Aleviler

Aleviler is an idiom, being used synonymously in Turkish language with Shi'ites, to characterize the Zaydids of Tabaristan, Daylam and Gilan; the Bātinī-Ismāʿīlīs[1] of Pamir Mountains in Turkestan and the Non-Ja'fari Twelver-Shi’ites in Turkey.

For other uses, see Alevis and Alids.

For the mainly Syrian-Shi’ite religious group, see Alawis. For the mainly Non-Muslim Kurdish religious groups, see Yazdânism.

Classification of Aleviler

• Turkestan Alevis[1]
  • Zaid’īyyah Alavids of the Tabaristan, Daylam and Gilan, emerged under the influence of the Hasan ibn Zayd and the efforts of Hasan ibn Ali al-Utrush
  • Bātinī-Ismāʿīl’īyyah Alevis of the Pamir Mountains,[1] emerged under the influence of the Ismailyya Da'i Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani of the Fatimid caliph Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh
• Bābā’ī-Bātin’īyyah (Mostly Turkish and some Kurdish) Alevis
  • Sāfav’īyyah-Kızılbaşism/Qizilbash Tariqa, a religious ghulāt-Alevi community in Turkey, emerged under the influence of Kaysanites Shia, Khurramiyyah Tariqa, and Shah Ismail of the Safavid Dynasty in Iran
    • Ḥurūfī’īyyah-Bektashism/Bektashiyyah Tariqa, a religious Alevi-Bātinī community in Turkey, Balkans and Albania, emerged under the influence of Ismailiyyah Shia, Shamanism and Tengrism
• Arab Alawis[2] or Nosairis,[3][4] a branch of ghulāt bātin’īyyah-Twelvers, now present in Syria, Southern Turkey and Northern Lebanon, founded by Ibn Nusayr and Al-Khaṣībī
• Non-Islamic Yazdânī Faith[5] (Claimed by some of their followers as Kurdish Yarsani-Alevism,[6] as well)
  • Anthropopathic Ali-Illahism
  • Anti-Islamic Chinarism[7] or Ishik Alevism, also known as Alevism without Ali[8]
  • Non-Islamic Kurdish Esoterism[9] or Yârsânism,[10] also known as Ahl-E Haqq or Kaka'is[11]

The historical emergence of the Shī‘ah Imāmī Alevi Ṭarīqah and other related non-Muslim sects

Aleviler amongst Shia Islam

References

1. Balcıoğlu, Tahir Harimî, Türk Tarihinde Mezhep Cereyanları – The course of madh'hab events in Turkish history (Preface and notes by Hilmi Ziya Ülken), Ahmet Sait Press, 271 pages, Kanaat Publications, Istanbul, 1940. (in Turkish)
2. Cagaptay, Soner (17 April 2012). "Are Syrian Alawites and Turkish Alevis the same?". CNN. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
3. Some sources (Martin van Bruinessen and Jamal Shah) call Alevi "a blanket term for a large number of different heterodox communities", and includes Arabic speaking Alawites in southern Turkey, and Azerbaijani speaking Turkish in the eastern province of Kars "whose Alevism differs little from the 'orthodox' Twelver Shi`ism of modern Iran".
4. van Bruinessen, Martin (c. 1995). "Kurds, Turks, and the Alevi Revival in Turkey". islam.uga.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2017-07-31.
5. Izady, Mehrdad R. (1992), The Kurds: a concise handbook, Washington & London: Taylor & Francis, p. 170 passim, ISBN 0-8448-1727-9
6. Persian: اهل حق‎ Ahl-e Haqq "People of Truth"), is a syncretic religion founded by Sultan Sahak in the late 14th century in western Iran.
7. Erdoğan Çınar (2004). "Aleviliğin Gizli Tarihi – (The Secret history of Alevism)". Chivi Yazıları. (http://www.idefix.com).
8. Bulut, Faik, (2011), "Ali'siz Alevîlik" – Alevism without Ali, Berfin Yayıncılık.
9. Hamzeh'ee, M. Reza Fariborz (1995). Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi; et al. (eds.). Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East. Leiden: Brill. pp. 101–117. ISBN 90-04-10861-0.
10. P. G. Kreyenbroek (1992). Review of The Yaresan: A Sociological, Historical and Religio-Historical Study of a Kurdish Community, by M. Reza Hamzeh'ee, 1990, ISBN 3-922968-83-X. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol.55, No.3, pp.565–566.
11. Elahi, Bahram (1987). The path of perfection, the spiritual teachings of Master Nur Ali Elahi. ISBN 0-7126-0200-3.

Further reading

Alavids

• Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
• Madelung, W. (1985). "ʿALIDS OF ṬABARESTĀN, DAYLAMĀN, AND GĪLĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 881–886. ISBN 0710090994.

Further information: Alavids and History of Tabaristan

Bektashism

• Brown, John (1927), The Darvishes of Oriental Spiritualism.
• Küçük, Hülya (2002) The Roles of the Bektashis in Turkey’s National Struggle. Leiden: Brill.
• Mélikoff, Irène (1998). Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie. Leiden: Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, volume 20, ISBN 90-04-10954-4.
• Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), “Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey.” In: Tord Olsson/Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere (eds.) Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute, pp. 23–50.
• Yaman, Ali & Aykan Erdemir (2006). Alevism-Bektashism: A Brief Introduction, London: England Alevi Cultural Centre & Cem Evi. ISBN 975-98065-3-3

Further information: Bektashism and folk religion and Bektashiyyah

Kızılbaşism

• Halm, H. (1982). Die Islamische Gnosis: Die extreme Schia und die Alawiten. Zurich.
• Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina (1992). Die Kizilbas/Aleviten. Untersuchungen uber eine esoterische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Anatolien. Die Welt des Islams, (New Series), Vol. 32, No. 1.
• Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina, & Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, eds. (1997) Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East. Leiden: Brill, pp. 11–18.
• Moosa, Matti (1988). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects, Syracuse University Press.

Further information: Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam and Qizilbash

Ahl-e Haqq Tariqa and Kurdish Alevis

• Elahi, Bahram (1987). The path of perfection, the spiritual teachings of Master Nur Ali Elahi. ISBN 0-7126-0200-3.
• Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thompson Gale, 2004) p. 82.
• Edmonds, Cecil (1957). Kurds, Turks, and Arabs: politics, travel, and research in north-eastern Iraq, 1919–1925. Oxford University Press.
• Hamzeh'ee, M. Reza Fariborz (1995). Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi; et al. (eds.). Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East. Leiden: Brill. pp. 101–117. ISBN 90-04-10861-0.
• Kreyenbroek, P. G. (1992). Review of The Yaresan: A Sociological, Historical and Religio-Historical Study of a Kurdish Community, by M. Reza Hamzeh'ee, 1990, ISBN 3-922968-83-X. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 565–566.
• White, Paul J. (2003), “The Debate on the Identity of "Alevi Kurds".” In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview. Leiden: Brill, pp. 17–32.

Further information: Ahl-e Haqq, Sultan Sahak, Hajj Nematollah, Nur Ali Elahi, Ali-Illahism, Chinarism, and Esoterism