Baligh

In Islamic legal terminology, bāligh (Arabic: بالغ‎, adult) or mukallaf (Arabic: مكلاف‎, responsible) of muhallaq (Arabic: محلاق‎, tendril, mentally matured) or murahiq (Arabic: مراحق‎, frequently errant, evildoer in a hurry) or muhtalim (Arabic: محتلم‎, pubescent) refers to someone who has reached maturity or puberty, and has full responsibility under Islamic law.[1][2][3][4]

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Quran

The Qur'an refers to puberty in 6:152; 12:22; 17:34; 18:82: 22:5; 28:14; 40:67: 46:15 and 3 times in chapter 24 An-Nisa (31, 58, 59), where reference is made to a prepubescent child's unawareness of sexual matters, which allows him or her to be with an adult whose state of dress would preclude more mature individuals from being present. One includes children who have not reached puberty in a list of those before whom woman may adopt a more relaxed standard of dress than what is normally stipulated in the verse 31 of An-Nur (24:31). The other makes a distinction between children who have reached puberty and those who have not, with the latter having access to parents who might be in a state of undress.[5]

"Oh believers, your slaves and any who have not yet reached puberty should. Ask your permission on three occasions-before the dawn prayer; when you take off your clothes in the noon heat; and after the evening prayer. These are the three times you are undressed. During other times, neither you nor they should be blamed if you interact with one another freely. In this way God makes clear the revelation for you-God knows and is wise. When your children attain puberty, they should ask for your permission like those before them did. In this way God makes clear His revelation for you-God knows and is wise"

— Quran, An-Nur,24:58-59[6]

Hadith

and before the age of puberty, his faults and crimes are generally considered as irrevocable according to the hadith.[7][3] According to another ahadith, at starting puberty, the recording angels start recording bad deeds such as missing regular prayers.[8] Prophet of Islam Muhammad told Muslims to order seven-year-old children to pray, bite them if they do not pray at the age of ten, and to separate their bed then.[8] In another hadith of Abu Dawood, Muhammad told Muslims to order to pray when they can distinguish between left hand and right hand which means before puberty.[8] Muhammad also said, bathing is obligatory in the weekend day of Jumuah prayer (Friday) for every male who reached puberty.[8]

Jurisprudence

In Islam, human life is divided into two parts, the first is before adolescence or childhood, when man is considered innocent, and the second is after adolescence (bulugiyat) or adulthood, when the Islamic law is fully applied to man and the hereafter is judged. If a person dies before he becomes an adult, he is considered to be in heaven.[7][3]

According to Islamic jurists, human irads or niyah or qasd or free will, aqal or ability to judge right and wrong, and courage are formed before the age of puberty (Tamyiz) and between the age of puberty, and after the age of puberty (Taklif), his intellect (Aql), that is, wisdom and judgment, attains perfection. Therefore, from childhood, that is, before the age of seven, the child is taught the Kitab or knowledge, Adab or etiquette, Ibadat or worship and Taharat or cleanliness, because at this time the child is easily fit to receive education.[7][3][8][9]

Lifespan

According to Abu Hanifa and Shafi'i, the minimum age for puberty in boys is approximately 12 lunar years, and in the absence of symptoms, approximately 15 lunar years to a maximum of 18 lunar years may be considered, or may vary by geographical region; in the case of boys, the characteristics or signs of puberty are fragility of voice and masculine change, puberty hair loss, nightmares and impotence. The minimum age of puberty for girls is approximately 9 lunar years and if no symptoms are found, it can be considered as approximately 15 lunar years to maximum 17 or 18 lunar years, or may vary by geographical region. The characteristics or signs of puberty in girls are menstruation, wet dreams and the ability to conceive. However, according to Nawawi, the age of 15 lunar year is self-evident for both boys and girls to become full adults.[3][10][11]

In marriage

In issues pertaining to marriage, baligh is related to the Arabic legal expression, hatta tutiqa'l-rijal, which means that the a wedding may not take place until the girl is physically fit to engage in sexual intercourse. In comparison, baligh or balaghat concerns the reaching of sexual maturity which becomes manifest by the menses. The age related to these two concepts can, but need not necessarily, coincide. Only after a separate condition called rushd, or intellectual maturity to handle one's own property, is reached can a girl receive her bridewealth.[12]

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See also

Notes
  1. Amanat, Abbas; Griffel, Frank (2007). Shari’a: Islamic Law in the Contemporary Context. Stanford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8047-7953-1. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  2. Netton, Ian Richard (2013). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  3. Elementary Education and Motivation in Islam. Cambria Press. 2010. pp. 21, 25. ISBN 978-1-62196-932-7. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  4. Tucker, Judith E.; Tucker (1998). In the House of the Law: Gender and Islamic Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine. University of California Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-520-21039-4.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. Kaltner, John (2011). Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader. Fortress Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4514-1138-6. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  6. [Quran #24:#58-59]
  7. Meri, Josef W. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  8. Tarazi, Norma (1995). The Child in Islam. American Trust Publications. pp. 129, 131, 132. ISBN 978-0-89259-158-9. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  9. Rassool, G. Hussein; Khan, Muhammad Aftab (2020). Sexuality Education from an Islamic Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-5275-4697-4. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  10. Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion. W.H. Allen. p. 476. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  11. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam. BRILL. p. 109. ISBN 978-90-04-15295-3. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  12. Masud, Islamic Legal Interpretation, Muftis and Their Fatwas, Harvard University Press, 1996
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