, 1892; Alpha Beta, University of Minnesota, 1899 (The establishment of the Eta chapter at Yale made Zeta Psi the only fraternity to establish chapters at all eight Ivy-League schools).[7]
Even as the physical reach of Zeta Psi made great bounds, so too did the principles underlying its brotherhood. By the turn of the century, the need for some more centralized structure pressed as chapter after chapter was added to the Circle and their correspondence became too much to handle so chaotically. In 1909, an international publication concerning the affairs of Zetes was first published by Brother William Comstock (Ξ '99) and distributed among the several chapters: The Circle of Zeta Psi. The periodical, which is still published to this day, contained in that first issue the exhortation which has come to be known as "The Vision of Bill Comstock" for its prescience and wisdom:
- We feel that the Fraternity, now that its individual chapters and memberships have grown so strong, is wasting its greatest possibility of strength and growth through the lack of a systematic central organization.
In short, Brother Comstock criticized the degree of individualism among the chapters of Zeta Psi, demanding unity among such disparate brothers. He prescribed that every member should receive the fledgling Circle of Zeta Psi, and thus be apprised of the far-flung doings of the fraternity; that a general secretary be commissioned to travel among the chapters and treat with them; and that a foundation be established for the pecuniary support of the general Fraternity. And all three of his mandates have been amply fulfilled: The Circle is still published and distributed to the brothers of Zeta Psi (and can be read online here); now the General Secretary is assisted in his rounds by chapter consultants, whose function remains the same; and the Zeta Psi Educational Foundation was to be instituted within Brother Comstock's lifetime, though still in the future. Before Zeta Psi could turn to such collegiate concerns, war again threatened, this time abroad.
1914 to 1920: The First World War
Though already inured to the horrors and trial that War would wreak upon her from the bloody Civil War, war in Europe came suddenly in the 1910s and caught a nation and Fraternity unawares. For some time, the United States did not commit troops to the battle, maintaining an isolationist stance protected. But Canada was a Dominion within Britain's Commonwealth, and when Great Britain entered the war, Canada willingly answered the call.
With the first Canadian chapter only founded at Toronto in 1879, her sister chapters were still young when war came to them. Particularly stricken were the Alpha Psi and Theta Xi chapters at McGill and U Toronto. Even in 1914, they were already sending letters indicating their brothers heading east across the sea to the war. In 1915, more than half the workers at the McGill Base Hospital were Zetes from Alpha Psi. By war's end, the two beleaguered chapters had sent two hundred of the brothers in defense of King and Country, 31 did not return and many others came home wounded in body and spirit.
Perhaps most noted among the rolls of the brave Canadian brethren who went overseas is Lt. Col. Brother Dr. John McCrae (Θ Ξ '94), a serviceman in the Canadian army, who like so many other men did not return at the close of conflict. But Brother McCrae bequeathed to his fraternity more than even his worthy life, but also a poem which has been preserved in great honor as both a historical and literary work: "In Flanders Fields." The words are a testament to the heroic spirit in man and are treasured still by the brethren of Zeta Psi as the hallowed words of a brother whose time long ago passed. The 19-year-old engineering student from McGill, brother Frederick Fisher was the first Canadian to win the Victoria Cross in the war, the highest British award for valour, for his determined stand at the Second Battle of Ypres. Like so many who win this medal, the award was posthumous.
Finally in 1917, America entered the war, and with their country, so too did the many Zetes who called that land their home. At the annual convention of Zeta Psi, the brothers adopted a resolution in support of the war—which the United States Congress had itself only declared a few weeks previously—:
- WHEREAS, The United States of America has been forced into the World War in defense of its national honor and for the protection of international justice and democracy;
- BE IT RESOLVED, That the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America, at the Seventieth Annual Convention assembled at Raleigh, North Carolina, hereby pledges to the President and Congress of the United States of America its unqualified support of whatever war measures the Government may deem necessary and expedient, and places at the disposal of the Government its national organization, its Chapters, and its individual members, for service in whatever capacities the government may direct.
Nor was the pledge mere idle words nor fatuous boasting. Over one-quarter of all brethren of Zeta Psi would serve during the First World War in foreign lands, and many did not return. Zeta Psi also provided the nation its first Assistant Secretary of War, Brother Benedict Crowell (Η '91),[8] noted for his bold reorganization of civilian military control during World War I. Even after the war, Crowell remained politically powerful, and was later instrumental in engineering the repeal of National Prohibition.
Regalia and symbols
Colors
The official colors of the fraternity are white and gold,[9][10] the unofficial secondary color is black.
Flag
The flag of the Zeta Psi is a white field with the letters Zeta and Psi or the words Zeta Psi written in the center in gold, piped in black.
Pledge Pin
The Zeta Psi pledge pin is a white circle with a narrow gold outline.[10]
Badge
The badge of Zeta Psi consists of "a gold pin formed of the Greek letters Zeta and Psi and there shall be engraved upon it the letters O and A." The arms of the psi are also engraved, with a Roman fasces upon the right and a star upon the left. The badge is set with seven stones (usually pearl or jet) along each of the bars of the zeta, for a total of twenty-one.[9]>[10]
Patron Saints
Each chapter of Zeta Psi chooses at its founding a patron saint to represent the chapter. There is no particular criteria for a chapter patron saint, other than the chosen figure must have some historical significance either to the chapter or the chapter's respective locality.[11] The patron saints are as follows:
| University | Chapter Designation | Patron Saint |
|---|---|---|
| New York University | Phi | John Marshall |
| Williams College | Zeta | Mark Hopkins |
| Rutgers University | Delta | Benjamin Franklin |
| University of Pennsylvania | Sigma | Robert Morris |
| Colby College | Chi | Nelson Dingley |
| Brown University | Epsilon | Roger Williams |
| Dartmouth College | Psi Epsilon | Salmon P. Chase |
| Tufts University | Kappa | Paul Revere |
| Lafayette College | Tau | Marquis de Lafayette |
| University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Upsilon | Augustus Van Wyck |
| University of Michigan | Xi | Henry Clay |
| University of Chicago | Omega Alpha | John McCrae |
| Bowdoin College | Lambda | James Bowdoin |
| University of Virginia | Beta | Thomas Jefferson |
| Cornell University | Psi | Theodore Roosevelt |
| University of California, Berkeley | Iota | Meriwether Lewis |
| Syracuse University | Gamma | Philip Schuyler |
| University of Toronto | Theta Xi | John McCrae |
| Columbia University | Alpha | Alexander Hamilton |
| McGill University | Alpha Psi | James Wolfe |
| Case Western Reserve University | Nu | William Henry Harrison |
| Yale University | Eta | Nathan Hale |
| Stanford University | Mu | Leland Stanford |
| University of Minnesota | Alpha Beta | George Rogers Clark |
| University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign | Alpha Epsilon | Abraham Lincoln |
| University of Wisconsin | Lambda Psi | James Madison |
| University of Washington | Phi Lambda | George Washington |
| University of Manitoba | Pi Epsilon | Lord Selkirk |
| University of California, Los Angeles | Sigma Zeta | Zachary Taylor |
| University of British Columbia | Sigma Epsilon | George Vancouver |
| Western University | Theta Phi | Sir Frederick Banting |
| The American University | Delta Chi | Harvey Milk |
| Brock University | Theta Eta | Geoffrey Turner |
Literature
Directory of the Zeta Psi Fraternity
First published in 1859, with two later editions in 1867 and 1883, the Catalogue of the Zeta Psi Fraternity contained names of members of the Fraternity arranged by chapters and years of initiation. In 1874, the Addenda to the Catalogue of the Zeta Psi Fraternity 1867-1874 was published to complement the 1867 edition of the Catalogue of the Zeta Psi Fraternity.[12][13] In 1888, the title was changed to the Directory of the Zeta Psi Fraternity and contact information was added for members of the Fraternity. Later editions of The Directory were produced in 1889, 1893, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1916, 1922, 1926, 1932, 1953, 1987, 1992, and 1998. Notably in 1899, the Semicentennial Biographical Catalogue of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America was published. This volume contained biographies of over 4000 members of Zeta Psi from 1847 to 1900 and historical information about each chapter. The Directory continues to be published on a regular basis and the modern version is a useful networking tool for members of the Zeta Psi Fraternity.[10][12][13][14]
Songs of the Zeta Psi Fraternity
First published in 1871, by undergraduate members of the Psi Chapter at Cornell University, Songs of the Zeta Psi Fraternity contains a collection of songs about the Zeta Psi Fraternity. Later editions appeared in 1890, 1897, 1903, 1914, and 1958. The Chapter, a brief compilation of poems, was also written by members of the Zeta Psi Fraternity in 1869.[12] [13][15]
The Jubilee of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America
Published in 1903, The Jubilee of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America is a record of the fiftieth anniversary of the Zeta Psi Fraternity. Likewise, The Double Diamond Jubilee of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America published in 1997 was an account of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Zeta Psi Fraternity, made to complement The Story of Zeta Psi. Both volumes include historical information on the fraternity and its chapters.[13][14][16]
The Circle
First published in June 1909, The Circle is the annual publication of the fraternity. The corresponding secretary has the duty of filing a report for The Circle every year. The Circle was preceded by other periodic publications that were unsuccessful. These publications were "The Zeta Psi Monthly" published in 1883; "The Zeta Psi Quarterly" published from 1884 to 1886; and "The Bulletin of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America" first published in 1897.[10][12][13]
The Story of Zeta Psi
Published in 1928, with two later editions, The Story of Zeta Psi contains the detailed history of the fraternity and each chapter founded up to the point of publication.
Pledge Manual of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America
The first published in 1942, the Pledge Manual of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America remains in publication and is a crucial source of information for men pledging the Zeta Psi Fraternity.[14]
Famous members
Zeta Psi alumni include many national business leaders, recognized athletes, government officials in the US and Canada, and brethren of notability in a broad array of fields.
Chapters
Zeta Psi, like all conventional university fraternities, operates as chapters at various campuses across North America and the world. Zeta Psi has chapters in five countries: Canada, the United States, Scotland, England and Ireland.
Active chapters
The active chapter is the core of the Zeta Psi experience.
Chapter governance
Zeta Psi is modeled after most modern democracies in that they have legislative, judicial, and executive branches of governance.
Chapter meeting
Each chapter meeting with due quorum has the authority to act as the legislative organ of the chapter. Most chapters run their meetings with parliamentary rules of order.
Supreme Council
The Supreme Council is the chapter's only judicial body. It has authority to rule on almost any matter and its proceedings are held in camera. It is composed of the Phi and Alpha Phi and at least three elected members-at-large.
Naming
Each chapter in Zeta Psi has a unique name composed of one or two Greek letters. A petitioning colony that receives a charter chooses a name for their chapter. From this point on, the name is fixed. Even if the chapter goes inactive—in that it has no undergraduate members—the name will be taken up by any group that re-establishes a chapter at the university campus.
The name can be based on many different factors. For instance, it is common for new chapters to take on an element from an existing chapter that has helped them form. Theta Xi in Toronto adopted the Xi from their neighbor chapter in Michigan, and in turn chapters in Ontario started adding "Theta" as part of their name from their relationship to the Toronto chapter. There are now many chapters in Ontario and there is no pre-requisite to have a Theta in the name. Other times, a name is related to other factors like the Roman Catholic Villanova University chapter being named Alpha Omega due to the Christian significance.
A one or two-letter name can only be re-used if the chapter possessing the name is pronounced "deceased." This has not happened since 1892.
Elder chapters
For each undergraduate chapter at a campus, there is a corresponding elder chapter composed of alumni members.
Chapter governance
An elder chapter has a similar organizational structure to the active chapter, with Greek-letter officers and a supreme council.
Greek-letter officers
There are only six Greek-letter officers in the elder chapter that act as its executive.
- Phi - Φ - Elder President
- Alpha Phi - ΑΦ - Elder Vice-president
- Sigma - Σ - Elder Secretary
- Gamma - Γ - Elder Treasurer
- Delta - Δ - Elder historian
- Beta Pi - ΒΠ - Elder advisor to the active chapter
Chapter meeting
Elder chapters are also required to hold annual chapter meetings to serve as a legislative body.
Supreme Council
The Supreme Council is the chapter's only judicial body. It has authority to rule on almost any matter and its proceedings. It may hear appeals and rule on matters from the active supreme council. It is composed of all the elder officers and at least three elected members-at-large.
Naming
The elder chapter has the same name as the active chapter but has different organization, powers, and is legally a separate entity.
Geographical associations
Geographical associations are similar to elder chapters, in that they are composed of alumni and have a vote at Grand Chapter. However, they are larger in scope and have no active affiliation. Geographical associations mostly base their membership on alumni living in a metropolitan area.
Active geographical associations (as of 2006)
- Zeta Psi Washington, D.C. Elders Association
- Zeta Psi New York City Elders Association
- Philly Zete RAC
- Zeta Psi Chicago Alumni Club
- Zeta Psi Boston Alumni Club
- Zeta Psi Arizona Alumni Club
- Zeta Psi Dallas Alumni Club
- Houston Association of Zeta Psi
- Southern California Association of Zeta Psi Alumni
- Zeta Psi Alumni Association of Greater Pittsburgh
- Zeta Psi Elders Association of Durham
- Zeta Psi Elders Association of Toronto
- Zeta Psi Alumni of Cleveland
- Zeta Psi of Texas
Grand Chapter
The Grand Chapter is composed of the seven grand officers and one voting delegate from each active and elder chapter and geographical association. The Grand Chapter has complete and total authority over Zeta Psi.
Chapter governance
The Grand Chapter has a similar organizational structure to the active chapter, with Greek-letter officers but with an executive committee in place of a supreme council.
Greek-letter officers
Grand Chapter has the same number and function of Greek-letter officers however, the name has an additional "alpha" to denote it as different. At one point in time, there were several appointed officers each designated Chi Phi Alpha (ΧΦΑ) of a particular area (e.g. Canada, or the Northwest United States) which served as geographical representatives to the Grand Chapter.
- Phi Alpha - ΦΑ - President and executive head
- Alpha Phi Alpha - ΑΦΑ - Vice-president
- Sigma Alpha - ΣΑ - Secretary
- Alpha Sigma Alpha - ΑΣΑ - Assistant secretary (appointed)
- Gamma Alpha - ΓΑ - Treasurer and fiscal officer
- Delta Alpha - ΔΑ - Fraternity historian
- Sigma Rho Alpha - ΣΡΑ - Sergeant-at-arms (appointed)
- Beta Gamma - ΒΓ - Founder (appointed)
Annual meeting of the Board of Delegates
The Board of Delegates elects the Grand Chapter officers and may amend the by-laws and act as the legislative body of the Grand Chapter.
Executive Committee
The executive committee is constituted as follows: "Phi Alpha, Alpha Phi Alpha, Sigma Alpha, Gamma Alpha, Delta Alpha, and six representatives duly elected at large from the Fraternity for one year terms." In addition one member, but no more than two, must be members of an active chapter.
Zeta Psi in Popular Culture
- Steve Berman, who was a member of the Beta Tau chapter at Tulane University featured that chapter in the short story, "His Mouth Will Taste of Chernobyl"
Notes
- The Cyclopedia of Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company. 1899. p. 357.
- Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: James T. Brown. 1920. pp. 397–403.
- Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: James T. Brown. 1920. p. 400.
- Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: James T. Brown. 1920. p. 398.
- Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: James T. Brown. 1920. p. 397.
- Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: James T. Brown. 1920. pp. 397–399.
- Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: James T. Brown. 1920. pp. 398–400.
- http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/benedict-crowell.htm Benedict Crowell graduated from Yale (Eta) in 1891 not Case Western Reserve (Nu) in 1892 according to the Arlington National Cemetery website.
- Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: James T. Brown. 1920. p. 402.
- Directory of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America. New York, NY, USA: Trustees of the Zeta Psi Fraternity. 1926. pp. v, l–liii.
- The Story of Zeta Psi. New York, NY, USA: Trustees of the Zeta Psi Fraternity. 1928. p. 695.
- Semicentennial Biographical Catalogue of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America. New York, NY, USA: Zeta Psi. December 1899. pp. 913–914.
- Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. New York, NY, USA: James T. Brown. 1920. p. 401.
- Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America: Double Diamond Jubilee. Paducah, KY, USA: Turner Publishing Company. 1997.
- The Chapter. New York, NY, USA: W. C. Rogers &. Co. Stationers and Printers. 1869. pp. 2–3.
- The Jubilee of the Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America. New York, NY, USA: Zeta Psi. 1903.