RT (TV network)

RT (formerly Russia Today) is a state-controlled international television network funded by the Russian federal tax budget.[5][6] It operates pay television channels directed to audiences outside of Russia, as well as providing Internet content in English, Spanish, French, German, Arabic, and Russian.

"Russia Today" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Rossiya Segodnya or Russian Federation Today.

RT
Launched10 December 2005 (2005-12-10) (registered on 6 April 2005)[1][2]
Owned byANO "TV-Novosti"[3]
Picture format1080i (HDTV)
(downscaled to 16:9 480i/576i for the SDTV feed)
SloganQuestion More
CountryRussia
LanguageNews channel :
English, French, Spanish, Arabic
Documentary channel:
English, French, Russian
Online platforms:
German[4]
Broadcast areaWorldwide
HeadquartersMoscow, Russia
Formerly calledRussia Today (2005–2009)
Sister channel(s)RT America
RT France
RT UK
RT Deutsch
RT en Español
RT Arabic
RT Documentary
Websitewww.rt.com
Availability
Terrestrial
Oqaab (Afghanistan)Channel 47
Digital terrestrial television (United States)Channel 10.1 (Carolina, Puerto Rico)
Channel 31.5 (Cortez, Colorado)
Channel 36.1 (Mayagüez, Puerto Rico)
Satellite
Hot Bird 13°E (Europe, Middle East & North Africa)12476 H 29900 3/4 (HD)
11240 V 27500 3/4 (SD)
Astra 19.2°E (Europe)11377 V 22000 2/3 (HD)
11068 V 22000 5/6 (SD)
Astra 5°E (Scandinavia)11996 H 27500 3/4 (SD)
Astra 5°E (Sub Saharan Africa)12015 V 29950 3/4 (SD)
Hispasat 30°W (Europe)12092 V 27500 3/4 (SD)
Azerspace-2 45°E (West Africa)11590 V 30000 ? (SD)
Al Jah 1 52.5°E (Middle East & North Africa)11977 H 27500 7/8 (HD)
ABS 2A 75°E (Russia)11605 V 43200 7/8 (SD)
MEASAT-3a 91.4°E (South Asia, Oceania & Africa)4120 H 30000 5/6 (HD)
AsiaSat 7 105.5°E (Asia & Oceania)3760 H 26000 7/8 (SD)
Intelsat 19 166°E (Australia & New Zealand)12286 H 30000 3/4 (SD)
Bell Satellite TV (Canada)Channel 724
Airtel digital tv (India)Channel 396
Indovision (Indonesia)Channel 355
Sky Italia (Italy)Channel 531
nc+ (Poland)Channel 301
Sky (New Zealand)Channel 92
Reliance Digital TV (India)Channel 461
Canal Digitaal (Netherlands)Channel 91 (HD)
Dish TV (India)Channel 738
Videocon d2h (India)Channel 363
Foxtel (Australia)Channel 658
DStv (Africa)Channel 407
Tata Sky (India)Channel 641
Dialog TV (Sri Lanka)Channel 39
G Sat (Philippines)Channel 120
Cignal (Philippines)Channel 173
Cable
Comcast (United States)Channel number varies
Destiny Cable (Philippines)Channel 221 (Digital)
Cablelink (Philippines)Channel 104
Cablemás (Mexico)Channel 290
NOS (Portuguese media company) (Portugal)Channel 214
Foxtel (Australia)Channel 658
Bukidnon Z5 Cable (Philippines)Channel 16
Macau Cable TV (Macau)Channel 820
SkyCable (Philippines)Channel 221
Spectrum (New York City, Los Angeles, and San Diego)Channel number varies
Ask Cable Vision (Sri Lanka)Channel 37
IPTV
Bell Fibe TV (Canada)Channel 517
Optik TV (Canada)Channel 573
Singtel TV (Singapore)Channel 163
StarHub TV (Singapore)Channel 151
PTCL Smart TV (Pakistan)Channel 102
Open IPTV (Serbia)Channel 547
VMedia (Canada)Channel 188
now TV (Hong Kong)Channel 329
Shaw Exo TV (Canada)Channel 505
Streaming media
Official live streamRT News, RT America, RT UK, RT Documentary On Air (free, available in English) RT Arabic (free, available in Arabic) RT Spanish (free, available in Spanish)
Internet Protocol televisionApple TV (Ver. 4), Roku, Sling TV
TVPlayerWatch live (UK only)

RT operates as a multilingual service with conventional channels in five languages: the original English-language channel was launched in 2005, the Arabic-language channel in 2007, Spanish in 2009, German in 2014 and French in 2017. RT America (since 2010),[7] RT UK (since 2014) and other regional channels also offer some locally based content.

RT is a brand of "TV-Novosti", an "autonomous non-profit organization", founded by the Russian news agency, RIA Novosti, on 6 April 2005.[1][8] During the economic crisis in December 2008, the Russian government, headed by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, included ANO "TV-Novosti" on its list of core organizations of strategic importance of Russia.[9][10][11]

RT has been described as a propaganda outlet for the Russian government[12] and its foreign policy.[13][14][15][16][17][18] RT has also been accused of spreading disinformation[18][19][20] by news reporters,[21][22] including some former RT reporters.[23][24][25] The UK media regulator, Ofcom, has repeatedly found RT to have breached its rules on impartiality and on one occasion found it had broadcast "materially misleading" content.[26][27][28][29] RT's editor-in-chief compared it with the Russian Army and Defence Ministry and talked about it "waging the information war against the entire Western world."[5] In September 2017, RT America was ordered to register as a "foreign agent" with the United States Department of Justice under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. Under the act, RT is required to disclose financial information to the U.S.[30]

History

Foundation

The creation of RT was a part of a larger public relations effort by the Russian Government in 2005 that was intended to improve the image of Russia abroad.[31] RT was conceived by former media minister Mikhail Lesin,[32] and Russian president Vladimir Putin's press spokesperson Aleksei Gromov.[33] At the time of RT's founding, RIA Novosti director Svetlana Mironyuk stated: "Unfortunately, at the level of mass consciousness in the West, Russia is associated with three words: communism, snow and poverty," and added "we would like to present a more complete picture of life in our country."[32] It is registered as an autonomous nonprofit organization[3][34] funded by the federal budget of Russia through the Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation.[35]

In 2005, RIA Novosti helped establish ANO TV-Novosti (or "Autonomous Non-profit Organization TV-News") to serve as the parent organization for the planned channel. ANO TV-Novosti was registered on 6 April 2005.[1] ANO TV-Novosti appointed Sergey Frolov as its CEO position;[36]

Former President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev visits RT offices with Editor-in-Chief Margarita Simonyan

The channel was launched as Russia Today on 10 December 2005. At its launch, the channel employed 300 journalists, including approximately 70 from outside Russia.[31] Russia Today appointed Margarita Simonyan as its editor-in-chief, who recruited foreign journalists as presenters and consultants.[32] Simonyan stated that the channel's intent was to have a "professional format" akin to the BBC and Euronews that would "reflect Russia's opinion of the world" and present a "more balanced picture" of Russia.[37]

Simonyan, who was only 25 years old at the time of her hiring by the channel, was a former Kremlin pool reporter and had worked in journalism since she was 18. She told The New York Times that after the fall of the Soviet Union, many new young journalists were hired, resulting in a much younger pool of staffers than other news organizations.[38] Journalist Danny Schechter (who has appeared as a guest on RT)[39] has stated that having been part of the launch staff at CNN, he saw RT as another "channel of young people who are inexperienced, but very enthusiastic about what they are doing."[40] Shortly after the channel was launched, James Painter wrote that RT and similar news channels such as France 24 and TeleSUR saw themselves as "counter-hegemonic", offering a differing vision and news content from that of Western media like CNN and the BBC.[41]

Development and expansion
Dmitry Medvedev took part in the launch of RT Documentary
Vladimir Putin during a visit to the new RT broadcasting centre

RT launched several new channels in ensuing years: the Arabic language channel Rusiya Al-Yaum in 2007, the Spanish language channel RT Actualidad in 2009, RT America – which focuses on the United States – in 2010, and the RT Documentary channel in 2011.[7]

In August 2007, Russia Today became the first television channel to report live from the North Pole (with the report lasting five minutes and 41 seconds). An RT crew participated in the Arktika 2007 Russian polar expedition, led by Artur Chilingarov on the Akademik Fyodorov icebreaker.[42][43] On 31 December 2007, RT's broadcasts of New Year's Eve celebrations in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were broadcast in the hours prior to the New Year's Eve event at New York City's Times Square.[43]

RT drew particular attention worldwide for its coverage of the 2008 South Ossetia war.[43][44][45] RT named Georgia as the aggressor[45] against the separatist governments of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which were protected by Russian troops.[46] RT saw this as the incident that showcased its newsgathering abilities to the world.[13] Margarita Simonyan stated, "we were the only ones among the English-language media who were giving the other side of the story – the South Ossetian side of the story."[44]

In 2009, Russia Today rebranded itself to simply the "RT" initials.[47] Simonyan denied that the name change was an attempt to hide its Russian origins, stating the corporate logo was changed to attract more viewers and commenting, "who is interested in watching news from Russia all day long?"[7]

In early 2010, RT unveiled a highly controversial advertising campaign called "Question More", which was created for the channel by Britain-based McCann Erickson.[15] One of the advertisements featured as part of the campaign showed President of the United States Barack Obama "morphing" into Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and asked: "Who poses the greatest nuclear threat?" The ad was banned in American airports. Another showed a Western soldier "merging" into a Taliban fighter and asks: "Is terror only inflicted by terrorists?"[48] One of RT's 2010 billboard advertisements won the British Awards for National Newspaper Advertising "Ad of the Month".[49]

RT is one of several international channels to challenge the United States media's global news coverage.[50] In 2010, Walter Isaacson, Chairman of the U.S. Government's Broadcasting Board of Governors (which runs Voice of America, Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Asia), called for more money to invest into the programs because, "We can't allow ourselves to be out-communicated by our enemies," mentioning specifically Russia Today, Iran's Press TV and China's China Central Television (CCTV) in the next sentence. He later explained he actually was referring to "enemies" in Afghanistan, not the nations he mentioned.[51] In 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that the United States was "losing the information war" abroad to foreign channels like RT, Al Jazeera and China Central Television[52] and that they are supplanting the Voice of America.[53][54]

Since 2012

In early 2012, shortly after his appointment as the United States Ambassador to Russia, Michael McFaul challenged Margarita Simonyan[55] on Twitter, regarding allegations from RT[56] that he sent Alexei Navalny to study at Yale University.[55][56] According to RT, McFaul was referring to a comment in an article by political scientist Igor Panarin, which RT had specified were the views of the author.[57][58] McFaul then accepted an interview by Sophie Shevardnadze on RT on this and other issues and reasserted that the Obama administration wanted a "reset" in relations with Russia.[59][60]

On 17 April 2012, RT debuted World Tomorrow, a news interview programme hosted by WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. The first guest on the program was Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah.[61][62][63] The interview made global headlines as Nasrallah rarely gives interviews to Western media.[64] Commentators described this as a "coup"[65][66] or a "scoop".[67] WikiLeaks described the show as "a series of in-depth conversations with key political players, thinkers and revolutionaries from around the world."[68] It stated that the show is "independently produced and Assange has control"; WikiLeaks offers a "Broadcasters license, only".[47]

Assange said that RT would allow his guests to discuss things that they "could not say on a mainstream TV network."[69] Assange said that if Wikileaks had published Russian data, his relationship with RT might not have been so comfortable.[64] In August of that year, RT suffered a denial of service attack for several days by a group calling itself "Antileaks". It was speculated that the group was protesting Assange and/or Russia's jailing of members of the activist music group Pussy Riot.[70]

On 23 October 2012, RT, along with Al Jazeera and C-SPAN, broadcast the Free and Equal Elections Foundation third-party debate among four third-party candidates for President of the United States.[71][72] On 5 November, RT broadcast the two candidates that were voted winners of that debate, Libertarian Party candidate Governor Gary Johnson and the Green Party of the United States candidate Jill Stein from RT's Washington, D.C. studio.[73][74][75]

In November 2012, Israeli Defense Force bombs severely damaged RT's offices in Gaza City, wounding four journalists, during Operation Pillar of Defense. The office was right next to that of the Israeli target, Al-Aqsa TV, a television station that was affiliated with the Palestinian militant group Hamas.

In May 2013, RT announced that former CNN host Larry King would host a new talk show on RT. King said in an advertisement on RT: "I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power, instead of speaking on their behalf."[76][77] As part of the deal, King would also bring his Hulu series Larry King Now to RT. On 13 June 2013, RT aired a preview telecast of King's new Thursday evening program Politicking, with the episode discussing Edward Snowden's leaking of the PRISM surveillance program.[78]

Vladimir Putin visited the new RT broadcasting centre in June 2013 and stated "When we designed this project back in 2005 we intended introducing another strong player on the international scene, a player that wouldn't just provide an unbiased coverage of the events in Russia but also try, let me stress, I mean – try to break the Anglo-Saxon monopoly on the global information streams. ... We wanted to bring an absolutely independent news channel to the news arena. Certainly the channel is funded by the government, so it cannot help but reflect the Russian government's official position on the events in our country and in the rest of the world one way or another. But I’d like to underline again that we never intended this channel, RT, as any kind of apologetics for the Russian political line, whether domestic or foreign."[79][6]

In early October 2014, RT announced the launch of a dedicated news channel, RT UK, aimed at British audiences. The new channel began operating on 30 October 2014.[80]

In 2018, some of the RT staff started a new media project Redfish.media that positions itself as "grassroots journalism".[81] The website has been criticized by an activist Musa Okwonga for deceptively taking an interview from him and then distributing it across RT channels while hiding its real affiliation.[82] Another similar project is In the NOW started in 2018.[83] On 15 February 2019 Facebook temporarily blocked the In the NOW page. Facebook said that even though it does not require pages to disclose who funds them, it had suspended the channel so viewers would not "be misled about who’s behind them". Anissa Naouai, the CEO of Maffick media, which published the page, described the blocking as "unprecedented discrimination," and claimed that Facebook did not ask other channels to declare their parent company and financial affiliations. As of February 2019, Maffick media's majority stock was controlled by Ruptly, the subsidiary of RT, with Naouai owning the remainly 49%. Facebook unblocked the page on 25 February 2019. Naouai said Facebook had agreed to unblock the page once it was updated to feature information related to In the NOW 's funding and management. She said this requirement has been applied to no other Facebook page. In the NOW also has an active channel on YouTube and regularly posts videos from Soapbox. [84][85][86][87]

Organization

State-owned RIA Novosti news agency, which founded RT in 2005, is one of the largest in Russia. Its chairperson is Svetlana Mironyuk, who has modernised the agency since her appointment in 2003.[88][89][90] RIA Novosti has stated it helped establish RT, but is "neither a sponsor nor a backer of Russia Today."[7] Mikhail Seslavinsky, in charge of the Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation asserted in 2005 that "Russia Today will come as an independent company".[91] Under Russian law RT is an independent organisation.[34]

In 2007, RT established offices in the same building as RIA Novosti, after the Russian Union of Journalists was forced to vacate them.[92] In 2012, Anna Kachkayeva, Dean of Media Communications at Moscow's Higher School of Economics, stated that they "share the same roof" because the two organizations are located in the same building, but regarding "funding, editorial policy, management and staff, they are two independent organisations whose daily operations are not interconnected in any way."[34] In 2008, Simonyan noted that more than 50 young RT journalists had gone on to take positions in large Western media outlets.[43] By 2010, RT had grown to a staff of 2,000.[7]

RT studios building in Moscow in 2013

In December 2012, RT moved its production studios and headquarters to a new facility in Moscow. The move coincided with RT's upgrade of all of its English-language news programming to high-definition.[93][94][95]

In 2013, a presidential decree issued by Vladimir Putin dissolved RIA Novosti and subsumed it into a new information agency called Rossiya Segodnya (directly translated as Russia Today).[96] According to a report on the RT website, the new news agency is "in no way related" to the news channel RT despite the similarity to RT's original name.[96] However, on 31 December 2013, Margarita Simonyan, editor-in-chief of the RT news channel, was also appointed as editor-in-chief of the new news agency while maintaining her duties for the television network.[97]

RT cooperates with a number of media sources in Russia and abroad, including private media like Izvestia, Kommersant, Trud, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Vedomosti, Argumenty i Fakty and the non-Russian Association for International Broadcasting, Huffington Post and News.com.au.[4][98]

Budget

When it was established in 2005, ANO TV-Novosti invested $30 million in start-up costs to establish RT,[12] with a budget of $30 million for its first year of operation. Half of the network's budget came from the Russian government; the other half came from pro-Kremlin commercial banks at the government's request.[41] Its annual budget increased from approximately $80 million in 2007 to $380 million in 2011, but was reduced to $300 million in 2012.[99][100] Russian President Vladimir Putin prohibited the reduction of funding for RT on 30 October 2012.[101]

About 80 percent of RT's costs are incurred outside Russia, paying partner networks around $260 million for the distribution of its channels in 2014.[102][103] In 2014, RT received 11.87 billion rubles ($310 million) in government funding that year and was expected to receive 15.38 billion rubles ($400 million) in 2015.[104] (For comparison the bigger BBC World Service Group had a $376 million budget in 2014–15.[105]) However at the start in 2015, as the ruble's value plummeted and a ten percent reduction in media subsidies was imposed, it was thought that RT's budget for the year would fall to about $236 million.[102][103] During the year, government funding was increased to 20.8 billion roubles (around $300 million in September).[106] In 2015, RT was expected to receive 19 billion rubles ($307 million) from the Russian government in 2016.[107]

Network

According to RT, the network's feed is carried by 22 satellites and over 230 operators, which provides a distribution reach to about 700 million households in more than 100 countries,[108] and that RT America is available to 85 million households throughout the United States.[109]

In addition to its main English language channel RT International, RT UK and RT America, RT also runs Arabic language channel Rusiya Al-Yaum, Spanish-language channel Actualidad RT, as well as the documentary channel RTDoc. RT maintains 21 bureaus in 16 countries, including those in Washington, D.C., New York City, London, England; Paris, France; Delhi, India; Cairo, Egypt; Baghdad, Iraq; and Kiev, Ukraine. It employs over 2,000 media professionals worldwide.[4]

Channel Description Language Launched
RT InternationalThe flagship news channel of the RT network, it covers international and regional news from a Russian perspective. It also includes commentary and documentary programs. Based in Moscow with a presence in Washington, New York, London, Paris, Delhi, Cairo, Baghdad, Kiev and other cities.[4]English2005
RT ArabicBased in Moscow and broadcast 24/7. Programmes include news, feature programming and documentaries.[110]Arabic2007
RT SpanishBased in Moscow with bureaus in Miami, Los Angeles, Havana and Buenos Aires. Covers headline news, politics, sports and broadcast specials.[111]Spanish2009
RT AmericaRT America is based in RT's Washington, D.C. bureau, it includes programs hosted by American journalists. The channel maintains a separate schedule of programs each weekday from 4:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time, and simulcasts RT International at all other times. RT America was compelled to register as a foreign agent with the United States Department of Justice National Security Division under the Foreign Agents Registration Act.[112]English2010
RT UKRT UK is based in RT's London bureau at Millbank Tower. Includes programs hosted by British journalists. The channel offers five hours of programming per day, Monday to Thursday UK News at 6 pm, 7pm, 8pm, 9pm and 10 pm and simulcasts RT International at all other times. On Fridays there is No 10 pm UK News bulletin.[113]English2014
RT DocumentaryA 24-hour documentary channel. The bulk of its programming consists of RT-produced documentaries related to Russia.[114]English, Russian2011

The sharp decline in the ruble at the end of 2014, forced it to postpone channels in German and French.[105]

As well as the news agency Ruptly, RT also operates the following websites: RT на русском (in Russian),[115] RT en français (French),[116] RT Deutsch (German).[117]

In 2015, RT's YouTube news channels were: RT (the main channel), RT America, RT Arabic, RT en Español, RT Deutsch, RT French, RT UK, RT на русском and the newly launched RT Chinese.[102]

In September 2012, RT signed a contract with Israeli-based RRSat to distribute high definition feeds of the channel in the United States, Latin America and Asia.[118] In October 2012, RT's Rusiya Al-Yaum and RT joined the high definition network Al Yah Satellite Communications ("YahLive").[119] On 12 July 2014, during his visit to Argentina, Putin announced that Actualidad RT will broadcast on free-to-air in the South American country, making it the first foreign television channel to be broadcast free-to-air there.[120][121] However, according to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Argentina's State Media Authorities decided to suspend RT on 11 June 2016, along with the Venezuelan television channel TeleSur that had been authorized by the previous left-leaning government of Cristina Kirchner. Officially, Argentina wants to devote RT's frequency spot to domestic broadcasts.[122] RT was made available on the dominant Australian subscription television platform Foxtel on 17 February 2015.[123]

Ratings

Reliable figures for RT's worldwide audience are not available.[106] In the United States, RT typically pays cable and satellite services to carry its channel in subscriber packages.[124] In 2011, RT was the second most-watched foreign news channel in the United States (after BBC World News),[125] and the number one foreign network in five major U.S. urban areas in 2012.[126] It also rates well among younger Americans under 35 and among inner city areas.[126]

In the UK the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB) has included RT in the viewer data it publishes since 2012.[106] According to their data approximately 2.5 million Britons watched RT during the third quarter of 2012, making it the third most-watched rolling news channel in Britain, behind BBC News and Sky News (not including Sky Sports News).[93][127][128] However RT was soon overtaken by Al Jazeera English,[129] and viewing figures had dropped to about 2.1 million by the end of 2013.[130] For comparison it has marginally fewer viewers than S4C, the state-funded Welsh language broadcaster,[131] or minor channels such as Zing, Viva and Rishtey.[132] According to internal documents submitted for Kremlin review, RT's viewership amounts to less than 0.1 percent of Europe's television audience, except in Britain, where 2013 viewership was estimated at approximately 120,000 persons per day.[124] According to the leaked documents, RT was ranked 175th out of 278 channels in Great Britain in May 2013, or in fifth place out of eight cable news channels.[124] In August 2015, RT's average weekly viewing figure had fallen to around 450,000 (0.8 percent of the total UK audience), 100,000 fewer than in June 2012 and less than half that of Al Jazeera English.[106][133] In March 2016 the monthly viewing was figure 0.04%.[134]

Latin America is the second most significant area of influence for internet RT (rt.com). In 2013, RT ascended to the ranks of the 100 most watched websites in seven Latin American countries.[135]

A Pew Research survey of the most popular news videos on YouTube in 2011–12, found RT to be the top source with 8.5 percent of posts. However of these, 68 percent consisted of first-person video accounts of dramatic worldwide events, likely acquired by the network rather than created by it.[136][137] In 2013, RT became the first television news channel to reach 1 billion views on YouTube.[14] In 2014, its main (English) channel was reported have 1.4 million subscribers.[138]

In 2015, The Daily Beast reported that RT hugely exaggerated its global viewership and that its most-watched segments were on apolitical subjects.[139] Between 2013 and 2015, more than 80% of RT's viewership was for videos of accidents, crime, disasters, and natural phenomena, such as the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor event, with less than 1% of viewership for political videos.[124] In late 2015, all of the 20 most watched videos on its main channel, totaling 300 million views were described as "disaster/novelty". Of the top 100, only a small number could be categorized as political with only one covering Ukraine.[106] The most popular video of Russian president Putin shows him singing "Blueberry Hill" at a 2010 St. Petersburg charity event.[124] In 2017, The Washington Post analysed RT's popularity and concluded that "it’s not very good at its job" as "Moscow’s propaganda arm" due to its relative unpopularity.[140] RT has disputed both The Daily Beast 's and The Washington Post 's assessments and has said that their analyses used outdated viewership data.[141] [142]

A study involving Professor Robert Orttung at George Washington University states that RT uses human interest stories without ideological content to attract viewers to its channels. Also between January and May 2015, the Russian-language channel actually had the most viewers, with approximately double the number of the main channel, despite only having around one third the number of subscribers.[102]

According to Alexa, the website rt.com is ranked as the 50th most popular website in Russia and the 371st most popular website in Internet (as of July 2020).[143]

Programming

In 2008, Heidi Brown wrote in Forbes that "the Kremlin is using charm, good photography and a healthy dose of sex appeal to appeal to a diverse, skeptical audience. The result is entertaining – and ineffably Russian." She added that Russia Today has managed to "get foreigners to at least consider the Russian viewpoint – however eccentric it may be..."[144] Matt Field in Bulletin of Atomic Scientists describes RT as "applying high-quality graphics and production values to its stories" but often focusing "on polarizing issues that aren’t necessarily top-of-mind for viewers" even when it's "strikingly at odds with Russian President Vladimir Putin’s own views."[145]

According to Tim Dowling writing in the Guardian, "Fringe opinion takes center stage" on RT. "Reporting is routinely bolstered by testimony from experts you have never heard of, representing institutions you have never heard of."[146]

The Alyona Show

The Alyona Show, hosted by Alyona Minkovski, ran from 2009 to 2012 (when Minkovski left RT to join The Huffington Post). Daily Beast writer Tracy Quan described The Alyona Show as "one of RT's most popular vehicles".[147] The New Republic columnist Jesse Zwick wrote that one journalist told him that Minkovski is "probably the best interviewer on cable news."[148] Benjamin R. Freed wrote in the avant-garde culture magazine SOMA that "The Alyona Show does political talk with razor-sharp wit."[149] David Weigel called the show "an in-house attempt at a newsy cult hit" and noted that "her meatiest segments were about government spying, and the Federal Reserve, and America's undeclared wars".[45] Minkovski had complained about being characterized as if she was "Putin's girl in Washington" or as being "anti-American".[149] After Minkovski argued that Glenn Beck was "not on the side of America. And the fact that my channel is more honest with the American people is something you should be ashamed of.", Columbia Journalism Review writer Julia Ioffe asked "since when does Russia Today defend the policies of any American president? Or the informational needs of the American public, for that matter?"[13]

Adam vs. the Man

From April to August 2011, RT ran a half-hour primetime show Adam vs. the Man,[150][151][152] hosted by former Iraq War Marine veteran and high-profile anti-war activist Adam Kokesh. David Weigel writes that Kokesh defended RT's "propaganda" function, saying "We're putting out the truth that no one else wants to say. I mean, if you want to put it in the worst possible abstract, it's the Russian government, which is a competing protection racket against the other governments of the world, going against the United States and calling them on their bullshit."[45] The conservative media watchdog Accuracy in Media criticized Kokesh's appearance on RT, writing RT uses Americans like Kokesh to make propaganda points.[153]

World Tomorrow

Reviewing Julian Assange's show World Tomorrow, The Independent noted that Assange, who was under house arrest, was "largely deferential" in asking some questions of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who himself was in hiding. However, he also asked tough questions such as why Nasrallah had not supported Arab revolts against Syrian leaders, when he had supported them in Tunisia, Yemen, Egypt, and other countries.[64] The New York Times journalist Allesandra Stanley wrote that "practically speaking, Mr. Assange is in bed with the Kremlin, but on Tuesday's show he didn't put out" and that he "behaved surprisingly like a standard network interviewer."[61] Douglas Lucas in Salon wrote that the RT deal "may just be a profitable way for him to get a gigantic retweet."[47] Glenn Greenwald, who has been a guest on RT,[154] wrote that RT presenting the Julian Assange show led to "a predictable wave of snide, smug attacks from American media figures".[155] Mark Adomanis rebuts some of the "fevered denunciations" against RT and Julian Assange in an article in Forbes.[67] A Moscow Times writer noted that RT has received "considerable" criticism in general.[43]

"Breaking the Set" (2012–2015) presenter and correspondent Abby Martin

The English language RT International, RT America and RT UK channels carry similar programming, with the latter channels focusing more on news from the United States and the United Kingdom. RT Arabic and Actualidad RT in Spanish feature their own news presenters, as well as translated versions of RT's English programming.

Other shows

Marcin Maczka writes that RT's ample financing has allowed RT to attract experienced journalists and use the latest technology.[99] RT anchors and correspondents tend to concentrate on controversial world issues such as the financial and banking scandals, corporate impact on the global economy, and western demonstrations. It has also aired views by various conspiracy theorists, including neo-Nazis, White Supremacists, and Holocaust deniers (presented as "human rights activists").[156] News from Russia is of secondary importance and such reports emphasize Russian modernisation and economic achievements, as well as Russian culture and natural landscapes, while downplaying Russia's social problems or corruption.[38][99]

#1917LIVE
Russian Telegraph logo

In 2017, RT ran a mock live tweeting program under the hashtag "#1917LIVE" to mark the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution.[157]

The #1917Live project had multimedia social plug-ins, such as Periscope live streaming, as well as virtual reality panoramic videos.[158]

Programs

Current

RT's current feature programs include (with presenters parenthesised):[159]

Former

On-air staff

RT's current on-air staff includes 25 people from RT News, 25 from RT America, and 8 from RT UK.[187]

Guests

According to Jesse Zwick, RT persuades "legitimate experts and journalists" to appear as guests by allowing them to speak at length on issues ignored by larger news outlets. It frequently interviews progressive and libertarian academics, intellectuals and writers from organisations like The Nation, Reason magazine, Human Events, Center for American Progress[148] and the Cato Institute[45] who are critical of United States foreign and civil liberties policies.[148] RT also features little known commentators, including anarchists, anti-globalists and left-wing activists.[99] Journalist Danny Schechter holds that a primary reason for RT's success in the United States is that RT is "a force for diversity" which gives voice to people "who rarely get heard in current mainstream US media."[40]

RT's Oksana Boyko, who has been with the channel since its inception in 2005, has interviewed prominent figures, including former UN Secretary general Kofi Annan, UN General Assembly President Miroslav Lajčák, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, President of Serbia Tomislav Nikolic, Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, and former Italian Prime Minister Enrico Letta.[188]

Boyko also interviewed Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry, President of Afghanistan Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, Armenian President Armen Sarkissian, former Turkish President Abdullah Gul, President of Iceland Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, Prime Minister of Ireland Enda Kenny, Iranian Minister of Defense Hossein Dehghan, OSCE General secretary Lamberto Zannier, UN Special Representative for International Migration Peter Sutherland, and UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova. Boyko has interviewed other politicians, scholars and experts, as well as athletes, actors, artists and opera singer Monserrat Caballe.[188]

RT has interviewed guests across the political spectrum. It interviewed conservative French presidential candidate Marine Le Pen,[189] as well as Pablo Iglesias, leader of Spain's left-wing political party Podemos.[190] RT has also interviewed Israeli Education Minister Naftali Bennett[191] and Hamas spokesman Abdullatif Al Qanoua[192] RT interviewed American Democratic Congressman Adam Schiff[193] and former Republican Congressman Dana Rohrabacher[194]

RT has conducted interviews with prominent politicians, including former Brazilian President Lula,[195] former President of Argentina Cristina Kirchner[196] and former Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto.[197] China's ambassador to Russia was interviewed to discuss trade relations between Russia and China[198] and to refute the U.S. government's allegations about China seeking military bases in the Arctic.[199] Indian Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid was interviewed on RT to discuss various matters on international relations.[200] Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan was also interviewed[201]

RT also interviewed former Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir,[202] former Greek finance minister Yanis Varoufakis.,[203] former Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko,[204] and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko.[205] Among those to have been interviewed by RT are Niger's President Mahamadou Issoufou.,[206] Democratic Republic of Congo President Félix Tshisekedi,[207] Comoros President Azali Assoumani,[208] and Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta.[209]

Notable guests have included think tank intellectuals like Jared Bernstein,[45] John Feffer and Lawrence Korb; journalists and writers Jacob Sullum, Pepe Escobar,[148] and Brian Doherty,[210] and heads of state, including Ecuador's Rafael Correa,[210] and Syria's Bashar al-Assad.[211] Nigel Farage, the leader of UK Independence Party from 2010 to 2016, appeared on RT eighteen times from 2010 to 2014.[131][212]

The Economist magazine noted that RT's programming, while sometimes interesting and unobjectionable, and sometimes "hard-edged", also presents "wild conspiracy theories" that can be regarded as "kooky".[213] In 2010, journalist and blogger Julia Ioffe described RT as being "provocative just for the sake of being provocative" in its choice of guests and issue topics, featuring a Russian historian who predicted that the United States would soon be dissolved, showing speeches by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, reporting on homelessness in America, and interviewing the chairman of the New Black Panther Party. She wrote that in attempting to offer "an alternate point of view, it is forced to talk to marginal, offensive, and often irrelevant figures".[13][213] A 2010 Southern Poverty Law Center report stated that RT extensively covered the "birther" and the "New World Order" conspiracy theories and interviewed militia organizer Jim Stachowiak and white nationalist Jared Taylor.[156] An Al Jazeera English article stated that RT has a penchant "for off-beat stories and conspiracy theories."[214]

The news channel has also been criticized for its lack of objectivity in its coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[215] Miko Peled, the Israeli peace activist who has called the peace process "a process of apartheid & colonization" is a frequent guest on RT.

Margarita Simonyan told Nikolaus von Twickel of The Moscow Times that RT started to grow once it became provocative and that controversy was vital to the channel. She said that RT's task was not to polish Moscow's reputation.[7]

Manuel Ochsenreiter, a neo-Nazi, has repeatedly appeared on RT to represent the German point of view.[216] RT News has also frequently hosted Richard B. Spencer, an American white supremacist airing his opinions in support of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad,[217] and has hosted Holocaust denier Ryan Dawson, presenting him as a human rights activist.[218]

Steve Bannon has stated that he has appeared on RT "probably 100 times or more".[219]

Assessments and responses
ODNI Statement on Declassified Intelligence Community Assessment of Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent U.S. Elections

Watchdogs and NGOs

Pascal Bonnamour, the head of the European department of Reporters Without Borders, called the newly announced network "another step of the state to control information."[220]

Cliff Kincaid, the director of Accuracy in Media's Center for Investigative Journalism, called RT "the well-known disinformation outlet for Russian propaganda".[221]

For much of 2015, graduate students at Columbia School of Journalism took part in the RT Watch project, monitoring RT's (US) output. Casey Michel, who worked on the project, wrote "RT ignores the inherent traits of journalism—checking sources, relaying facts, attempting honest reportage" and "you’ll find 'experts' lacking in expertise, conspiracy theories without backing, and, from time to time, outright fabrication for the sake of pushing a pro-Kremlin line".[222][223] The results were compiled in a Tumblr blog.[224]

Commentators

According to Adam Johnson in The Nation magazine, "While Russia Today toes the Kremlin’s line on foreign policy, it also provides an outlet to marginalized issues and voices stateside. RT, for example, has covered the recent prison strikes—the largest in American history—twice. So far CNN, MSNBC, NPR, and Rutenberg’s employer, The New York Times, haven’t covered them at all. RT aggressively covered Occupy Wall Street early on while the rest of corporate US media were marginalizing from afar (for this effort RT was nominated for an Emmy)."[225]

In a 2005 interview with U.S. government-owned external broadcaster Voice of America, the Russian-Israeli blogger Anton Nosik said the creation of RT "smacks of Soviet-style propaganda campaigns."[226]

In 2009, Luke Harding (then Moscow correspondent for The Guardian) described RT's advertising campaign in the United Kingdom as an "ambitious attempt to create a new post-Soviet global propaganda empire."[15]

Konstantin Preobrazhensky, a former KGB officer, criticized RT as "a part of the Russian industry of misinformation and manipulation".[22] RT presents itself as a liberal alternative in the United States, but in Europe it appears to have become the flagship of resurgent nationalist parties.[227]

In Russia, Andrey Illarionov, former advisor to Vladimir Putin, has called the channel "the best Russian propaganda machine targeted at the outside world".[38][99] Media analyst Vasily Gatov wrote in a 2014 Moscow Times article that sharp ethical and reporting skills are not required for Russian media employees, including RT.[228]

States

 Latvia - At the end of June 2020 after new amendments to the Law on Electronic Media were made seven RT channels were banned in Latvia for being under the control of Dmitry Kiselyov who has been sanctioned in the European Union since 2014. Chairperson of the National Electronic Mass Media Council Ivars Āboliņš said they will be asking all EU regulators to follow their example and restrict RT in their territory.[229][230] Kiselyov called the decision "an indicator of the level of stupidity and ignorance of the Latvian authorities, blinded by Russophobia".[231]

 Lithuania – Linas Antanas Linkevičius, Lithuania's Minister of Foreign Affairs, posted on Twitter on 9 March 2014 amid the Crimean crisis, "Russia Today propaganda machine is no less destructive than military marching in Crimea".[232] It was banned by the Radio and television commission of Lithuania on 8 July 2020.[233] The decision of both Latvian and Lithuanian authorities was criticised by Reporters Without Borders as "misuse of the EU sanctions policy".[234]

 Ukraine – RT has been banned in Ukraine since August 2014.[235]

 United States – The US Department of Justice compelled RT to file paperwork under the Foreign Agents Registration Act in the United States in September 2017.[236] Previously, the United States Secretary of State John Kerry had referred to RT as a state-sponsored "propaganda bullhorn" and he continued by saying, "Russia Today [sic] network has deployed to promote president Putin's fantasy about what is playing out on the ground. They almost spend full-time devoted to this effort, to propagandize, and to distort what is happening or not happening in Ukraine."[237] RT responded that they wanted "an official response from the U.S. Department of State substantiating Mr. Kerry's claims."[238] Richard Stengel from the U.S. Department of State responded.[19] Stengel stated in his response, "RT is a distortion machine, not a news organization," concluding that "the network and its editors should not pretend that RT is anything other than another player in Russia's global disinformation campaign against the people of Ukraine and their supporters". However, Stengel supports RT's right to broadcast in the United States.[239]

Political involvement

In April 2017, during his successful run for President of France, Emmanuel Macron's campaign team banned both RT and the Sputnik news agency from campaign events. A Macron spokesperson said the two outlets showed a "systematic desire to issue fake news and false information".[240] Macron later said during a press conference that RT and Sputnik were "agencies of influence and propaganda, lying propaganda—no more, no less".[241] RT editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan characterized Macron's remarks on RT as an attack on freedom of speech.[242]

In October 2017, Twitter banned both RT and Sputnik from advertising on their social networking service amid accusations of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, sparking an angry response from the Russian foreign ministry.[243] Twitter in August 2020 began to identify RT, along with other Russian and Chinese media outlets, as "state-affiliated media" in a prominent place at the top of their accounts on the social media platform.[244]

In November 2017, Alphabet chairman Eric Schmidt announced that Google will be "deranking" stories from RT and Sputnik in response to allegations about election meddling by President Putin's government, provoking an accusation of censorship from both outlets.[245]

In March 2018, John McDonnell, the Shadow Chancellor of the British Labour Party, advised fellow Labour MPs to boycott RT and said he would no longer appear on the channel. He said: "We tried to be fair with them and as long as they abide by journalistic standards that are objective that's fine but it looks as if they have gone beyond that line". However, a party representative said: "We are keeping the issue under review".[246]

In July 2019, the UK Foreign Office banned both RT and Sputnik from attending the Global Conference for Media Freedom in London for "their active role in spreading disinformation". The Russian Embassy called the decision "direct politically motivated discrimination", while RT responded in a statement: "It takes a particular brand of hypocrisy to advocate for freedom of press while banning inconvenient voices and slandering alternative media."[247]

Treatment of Putin and Medvedev

A 2007 article in The Christian Science Monitor stated that RT reported on the good job Putin was doing in the world and next to nothing on things like the conflict in Chechnya or the murder of government critics.[248] According to a 2010 report by The Independent, RT journalists have said that coverage of sensitive issues in Russia is allowed, but direct criticism of Vladimir Putin or President Dmitry Medvedev was not.[40] Masha Karp wrote in Standpoint magazine that contemporary Russian issues "such as the suppression of free speech and peaceful demonstrations, or the economic inefficiency and corrupt judiciary, are either ignored or their significance played down".[249] In 2008, Stephen Heyman wrote in The New York Times that in RT's Russia, "corruption is not quite a scourge but a symptom of a developing economy."[38] Speaking after the launch of RT America, Garry Kasparov said "Russia Today is an extension of the methods and approach of the state-controlled media inside Russia, applied in a bid to influence the American cable audience".[16]

Anti-Americanism and anti-Westernism
RT reporter covering the George Floyd protests in Iran in June 2020

The New Republic writer James Kirchick accused the network of "often virulent anti-Americanism, worshipful portrayal of Russian leaders."[250] Edward Lucas wrote in The Economist (quoted in Al Jazeera English) that the core of RT was "anti-Westernism."[214] Julia Ioffe wrote "Often, it seemed that Russia Today was just a way to stick it to the U.S. from behind the façade of legitimate newsgathering."[13] Shaun Walker wrote in The Independent that RT "has made a name for itself as a strident critic of US policy."[251] Allesandra Stanley wrote in The New York Times that RT is "like the Voice of America, only with more money and a zesty anti-American slant."[61] David Weigel writes that RT goes further than merely creating distrust of the United States government, to saying, in effect: "You can trust the Russians more than you can trust those bastards."[45]

Russian studies professor Stephen F. Cohen stated in 2012 that RT does a lot of stories that "reflect badly" on the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and much of Western Europe and that they are "particularly aggrieved by American sermonizing abroad." Citing that RT compares stories about Russia allowing mass protests of the 2011–2012 Russian election protests with those of U.S. authorities nationwide arresting members of the Occupy movement. Cohen states that despite the pro-Kremlin slant, "any intelligent viewer can sort this out. I doubt that many idiots find their way to RT."[148] RT also have proliferated stories such as the police brutality in the US, the crack cocaine usage of Toronto mayor Rob Ford, and the poverty among people of Arab descent in Western Europe.

According to Lithuania's STRATCOM Colonel, "RT rarely takes a single, anti-Western media line on any given story. That would be too obvious. Instead, RT journalists present gaggles of competing and contradicting narratives which together create the impression that the truth is indecipherable".[252]

John Feffer, co-director of Foreign Policy in Focus says he appears on RT as well as the U.S.-funded Voice of America and Radio Free Asia, commented "I’ve been given the opportunity to talk about military expenditures in a way I haven’t been given in U.S. outlets". On the fairness issue, he said: "You're going to find blind spots in the coverage for any news organization".[148]

RT America has described journalists as "Russiagate conspiracy theorists" for covering Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report on Russian interference in the 2016 election.[253]

Airing conspiracy theories

A 2013 article in Der Spiegel said that RT "uses a chaotic mixture of conspiracy theories and crude propaganda", pointing to a program that "mutated" the Boston Marathon bombing into a U.S. government conspiracy.[14]

The launch of RT UK was the subject of much comment in the British press. In The Observer, Nick Cohen accused the channel of spreading conspiracy theories and being a "prostitution of journalism" and in The Times, Oliver Kamm called on broadcast regulator Ofcom to act against this "den of deceivers".[254]

In 2015, Peter Pomerantsev in The Guardian accused RT of disinformation and of spreading conspiracy theories.[255]

Journalists at The Daily Beast and The Washington Post have noted that RT employs Tony Gosling, an exponent of long-discredited theories concerning the alleged control of the world by Illuminati and the Czarist antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[256][257]

Russia Today has broadcast stories about microchips being implanted into office workers in EU to make them more "submissive"; about "majority" of Europeans supporting Russian annexation of Crimea; EU preparing "a form of genocide" against Russians; in Germany it falsely reported about a kidnapping of a Russian girl; that "NATO planned to store nuclear weapons in Eastern Europe"; that Hillary Clinton fell ill; it has also on many occasions misrepresented or invented statements from European leaders.[258][259][260][261]

A report by RAND called the RT strategy "a firehose of falsehood", where fake stories are distributed in "high-volume and multichanneel, rapid, continuous, and repetitive" with no regard to consistency, where the high volume makes them difficult to counter.[262]

In response to accusations of spreading fake news RT started its own FakeCheck project. The Poynter Institute conducted a content analysis of FakeCheck and concluded it "mixes some legitimate debunks with other scantily sourced or dubiously framed 'fact checks.'"[263]

Israel–Palestine conflict

RT, particularly the RT presenter Abby Martin, has been accused of being anti-Israel and pro-Palestinian by Jewish and Israeli sources, describing its reporting as being unbalanced.[264][265] Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman made a complaint to Putin at their official meeting in 2012.[266]

Other responses to RT's news coverage

2008–2012

During the 2008 South Ossetia War, RT correspondent William Dunbar resigned after the network refused to let him report on Russian airstrikes of civilian targets, stating, "any issue where there is a Kremlin line, RT is sure to toe it."[267] According to Variety, sources at RT confirmed that Dunbar had resigned, but rejected that it was over bias. One senior RT journalist told the magazine, "the Russian coverage I have seen has been much better than much of the Western coverage... Russian news coverage is largely pro-Russia, but that is to be expected."[268]

Shaun Walker, the Moscow correspondent for The Independent, said that RT had "instructed reporters not to report from Georgian villages within South Ossetia that had been ethnically cleansed."[48] Julia Ioffe wrote that an RT journalist whose reporting deviated from "the Kremlin line that Georgians were slaughtering unarmed Ossetians" was reprimanded.[13] Human Rights Watch said that RT's claim of 2,000 South Ossetian casualties was exaggerated.[269][270]

RT team covering protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow on 10 December 2011

In 2012, Jesse Zwick of The New Republic criticized RT, stating it held that "civilian casualties in Syria are minimal, foreign intervention would be disastrous, and any humanitarian appeals from Western nations are a thin veil for a NATO-backed move to isolate Iran, China, and Russia." He wrote that RT wants to "make the United States look out of line for lecturing Russia."[148] Zwick also wrote that RT provided a "disproportionate amount of time" to covering libertarian Republican Ron Paul during his 2012 presidential campaign. Writing after her 2014 on-air resignation, Liz Wahl suggested the reason for this "wasn't his message of freedom and liberty but his non-interventionist stance and consistent criticism of U.S. foreign policy. His message fit RT's narrative that the United States is a huge bully."[271] In a June 2011 broadcast of Adam vs. the Man, host Adam Kokesh had endorsed fundraising for Paul, leading to a complaint to the Federal Election Commission charging a political contribution had been made by a foreign corporation. Kokesh denied his cancellation in August was related to the complaint, but said it did involve Paul's aide Jesse Benton.[152]

In September 2012, UK broadcast regulator Ofcom found that two Libyan dispatches broadcast by RT's Lizzie Phelan in a year earlier were in breach of its code on accuracy and impartiality. The following November, RT was again found in breach of impartiality rules in relation to its coverage of the Syrian conflict.[272] An August 2013 story concerning unverified reports of the killing of 450 Kurdish civilians near the Turkey-Syria border was also found to have breached Ofcom's rules.[273] That December, Ofcom found RT in breach of its standards in relation to the impartiality of a documentary entitled "Syrian Diary" broadcast the previous March.[274] Speaking in 2014 former RT reporter Sara Firth said that there had previously been examples of senior editorial interference, and that she had been pulled out of Syria after some "very heated discussions" about the channel's coverage.[23]

2014

On 4 March 2014, Breaking The Set host Abby Martin, speaking directly to her viewing audience during the show's closing statement, said that even though she works for RT, she is against Russia's intervention in Ukraine. She said that "what Russia did is wrong", as she is against intervention by any nation into other countries' affairs.[275] Later, Martin asserted that RT still supports her despite her differences of opinion with the Russian government.[276] RTs press office suggested that Martin would be sent to Crimea and responded to accusations of propaganda, stating "the charges of propaganda tend to pop up every time a news outlet, particularly RT, dares to show the side of events that does not fit the mainstream narrative, regardless of the realities on the ground. This happened in Georgia, this is happening in Ukraine".[277] Glenn Greenwald said that American media elites love to mock Russian media, especially RT, as being a source of shameless pro-Putin propaganda, where free expression is strictly barred. Agreeing the "network has a strong pro-Russian bias", he suggested that Martin's action "remarkably demonstrated what 'journalistic independence' means".[278]

On 5 March 2014, RT Washington, D.C. bureau anchor Liz Wahl resigned on air, blaming RT for propaganda. Wahl stated that what "broke" her was that RT censored a question from her interview with Ron Paul about "Russia's intervention in Ukraine". In response, RT released a statement: "When a journalist disagrees with the editorial position of his or her organization, the usual course of action is to address those grievances with the editor, and, if they cannot be resolved, to quit like a professional. But when someone makes a big public show of a personal decision, it is nothing more than a self-promotional stunt. We wish Liz the best of luck on her chosen path".[279] In a March 2014 Politico article, Wahl stated "For about two and a half years. I’d looked the other way as the network smeared America for the sake of making the Kremlin look better by comparison, while it sugarcoated atrocities by one brutal dictator after another."[271]

RT America broadcast with former anchor Liz Wahl

When asked about a clip of her interviewing a guest on RT by Brian Stelter, host of CNN's Reliable Sources, Wahl responded,

They get these extreme voices on that have this kind of hostile toward the West viewpoints towards the world, very extremist. These are the people that they have on. And when I was on the anchor desk, they would instruct you to egg on these guests and try to get them, you know, rallied up, to really fire off their anti-American talking points. Listen, I'm all about exposing government corruption. I'm all about being critical of the government. But this is different. This is promoting the foreign policy of somebody that has just invaded a country, has invaded the country and is then lying about it, is using the media as a tool to fulfill his foreign policy interests. And RT is part of Putin's propaganda network and it's very, very troubling in the wake of what is going on in Ukraine today.[24]

The New York Times op-ed columnist Nicholas Kristof commented on CNN's Piers Morgan Live about Wahl's and Martin's initial actions, "admire their outspokenness but, you know, at the end of the day, RT is a Russian propaganda arm, and I don't think it's going to matter very much to the geopolitical consequences here."[280]

Former RT Moscow anchor Stacy Bivens, and other former RT journalists speaking under anonymity according to BuzzFeed, said they regretted working for the network, citing their dislike of the network's use of propaganda. Bivens, for example, was explicitly asked to go to Germany and procure a story proving that "Germany is a failed state". When she rejected, other reporters were sent instead.[25]

Steve Bloomfield, the foreign editor of Monocle wrote that RT's "coverage of Ukraine could not have been kinder to Moscow if Vladimir Putin had chosen the running order himself. While Putin kept up the pretence that there were no Russian troops in Crimea, so too did RT. The storming of government buildings across eastern Ukraine has been portrayed as the understandable actions of peace-loving protesters who fear "chaos" in Kiev".[281]

After the July 2014 crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, RT rushed to blame others for the plane's shoot-down in Ukraine amid accusations by Ukrainian fighters of Russian involvement in the crash.[282] Speaking of RT's coverage, Sarah Oates, professor of journalism at the University of Maryland said "But if you’re going to engage in propaganda, you have to do it well. They have completely embarrassed themselves."[283]

Sara Firth, a London-based correspondent with RT resigned in protest over the network's coverage of the MH17 disaster. Shortly before resigning, she tweeted, "RT style guide Rule 1: It is ALWAYS * Ukraine's fault (* add name as applicable)". She told the Guardian "I walked into the newsroom and there was an eyewitness account making allegations [against Ukraine] and analysis, if you can call it, from our correspondent in the studio. It was just appalling, in a situation like that where there are families waiting to be informed and a devastating loss of life." She also noted that "There is bias against Russia but you don’t counter wrong by doing even more wrong" and stated "I have always said it's better to have RT than to not have that perspective, but actually with a story like this and the way they misreport it, it's quite dangerous, I don’t want to be party to it."[23] In follow-up interview she said "In Ukraine, you’re taking a very small part of a much wider story, totally omitted the context of the story, and so what you wind up with on air is outright misinformation." Calling RT "mass information manipulation" Firth said "they have a very clear idea in their mind of what they’re trying to prove." She also stated that "The worst-kept secret is that RT is blatant propaganda. I’m one in a very long line of people who have left for the same reason."[283]

The following November, RT was again found in breach of Ofcom's impartiality rules. This time in relation to its coverage of the Ukraine crisis, specifically events leading up to the annexation by Russia of Crimea.[284] For repeated breaches of its due impartially rules, Ofcom put RT management "on notice that any future breaches of the due impartiality rules may result in further regulatory action, including consideration of a statutory sanction".[28]

2015–2016

In January 2015, Ofcom found RT (and the BBC) not in breach of rules on generally accepted standards following a complaint about the use of graphic imagery of bodies at the MH17 crash site.[285][286]

President Putin with Margarita Simonyan in front of RT's "Question more" slogan (2015)

Following the March 2015 European Council summit which concluded that action was needed to "challenge Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns", the European External Action Service was tasked to respond.[287] European Parliament briefing notes on the situation called RT "Russia's main international media weapon".[288] The counter-propaganda strategy subsequently developed by the EastStratCom Task Force, a small group of eight officials, included launching the EU vs Disinformation website with a headline of "don't be deceived, question even more".[287][289][290]

In September 2015, Ofcom found RT in breach of the impartiality rules in its coverage of the events in Ukraine and Syria. It also upheld the complaint by the BBC that allegations made in an episode of The Truthseeker that a BBC Panorama film, Saving Syria's Children, had faked a parts of a report on a chemical weapon attack in Syria were "materially misleading".[27][291][292]

In an episode of The Truthseeker, named Genocide of Eastern Ukraine, they claimed that the Ukrainian government was deliberately bombing civilians, had murdered and tortured journalists, as well as crucifying babies. Ukrainian army forces were accused of "ethnic cleansing" and were compared to the Nazis in World War Two. The only response to the allegations in the broadcast was in the form of a caption saying "Kiev claims it is not committing genocide, denies casualty reports", which appeared on screen for six seconds. According to Ofcom the broadcast had "little or no counterbalance or objectivity".[27]

Main article: Crucified Boy

A spokesperson for the media regulator said: "Ofcom found that RT broadcast content that was either materially misleading or not duly impartial. These are significant failings and we are therefore requiring RT to broadcast two clear statements on our decision which correct these failures."[293]

In October 2015, David J. Kramer, senior director for human rights and democracy at the McCain Institute for International Leadership, suggested that Western countries freeze RT's assets "not because of the odious things it spews" but as part of the Yukos shareholder case.[294]

A report released by the US think-tank the RAND Corporation in 2016 called RT part of "a wider Russian propaganda operation" named the "Firehose of Falsehood". The paper called "Russian faux-news propaganda channels, such as RT" insidious and that "they look like news programs, and the persons appearing on them are represented as journalists and experts, making audience members much more likely to ascribe credibility to the misinformation these sources are disseminating".[295]

In July 2016, Ofcom again found RT in breach of its impartiality rules, this time over coverage of the Turkish government's treatment of Kurdish people. Two episodes of Going Underground originally broadcast in March, included claims of attacks, atrocities and genocide against the Kurds, and that "Turkey supports ISIS" without offering adequate counterbalance. RT's representatives stated the network "finds it especially difficult to obtain pro-Turkey views for its programming" because of "political tensions between Russia and Turkey following the downing of a Russian military aircraft by Turkish warplanes in November 2015".[296][297]

In November 2016, after the US Presidential Election, The Washington Post reported that RT and Sputnik were "state-funded Russian information services that mimic the style and tone of independent news organizations yet sometimes include false and misleading stories in their reports" and also that "RT, Sputnik and other Russian sites used social-media accounts to amplify misleading stories already circulating online".[298] The Post was criticized by The Intercept, Fortune, and Rolling Stone for relying in part on an analysis by PropOrNot, an anonymous organization with no reputation for fact-checking.[299][300][301]

In December 2016, Ofcom found RT in breach of its impartiality rules for the 10th time since the English-language channel launched. A Crosstalk episode broadcast the previous July, contained a debate about the NATO 2016 Warsaw summit in which all members of the panel expressed critical views. RT's representatives again stated that they couldn't find anybody with alternative opinions willing to take part, and that captions with pro-NATO comments should have been added before broadcast, but the wrong text was accidentally used.[302][303]

2017–2018

On 12 January 2017, RT was accidentally broadcast for around 10 minutes on a web stream of U.S. public affairs service C-SPAN. RT stated that while it was testing its systems in preparation for the inauguration of Donald Trump, its signal was "mistakenly routed onto the primary encoder feeding C-SPAN1's signal to the internet, rather than to an unused backup."[304]

On 19 January 2017, RT stated that it had been temporarily restricted from posting media on its Facebook page until 21 January, after the service claimed that RT had infringed on the copyrights of Radio Liberty's Current Now TV when broadcasting a live stream of Barack Obama's final press conference as president of the United States. Current Time TV denied that it had sent any specific complaints to Facebook, and both RT and Current Now TV stated that they had obtained their feed from the Associated Press. The restriction was removed after about 20 hours, but Facebook did not say officially if this was because of a technical error or a policy issue.[305][304]

In September 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice informed RT America that it must register as a foreign agent of the Russian government. Margarita Simonyan, RT's editor-in-chief, condemned the action as an assault on freedom of speech. A spokesperson for the Russian foreign ministry threatened retaliatory measures against American journalists.[306][307]

On 13 November 2017, RT America officially registered as a "foreign agent" in the United States with the Department of Justice under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. Under the act, RT will be required to disclose financial information.[308] This move was criticized by the Committee to Protect Journalists: "We're uncomfortable with governments deciding what constitutes journalism or propaganda"[309]

In December 2018, the British media regulator Ofcom ruled that seven programmes broadcast by RT between 17 March and 26 April of that year, in the wake of the Salisbury nerve agent attacks, had breached the UK's impartiality rules; the BBC reported that RT was "extremely disappointed by Ofcom's conclusions".[310][311] RT was fined £200,000 but kept its licence to broadcast in the UK.[312] RT described Ofcom's actions against it as "inappropriate and disproportionate per Ofcom’s own track record."[313]

Professional awards
Martyn Andrews reporting from Siberia in 2007
  • September 2006 – The 10th "Golden Tambourine" International Festival for Television programmes and films[314] awarded RT's documentary People of the Bering Strait in the Ethnography and Travel category
  • June 2007 – The 11th "Save and Preserve" International Environmental Television Festival[315] awarded its Grand Prix to RT's Meeting with Nature series.
  • September 2007 – Eurasian Academy of Television and Radio[316] awarded RT with the Prize for Professional Skilfulness
  • November 2007 – RT's report on the anniversary of the Chernobyl catastrophe received a special prize from the international 2007 AIB Media Excellence Awards[317]
  • April 2008 – RT's daily studio show Entertainment Today hosted by Martyn Andrews and Anya Fedorova receives a special diploma from the board of the Russian Entertainment Awards[318]
  • September 2008 – Russia's most prestigious broadcasting award TEFI to Kevin Owen in Best News Anchor category[319]
  • November 2008 – Special Jury Award in the Best Creative Feature category for a Russian Glamour feature story at Media Excellence Awards in London[4]
  • January 2009 – Silver World Medal from the New York Festivals, for Best News Documentary "A city of desolate mothers"[320]
  • August 2010 – First nomination for an International Emmy Award in News category for its coverage of president Barack Obama's trip to Russia.[321][322]
  • August 2012 – Second nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the international Occupy Wall Street movement.[323][324]
  • August 2014 – Third nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the Guantanamo Bay hunger strikes.[325][326]
  • August 2016 – Fourth nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the 70th anniversary session of the United Nations General Assembly.[327][328]
  • June 2019 – Promax North America Awards 2019 for "America's Lawyer: Standing Up to Corporate Crime"[329]
gollark: I'm sure a *competent* person could work out how to remove the moon without this sort of issue.
gollark: Just do it unbadly.
gollark: Only if you do it badly.
gollark: Tides are bad anyway.
gollark: I agree.

See also

Explanatory notes
1.^ Stephen Heyman estimated that more than $100 million had been spent on the station as of May 2008.[38]

Citations
  1. File:ANO TV-Novosti (Federal Tax Service of Russia, Unified State Register of Legal Entities).pdf
  2. File:ANO TV-Novosti (Federal Tax Service of Russia, Unified State Register of Legal Entities).pdf
  3. "Contact info". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  4. "About RT (formerly corporate profile)". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  5. Nimmo, Ben. "Question That: RT's Military Mission". Atlantic Council-Digital Forensic Research Lab. medium.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  6. Fisher, Max (13 June 2013). "In case you weren't clear on Russia Today's relationship to Moscow, Putin clears it up". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  7. Nikolaus von Twickel, Russia Today courts viewers with controversy, The Moscow Times, 23 March 2010.
  8. Valery Kodachigov. Вести с эфирного фронта [News from the air front] (in Russian). Com News.ru.
  9. "Archive of the official site of the 2008–2012 Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin". Government of Russia.
  10. Перечень системообразующих организаций, утвержденный Правительственной комиссией по повышению устойчивости развития российской экономики [List of systemically important institutions approved by the Government Commission on Sustainable Development of the Russian Economy] (in Russian). government.ru. Archived from the original (DOC) on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  11. Правительство РФ приняло перечень системообразующих организаций [The Russian government has adopted a list of backbone organizations]. RBK Group (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  12. Beth Knobel "Russian News, English Accent: New Kremlin Show Spins Russia Westward", CBS News, 12 December 2005
  13. Julia Ioffe (September–October 2010). "What Is Russia Today?". Columbia Journalism Review.
  14. Benjamin Bidder (13 August 2013). "Putin's Weapon in the War of Images". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  15. Luke Harding (18 December 2009). "Russia Today launches first UK ad blitz". The Guardian. London.
  16. Kramer, Andrew E (22 August 2010). "Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S." The New York Times.
  17. "Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught". BBC. 2014.
  18. MacFarquhar, Neil (28 August 2016). "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  19. Logiurato (29 April 2014), "Russia's Propaganda Channel Just Got A Journalism Lesson From The US State Department", Business Insider
  20. Crowley, Michael (1 May 2014). "Putin's Russian Propaganda". Time.
  21. Inside Putin's Information Wars, by Peter Pomerantsev, Politico
  22. R.C. Campausen (10 January 2011), KGB TV to Air Show Hosted by Anti-war Marine Vet, Accuracy in Media, retrieved 5 April 2011.
  23. John Plunkett (18 July 2014). "Russia Today reporter resigns in protest at MH17 coverage". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  24. Brian Stelter (24 March 2014). "Putin TV in Chaos". CNN.
  25. Gray, Rosie (13 March 2014). "How the Truth is Made at Russia Today". BuzzFeed.
  26. William Turvill (15 November 2012). "Ofcom rules against Russia Today over Syria conflict report". Press Gazette. Progressive Media International. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  27. "UK regulator Ofcom backs BBC in Russian TV case". BBC News. 21 September 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  28. John Plunkett (10 November 2014). "Russia Today threatened with Ofcom sanctions due to bias". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  29. Alevtina Kuzmenkova (18 October 2016). "British Bank Closes Russian Broadcaster RT Accounts". Transitions Online. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. OFCOM, the British broadcast regulator, has repeatedly singled out RT for its lack of impartiality
  30. Chappell, Bill (14 November 2017). "TV Company Linked To Russia's RT America Registers As Foreign Agent In U.S." NPR. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  31. Julian Evans, Spinning Russia, Foreign Policy, 1 December 2005.
  32. Andrew Osborn, Russia's 'CNN' wants to tell it like it is, The Age, 16 August 2005.
  33. "Russia: New International Channel Ready To Begin Broadcasting". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 December 2005.
  34. RIA Novosti Does Not Control RT Television – Russian Media Experts, RIA Novosti, 6 February 2012.
  35. "Russia Today TV to make unique contribution to global information – German expert". Sputnik News. 6 July 2005.
  36. "29 августа на пресс-конференции в РИА Новости генеральный директор АНО "ТВ-Новости" Сергей Фролов расскажет о планах телеканала "Русия аль-Яум" ("Россия Сегодня") на сезон 2007–2008 гг" [On 29 August, at a press conference in RIA Novosti, Sergei Frolov, general director of the ANO TV-News, will talk about the plans of the Rusiya al-Yaum channel (Russia Today) for the 2007–2008 season.]. Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications (in Russian). 29 August 2007.
  37. RIA Novosti launches a TV channel, Russia Today, RIA Novosti, 7 June 2005.
  38. Stephen Heyman, A Voice of Mother Russia, in English, The New York Times, 18 May 2008.
  39. Danny Schechter interview on RT website.
  40. Shaun Walker, Russia Today, Tomorrow the World, The Independent, 20 September 2010.
  41. James Painter (2007). "The boom in counter-hegemonic news channels: a case study of TeleSUR" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2007.
  42. "Russia's landmark events of 2007". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  43. Zagorodnov, Artem (25 September 2008). "Today's woman who needs to be heard". The Moscow Times.
  44. Rowland, Kara (27 October 2008). "Russia Today: Youth served". The Washington Times.
  45. David Weigel, Pravda Will Set You Free; Russia's answer to Fox News and MSNBC., Slate, 27 June 2011.
  46. Charles King, Clarity in the Caucasus?, Foreign Affairs, 11 October 2009.
  47. Douglas Lucas, Julian Assange prepares his next move, Salon (website)Salon, 23 February 2012.
  48. Ian Burrell, From Russia with news, The Independent, 15 January 2010.
  49. RT's Advertising Declared Ad of the Month in UK, RT (TV network), 5 March 2010.
  50. Lawrence Pintak, America's media bubble, Boston Globe, 19 November 2006. (Highbeam)
  51. Josh Rogin, New BBG chief wants more money to combat "enemies" such as China and Russia, Foreign Policy, 5 October 2010.
  52. Kirit Radia (2 March 2011). "Sec. of State Hillary Clinton: Al Jazeera is 'Real News', U.S. Losing 'Information War'". Political Punch. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011.
  53. Andy McSmith, Village People, The Independent, 5 March 2011 at Questia.com.
  54. Ishaan Tharoor, Clinton Applauds Al Jazeera, Rolls Eyes at U.S. Media, Time, 3 March 2011.
  55. Hirst, Tomas (3 January 2012). "Putin's Perverse Fear of Soft Power". HuffPost.
  56. Toohey, Nathan (8 February 2012). "RT and McFaul argue over Navalny's US education". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  57. "McFaul and the Moscow opposition rallies". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  58. New US Ambassador to Russia starts with lies, Pravda, 2 February 2012.
  59. "US ambassador says seeks reset, not revolution in Russia". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  60. 'US not funding Putin's presidential campaign', RT interview with Ambassador Michael McFaul.
  61. Alessandra Stanley, The Prisoner as Talk Show Host; Julian Assange Starts Talk Show on Russian TV, The New York Times, 17 April 2012.
  62. "The World Tomorrow". WikiLeaks. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  63. "Assange show premiere: Time to watch 'The World Tomorrow'". Russia: RT. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  64. Jerome Taylor, Hello, Good Evening and Welcome to My Country House Prison: Assange Makes His Talk Show Debut, The Independent, 18 April 2012.
  65. Raphael Satter, Assange interviews Hezbollah leader in TV premiere, Associated Press via Denver Post, 17 April 2012.
  66. Assange chats with terrorist, Agence France-Presse, 18 April 2012.
  67. Mark Adomanis, Julian Assange's Debut on Russia Today – The Serious People Say it Was Really Bad!, Forbes, 18 April 2012.
  68. "New Assange TV Series". wikileaks.org. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  69. Raphael Satter (17 April 2012). "Assange interviews Hezbollah leader in TV premiere". The Denver Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013.
  70. David Meyer, Russia Today hit by DDoS as anti-Wikileaks group claims responsibility, ZDNet, 17 August 2012.
  71. Michael Calderone, Third-Party Debate To Be Broadcast By Al Jazeera English, RT America, But Not Major Cable News Networks, HuffPost, Posted: 19 October 2012, Updated: 23 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012
  72. "Presidential Hopefuls Meet in Third Party Debate". PBS NewsHour. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  73. RT to host final US presidential third-party debate, Published: 27 October 2012; Edited: 3 November 2012; note that the debate was postponed from 30 October because of Hurricane Sandy.
  74. Paul Singer, Nader's third-party debate raises alternate issues, USA Today, 5 November 2012.
  75. RT hosts third party debate #2: Tackling the issues the mainstream ignores, RT.com story and video of debate, 6 November 2012.
  76. Dylan Byers, Larry King joins Russian channel RT, Politico, 29 May 2013.
  77. RT America to broadcast Larry King's new political show, RT Press release, 29 May 2013.
  78. "Politicking: Larry King talks NSA scandal fallout". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  79. Visit to Russia Today television channel, Kremlin.ru website, 11 June 2013
  80. RT unveils dedicated news channel for UK, Rapid TV News, 30 October 2014.
  81. Davis, Charles (1 February 2018). "This 'Grassroots' Media Startup Is Supported by the Kremlin". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  82. "OKWONGA.COM » My new post, on Redfish and Russia Today". okwonga.com. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  83. "This Quirky New Viral Video Channel Is Funded By The Russian Government". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  84. Ma, Alexandra (18 February 2019). "Russia's RT attacks Facebook for suspending 4 viral news channels that broadcast Kremlin talking points to millennials". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  85. "Facebook Blocks 'Wildly Popular' RT-Run Page". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  86. O'Sullivan, Donie; Griffin, Drew; Devine, Curt; Shubert, Atika (18 February 2019). "Russia is backing a viral video company aimed at American millennials". CNN. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  87. Birnbaum, Emily (25 February 2019). "Facebook restores previously suspended Russia-linked pages". TheHill. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  88. Russia: Another Media-Management Change", IPR Strategic Business Information Database, 4 February 2003. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  89. Russia Profile. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  90. Peter Finn, Russia Pumps Tens of Millions Into Burnishing Image AbroadThe Washington Post, 6 March 2008.
  91. Russia Today TV to make unique contribution to global information – German expert, Ria Novosti, 7 June 2005.
  92. New Concerns on Russia Media Freedom, Associated Press, via Highbeam, 19 May 2007.
  93. Oliver Bullough "Inside Russia Today: counterweight to the mainstream media, or Putin's mouthpiece?", New Statesman, 10 May 2013.
  94. "RT BEGINS BROADCASTING IN HD WORLDWIDE FROM NEW, STATE OF THE ART STUDIO". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  95. "History". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  96. "Putin orders overhaul of top state news agency". RT. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  97. "RT editor Simonyan to head Kremlin-backed news agency". BBC News. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  98. RT "Partners" page.
  99. Marcin Maczka, The Propaganda Machine Archived 7 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, New Eastern Europe website, 9 July 2012, originally published in New Eastern Europe: New Europe, Old Problems No. 3 (IV), 2012.
  100. Lenizadt estimates the 2012 Russian Federal Budget at 11 billion rubles to RT's parent company ANO TV-Novosti. Darya Fazletdinova, Anatomy of Non-Resistance, Lenizdat, 2 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012, Translation from the Russian
  101. "Putin forbids funding cuts to state-run media outlets — Gazeta. Ru – English news blog". Gazeta.Ru. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
  102. Nelson, Elizabeth; Orttung, Robert; Livshen, Anthony (8 December 2015), "Measuring RT's Impact on YouTube" (PDF), Russian Analytical Digest, Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen, Germany, Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Institute of History, University of Basel (177), retrieved 23 January 2016
  103. Chris Dziadul (8 April 2015). "RT tightens its belt". Broadband TV News. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  104. Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (23 September 2014). "Looking West, Russia Beefs Up Spending on Global Media Giants". Moscow Times. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  105. Shuster, Simon (16 March 2015). "Inside Putin's on-air machine". Time. pp. 44–51. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  106. Stephen Ennis (16 September 2015). "Russia in 'information war' with West to win hearts and minds". BBC. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  107. "Russia Cuts State Spending on RT News Network". Moscow Times. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  108. "Distribution". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  109. Fred Weir, Russia gives WikiLeaks' Julian Assange a TV platform, The Christian Science Monitor, 25 January 2012.
  110. برامج القناة. RT Arabic (in Arabic). Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  111. "Quiénes somos". RT en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  112. "Russia's RT America registers as 'foreign agent' in U.S." Reuters. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  113. "RT launches dedicated UK news channel – RT UK". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  114. "RTД – your guide to the depths of Russia". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  115. RT на русском (in Russian)
  116. RT en français (in French)
  117. RT Deutsch (in German)
  118. "RRsat Signs Contract With Russia Today For Global Distribution Of RT HD Channels". PR Newswire. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  119. Russia Today and Rusiya Al-yaum join Yahlive's high definition bouquet, Al Yah Satellite Communications, AMEinfo.com.
  120. "Putin: RT en español emitirá su señal en abierto en Argentina 24 al día" (in Spanish). Actualidad RT. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  121. Bosoer, Fabián; Finchelstein, Federico (21 October 2014). "Russia Today, Argentina Tomorrow". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  122. "Argentina Announces Suspension Of Russia's RT TV Broadcasts". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  123. Knox, David (16 February 2015). "Foxtel adds Russia Today channel". TV Tonight. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  124. Zavaski, Katie (17 September 2015). "Putin's Propaganda TV Lies About its Popularity". Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  125. Foreign News Channels Drawing U.S. Viewers – IPS. Ipsnews.net. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  126. 'Russia Today' Doubles its U.S. Audience, Russia Briefing News, 7 June 2012.
  127. BARB Q3 2012 viewing figures "BARB Quarterly Reach Report- Quarter 3 2012", BARB. Retrieved 6 June 2014
  128. Laughlin, Andrew, 14 January 2013 "RT Russian news channel goes HD on Sky", Digital Spy. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  129. BARB Q4 2012 viewing figures "BARB Quarterly Reach Report- Quarter 4 2012", BARB. Retrieved 6 June 2014
  130. BARB Q4 2013 viewing figures "BARB Quarterly Reach Report- Quarter 4 2013", BARB. Retrieved 9 April 2014
  131. Smith, Patrick (17 November 2014). "Everything You Need To Know About Russia Today UK". BuzzFeed.
  132. Ennis, Stephen (4 November 2014). "Kremlin's UK TV fails to match ambitions". BBC News.
  133. BARB Q3 2015 viewing figures "BARB Quarterly Reach Report- Quarter 3 2015", BARB. Retrieved 23 January 2016
  134. "Monthly viewing summary". barb.co.uk. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  135. Sagarra Ángel, Josep María de; Soler Herreros, Chimo "El español en la Federación de Rusia: factor determinante en las relaciones con los países hispanohablantes". En: Iberoamérica, trimestral desde Moscú, n. 2 (2014)
  136. "YouTube Video Creation–A Shared Process". journalism.org. Pew Research Center. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  137. Jennifer Martinez, Pew: Russia Today, The Hill, 16 July 2012
  138. O'Sullivan, John (6 December 2014). "The difference between real journalism and Russia Today". The Spectator. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  139. "Putin's Propaganda TV Lies About Its Popularity". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  140. "If Russia Today is Moscow's propaganda arm, it's not very good at its job". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  141. "Exposing Daily Beast propaganda: 10 RT political virals the YouTube MSM can only dream of". RT International. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  142. "Fact check for dummies: Teaching Washington Post & Co how to do journalism one last time". RT International. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  143. "rt.com Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic - Alexa". alexa.com. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  144. Heidi Brown, Springtime (For Putin) In Russia, Forbes, 27 February 2008.
  145. Field, Matt (15 May 2019). "The Russian government-funded TV network's hyperbolic campaign against US 5G". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  146. Dowling, Tim (29 November 2017). "24-hour Putin people: my week watching Kremlin 'propaganda channel' RT". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  147. Tracy Quan (3 July 2012). "I Love the Julian Assange Show!". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  148. Zwick, Jesse (14 March 2012). "Pravda Lite". The New Republic. Retrieved 14 February 2017..
  149. Freed, Benjamin R. "Alyona Minkovski: She's Got It!". SOMA Magazine. 25 (4). Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  150. RT America Launches New Show, Hosted by Former US Marine, Adam Kokesh, press release on Adam vs The Man web site, 4 April 2011.
  151. "FINAL EPISODE: East Coast Quake, Libya Rebellion, You The Viewer, Teachers & Social Media, Net Neutrality, Media Blackout on Ron Paul?". RT. 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011.
  152. "Ron Paul booster's show cancelled after FEC complaint". Politico. 25 August 2011.
  153. "KGB TV to Air Show Hosted by Anti-war Marine Vet". Accuracy in Media. 5 April 2011.
  154. Glenn Greenwald interview on RT website.
  155. Glenn Greenwald, Attacks on RT and Assange reveal much about the critics, Salon, 18 April 2012.
  156. Sonia Scherr (1 August 2010). "Russian TV Channel Pushes 'Patriot' Conspiracy Theories". Intelligence Report, Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  157. "RT Launches Project to Live-Tweet Russian Revolution 100 Years Later". IJR – Independent Journal Review. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  158. Chatterje-Doody, Precious N; Tolz, Vera (14 October 2019). "Regime legitimation, not nation-building: Media commemoration of the 1917 revolutions in Russia's neo-authoritarian state" (PDF). European Journal of Cultural Studies. 23 (3): 335–353. doi:10.1177/1367549419871346. ISSN 1367-5494.
  159. "Shows — RT". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  160. "On contact". RT International.
  161. "Renegade Inc". RT International.
  162. "Keiser Report". RT International.
  163. "America's Lawyer". RT International.
  164. "Interview". RT International.
  165. "Going Underground". RT International.
  166. "News Thing". RT International.
  167. "Redacted Tonight". RT International.
  168. "Watching the Hawks". RT International.
  169. "SophieCo". RT International.
  170. "CrossTalk". RT International.
  171. "Larry King Now". RT International.
  172. "Sputnik Orbiting the World". RT International.
  173. "Politicking". RT International.
  174. "Off the grid". RT International.
  175. "Capital Account". RT International.
  176. "Why you should care!". RT International.
  177. "Breaking the Set". RT International.
  178. "In Context". RT International.
  179. "Spotlight". RT International.
  180. "On the Money". RT International.
  181. "Cypherpunks: Episode Eight, full version, pt.2 — Julian Assange". The Julian Assange Show on RT.
  182. "Moscow Out". RT International.
  183. "Adam vs. The Man". RT International.
  184. "The Alyona Show". RT International.
  185. "The Big Picture". RT International.
  186. "News with Ed Schultz". RT International.
  187. "On-Air Talent — RT". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  188. "Oksana Boyko — RT". RT International. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  189. "'EU is in process of collapsing on itself' – Marine Le Pen to RT". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  190. ""Le diría al Pablo Iglesias de hace 5 años: '¡No te metas en esto, sigue dando clases!'"- Videos de RT". RT en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  191. "'It's time to defeat Hamas': Israeli minister speaks to RT after Gaza rocket fire (VIDEO)". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  192. "Trump's decision on Jerusalem 'racist & hateful,' intifada should escalate – Hamas to RT". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  193. "President Obama's NSA 'ruse'". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  194. "US Congressman: Many American politicians enjoy the state of Cold War". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  195. "Lula da Silva, desde la cárcel: "Con presidentes que estén lamiendo las botas de EE.UU., Brasil no avanzará"- Videos de RT". RT en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  196. "Kirchner a RT: "Putin se ha convertido en un líder global en la lucha contra el terrorismo"- Videos de RT". RT en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  197. "Entrevista con Enrique Peña Nieto, presidente de México- Videos de RT". RT en Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  198. "Ruble slump won't damage trade with China – ambassador". RT International. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  199. "US belief that China wants military bases in Arctic 'totally baseless' – Beijing's envoy to Moscow". RT International. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  200. "'The US not really leaving Afghanistan' – Indian foreign minister". RT International. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  201. "'No rational human being can talk of a nuclear war' – Imran Khan to RT". RT International. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  202. "US meddling to blame for 'all Arab world sufferings' – Sudan president". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  203. "Varoufakis attacks Tsipras, advises anti-austerity UK Labour Party head Corbyn in RT interview". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  204. "Interview with Viktor Yushchenko". Russia: RT. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  205. "'I have no resources to be a dictator' – President Lukashenko to RT". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  206. "La Grande interview : Mahamadou Issoufou". RT en Français (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  207. "La Grande Interview : Félix Tshisekedi". RT en Français (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  208. "La Grande Interview : Azali Assoumani". RT en Français (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  209. "La Grande Interview : Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta". RT en Français (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  210. Tracy Quan (3 July 2012). "I Love the Julian Assange Show!". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  211. Syria's Assad denies civil war, blames the West, Los Angeles Times, 9 November 2012.
  212. "Nigel Farage: I admire Vladimir Putin". The Guardian. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  213. Airwaves wobbly, The Economist, 6 July 2010
  214. Sousa, Ann De (26 January 2012). "News channel or propaganda tool?". Al Jazeera.
  215. "Russia Today Continues its Anti-Israel Propaganda, Going Even Further Than Arab TV". the algemeiner. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  216. Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2014). "RT Host Manuel Ochsenreiter Exposed as Neo-Nazi Editor". International Business Times. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  217. Tom Porter (16 August 2017). "Charlottesville's Alt-Right Leaders Have a Passion for Vladimir Putin". Newsweek.
  218. Van Herpen, Marcel H. (1 October 2015). Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 73. ISBN 978-1442253612.
  219. Stone, Peter; Gordon, Greg (20 March 2017). "FBI's Russian-influence probe includes a look at Breitbart, InfoWars news sites". McClatchy DC Bureau. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  220. Reporters Without Borders Don't Fancy Russia Today Kommersant 21 October 2005
  221. Kincaid, Cliff (22 August 2014). "Why Won't Putin Help Middle East Christians?". Accuracy in Media.
  222. Michel, Casey (25 August 2015). "Putin's Magnificent Messaging Machine". Politico. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  223. Schreck, Carl (25 February 2015). "'Propaganda Bullhorn' Or 'Alternative Perspective'? U.S. Students Put Kremlin-Funded RT Under Microscope". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  224. "RT Watch Blog". 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  225. Johnson, Adam H. (23 September 2016). "Who's Afraid of 'Russia Today'?". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  226. "New Global TV Venture to Promote Russia". Voice of America. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  227. Hilsman, Patrick. "Have you been watching Russian government propaganda?". The Seattle Globalist. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  228. Gatov, Vasily (1 July 2014). "Russian Journalism is Crippled by Its Cynicism". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  229. "NEPLP restricts most influential Kremlin's propaganda channel in Latvia". The National Electronic Mass Media Council. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  230. "Kremlin propaganda channel "RT" banned in Latvia". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  231. "Latvia bans Russian broadcaster RT over ties to Kremlin media mogul". Reuters. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  232. "Linas Linkevicius on Twitter" – via Twitter.
  233. "Radijo ir televizijos komisija uždraudė Lietuvoje retransliuoti RT programas". lrt.lt (in Lithuanian). 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  234. "Baltic countries: Misusing EU sanctions to ban Russian TV channels is not a legitimate tool for promoting reliable information". Reporters Without Borders. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  235. Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war 'propaganda', Reuters, 19 August 2014, retrieved 28 January 2017
  236. Balluck, Kyle (12 September 2017). "Russian network RT must register as foreign agent in US". The Hill. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  237. "Secretary Kerry on Ukraine" (Press release). CSPAN. 24 April 2014.
  238. Logiurato, Brett (26 April 2014), "RT Is Very Upset With John Kerry For Blasting Them As Putin's 'Propaganda Bullhorn'", Business Insider
  239. Stengel, Richard (29 April 2014), Russia Today's Disinformation Campaign, U.S. Department of State
  240. "Emmanuel Macron's campaign team bans Russian news outlets from events". The Guardian. Reuters. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  241. "Welcome to The Machine: Inside the Secretive World of RT". Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  242. "Macron accuses RT and Sputnik of 'behaving like deceitful propaganda'". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  243. "Twitter bans RT and Sputnik ads amid election interference fears", BBC News, 26 October 2017, retrieved 4 November 2017
  244. "Twitter Labels State Media, Government Officials' Accounts". The New York Times. Reuters. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  245. "Google to 'derank' Russia Today and Sputnik", BBC News, 21 November 2017, retrieved 22 November 2017
  246. "John McDonnell urges Labour MPs to stop appearing on Russia Today". BBC News. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  247. "Russia's RT banned from UK media freedom conference", BBC News, 9 July 2019, retrieved 26 August 2019
  248. "Russian bid to counter Western criticism". The Christian Science Monitor.
  249. Masha Karp "Counterpoints: KGB TV" Archived 25 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Standpoint, March 2010
  250. Kirchick, James (18 February 2009). "Pravda on the Potomac (page 2)". The New Republic.
  251. Walker, Shaun (26 January 2012). "Assange takes chat-show job with state-funded Russian TV". The Independent.
  252. "Meet the Colonel in Charge of Countering Russian Propaganda in Lithuania". Vice News. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  253. "YouTube recommended a Russian media site thousands of times for analysis of Mueller's report, a watchdog group says". The Washington Post. 2019.
  254. Ennis, Stephen (16 November 2014). "Russia's global media operation under the spotlight". BBC News.
  255. Pomerantsev, Peter (9 April 2015). "Inside the Kremlin's hall of mirrors". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  256. Holland, Adam (8 July 2015). "Russia Today Has an Illuminati Correspondent. Really". Daily Beast. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  257. Drezner, Daniel W. (13 March 2015). "Confessions of an American Illuminati". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  258. "Inside RT's world of alternative news". EU vs DISINFORMATION. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  259. "Everyone Against Russia: Conspiracy Theories on the Rise In Russian Media". EU vs DISINFORMATION. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  260. "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories". The New York Times. 28 August 2016. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  261. Timberg, Craig (24 November 2016). "Russian propaganda effort helped spread 'fake news' during election, experts say". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  262. "Russia's "Firehose of Falsehood" Propaganda Model". Paul, Christopher, Matthews, Miriam. 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  263. "Is Russia Today a legitimate fact-checker? We did the math". Poynter. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  264. Rachel Hirshfeld (4 February 2013). "Russia Today Accuses Israel of Using 'Hitler Methods'". Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  265. Lakkana Nanayakkara (22 November 2012). "Russia Today Continues its Anti-Israel Propaganda, Going Even Further Than Arab TV". The Algemeiner. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  266. Barak Ravid (31 July 2012). "Lieberman complained to Putin over Russian TV's 'anti-Israel' reporting". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  267. William Dunbar (20 September 2010). "They forced me out for telling the truth about Georgia". The Independent.
  268. Nick Holdsworth (12 August 2008). "Russia claims media bias; Foreign minister blasts coverage of conflict". Variety.
  269. "Death toll in South Ossetia reaches 2,000". Russia: RT. 10 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009.
  270. Tom Parfitt (13 August 2008). "Russia exaggerating South Ossetian death toll, says human rights group". The Guardian.
  271. Liz Wahl, I Was Putin's Pawn, Politico magazine, 21 March 2014.
  272. Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – Syrian news coverage, 5 November 2012, pp 15–27.
  273. Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – Graphic footage, 4 November 2013, pp 14–17.
  274. Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – Syrian Diary, 16 December 2013, pp 6–25.
  275. Greg Botelho, CNN (5 March 2014). "State-funded news anchor Abby Martin: 'What Russia did is wrong' – CNN". CNN.
  276. "Ukraine conflict perspectives and Washington's shadow lobbyists". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  277. Graves, Lucia (4 March 2014) RT Defends Host Abby Martin, Responds to Accusations of Pro-Putin Propaganda, National Journal retrieved 11 April 2014
  278. Greenwald, Glenn (4 March 2014) RT Host Abby Martin Condemns Russian Incursion Into Crimea – On RT The Intercept retrieved 21 March 2014
  279. "RT reacts to anchor Liz Wahl quitting on air". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  280. Piers Morgan (5 March 2014). New Cold War?. CNN.
  281. Bloomfield, Steve (24 April 2014). "Ofcom should be looking again at Putin's TV news channel". The Guardian.
  282. Szoldra (19 July 2014), Here's The Ridiculous Way Russia's Propaganda Channel Is Covering The Downed Malaysia Airliner
  283. Alex Altman (21 July 2014). "Russian Television Under Spotlight After Malaysia Airlines Crash in Ukraine". Time. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  284. Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – Ukraine news coverage, 10 November 2014, pp 5–44
  285. Kemp, Stuart (5 January 2015). "BBC News and RT cleared over coverage of shooting down of flight MH17". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  286. Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin – MH17, 5 January 2015, p 48
  287. David, Maxine (23 September 2016), War of words: how Europe is fighting back against Russian disinformation, The Conversation, retrieved 3 March 2017
  288. Bentzen, Naja; Russell, Martin (2015), Russia's manipulation of information on Ukraine and the EU's response (PDF), Members' Research Service – European Parliamentary Research Service
  289. Gotev, Georgi (28 August 2015), Tiny EU task force set up to counter Russian propaganda, Fondation Euractiv, retrieved 3 March 2017
  290. "EU vs Disinformation website". Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  291. "Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin" (PDF) (288). Ofcom. 21 September 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  292. Burrell, Ian (21 September 2015). "Broadcaster RT misled viewers and breached broadcasting rules, says Ofcom". The Independent. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  293. Jackson, Jasper (21 September 2015). "RT sanctioned by Ofcom over series of misleading and biased articles". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  294. Kramer, David J. (23 October 2015). "The West should take on the Putin P.R. machine". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  295. Paul, Christopher; Matthews, Mirriam (2016), The Russian 'Firehose of Falsehood' Propaganda Model, The RAND Corporation
  296. Plunkett, John (4 July 2016). "Russia-backed channel RT censured for lack of impartiality in Turkish coverage". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  297. "Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin" (PDF) (308). Ofcom. 4 July 2016. pp. 5–30. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  298. "Russian propaganda effort helped spread 'fake news' during election, experts say". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  299. Ben Norton; Glenn Greenwald (26 November 2016), "Washington Post Disgracefully Promotes a McCarthyite Blacklist From a New, Hidden, and Very Shady Group", The Intercept, retrieved 27 November 2016
  300. Ingram, Matthew (25 November 2016), "No, Russian Agents Are Not Behind Every Piece of Fake News You See", Fortune, retrieved 27 November 2016
  301. Taibbi, Matt (28 November 2016). "The 'Washington Post' 'Blacklist' Story Is Shameful and Disgusting". Rolling Stone.
  302. Williams, Christopher (7 February 2017). "Media watchdog calls in Kremlin-backed news channel RT over impartiality breach on Nato". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  303. "Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin" (PDF) (319). Ofcom. 19 December 2016. pp. 18–26. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  304. Spangler, Todd (19 January 2017). "Facebook Restores Kremlin-Funded RT Posting Privileges After Temporary Block". Variety. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  305. Wong, Julia Carrie (20 January 2017). "Russia threatens retaliation over Facebook 'censorship' of RT". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  306. "Russia considering US media restrictions as retaliation". Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  307. "Russian network RT must register as foreign agent in US". The Hill. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  308. "Russia's RT America registers as 'foreign agent' in U.S." Reuters. 13 November 2017.
  309. "Russia's RT network says it complied with US order to register as foreign agent". cpj.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  310. "Russian news channel RT broke TV impartiality rules, Ofcom says". BBC News Online. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  311. "Ofcom Broadcast and On Demand Bulletin" (PDF) (369). Ofcom. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  312. Waterson, Jim (26 July 2019). "RT fined £200,000 for breaching impartiality rules". The Guardian.
  313. "Ofcom's £200,000 fine against RT 'inappropriate and disproportionate'". RT International. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  314. "Golden Tambourine" International Festival for Television programs and films Archived 17 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Zolotoy Buben
  315. News of the Okrug 11th "Save and Preserve" International Environmental Television Festival, 9 June 2007
  316. "Евразийская Академия Телевидения и Радио. Официальный сайт". eatr.ru.
  317. AIB Media Excellence Awards 2007 Association for International Broadcasting, 8 October 2007
  318. Russia Today Wins Russian Entertainment Awards, Russian Entertainment Awards YouTube page, April 2008
  319. "А ТЭФИ здесь тихие".
  320. "2009 Television Programming and Promotion Awards" (PDF). Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  321. "2010 International Emmy® Awards News & Current Affairs Nominees Announced". International Emmy Awards. 11 August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  322. "RT BECOMES FIRST EVER RUSSIAN TV CHANNEL TO GET EMMY NEWS NOMINATION". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  323. "2012 International Emmy® Awards News & Current Affairs Nominees Announced". International Emmy Awards. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  324. "RT'S OWS COVERAGE BRINGS SECOND EMMY NOMINATION". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  325. "2014 INTERNATIONAL EMMY® AWARDS CURRENT AFFAIRS & NEWS NOMINEES ANNOUNCED". International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  326. "RT SCORES THIRD EMMY NOMINATION FOR NEWS". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  327. "2016 INTERNATIONAL EMMY® AWARDS NOMINEES FOR NEWS & CURRENT AFFAIRS ANNOUNCED". International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  328. "RT FOUR-TIME INTERNATIONAL EMMY FINALIST". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  329. Another win for RT America, 7 June 2019
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.