Savu languages

Savu
Geographic; distribution	Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
Linguistic classification	Unclear, perhaps Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Sumba–Flores ? Sumba–Hawu Savu; ; ; ;
Subdivisions	Hawu; Dhao;
Glottolog	hawu1234[1]

The Savu languages, Hawu and Dhao, are spoken on Savu and Ndao Islands in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Classification

Cappell (1975) noted a large amount of non-Austronesian vocabulary and grammatical features in the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages of East Nusa Tenggara and Maluku, notably in Hawu. While he generally spoke of a non-Austronesian substratum, Hawu is so divergent from Austronesian norms that he classified it (and Dhao) as a non-Austronesian language. He says,

Hawu also has a large AN [Austronesian] vocabulary, including the pronouns, and a couple of grammatical features, principally the stative prefix ma- and the causative pa- ... However, it contains no other AN grammatical features at all, and while being quite NAN [non-Austronesian], its grammar does not fall into line with the AT [Alor-Timor] languages, but is of an independent type. The right evaluation is therefore that Hawu is NAN, with a very heavy overlay of Indonesian AN vocabulary. (p. 683)

However, it is now generally accepted that Savu is no more divergent than the other Central Malayo-Polynesian languages, all of which display a non-Austronesian component that defines Melanesian languages.

Phonology

The Savu languages have the same vowels and stress rules. They share implosive (or perhaps pre-glottalized) consonants with the Bima–Sumba languages and with languages of Flores and Sulawesi further north, such Wolio, and languages of Flores such as Ngad'a have rather similar lengthening of consonants after schwa. Dhao has the larger inventory, but even where the languages have the same consonants, there is often not a one-to-one correspondence. Apart from Hawu /v/, Dhao is more conservative. Hawu *s, *c shifted to /h/ in historical times. Non-obvious correlations are:

Dhao	Hawu	example	gloss
tʃ	h	tʃaʔe ~ haʔe	climb
s	h	risi ~ rihi	more
h	h	həba ~ həɓa	mouth
h	v	hahi ~ vavi	pig
ɖʐ	d	maɖʐe ~ made	dead
d	ɗ	məda ~ məɗa	niɡht
ɗ	ɗ	loɗo	sun, day
bβ	b	bβəni ~ bəni	woman
b	ɓ	həba ~ həɓa	mouth
ɓ	ɓ	saɓa ~ haɓa (?)	effort
#dʒ	#ʄ, #j	dʒaʔa ~ ʄaa / jaa	I, me
.dʒ	.dʒ	padʒuu ~ pedʒuu (?)	command
ʄ	ʄ	aʄu	tree

For initial /dʒ/ in Dhao, there is dialectical variation between /ʄ/ and /j/ in Hawu. Most other consonants have a one-to-one correspondence, but a few (such as /ɓ/, /ɡ/, and non-initial /dʒ/) are not well-enough attested to be certain.

Pronouns

Independent personal pronouns are similar.

	Dhao	Hawu
I	dʒaʔa	ʄaa (jaa, dʒoo)
thou	əu	əu (au, ou)
s/he	nəŋu	noo
we (incl)	əɖʐi	dii
we (excl)	dʒiʔi	ʄii
y'all	miu	muu
they	rəŋu	raa (naa)

Parenthetical forms in Hawu are dialectical.

Footnotes

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Hawu–Dhao". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

gollark: Spoken languages would just be represented as Haskell ASTs, obviously.

gollark: Does the JVM have tagged unions? No, I do not think so.

gollark: This would have many benefits.

gollark: As a certified idea haver, I have a better idea. We force all languages ever to compile to a common IL which does have all the features people want. There may be resistance to this, which is why it would be deployed via a "trusting trust" attack on all popular compilers simultaneously.

gollark: Although I guess you'd then lose out on the nice language features on each end.

References

Grimes, Charles E. 2006. "Hawu and Dhao in eastern Indonesia: revisiting their relationship"
Capell, Arthur. 'The "West Papuan Phylum": General, and Timor and Areas Further West', §2.10.1 in Wurm 1977 [1975], New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene. Canberra.

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[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Hawu–Dhao". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.