National church

A national church is a Christian church associated with a specific ethnic group or nation state. The idea was notably discussed during the 19th century, during the emergence of modern nationalism.

This article is about 'national churches' in the ethnic sense. For church organizations at a national level, see state church. For nationalism associated with the Church, see Christian nationalism. For Catholic churches in Rome associated with various countries, see National churches in Rome. For the particular type of Catholic parish, see National parish.
A Church of Denmark parish church in Holte, with the Dannebrog flying in its kirkyard

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in a draft discussing the question of church and state around 1828 wrote that

"a National Church might exist, and has existed, without [Christianity], because before the institution of the Christian Church - as [...] the Levitical Church in the Hebrew Constitution, [and] the Druidical in the Celtic, would suffice to prove".[1]

John Wordsworth, Bishop of Salisbury, wrote about the National Church of Sweden in 1911, interpreting the Church of Sweden and the Church of England as national churches of the Swedish and the English peoples, respectively. Lake (1987) traces the development of Presbyterianism in 16th-century England from the status of a "godly minority" which saw itself surrounded by the corrupt or hostile mass of the population, into a "genuine national church".[2]

The concept of a national church remains alive in the Protestantism of England and Scandinavia in particular. While, in a context of England, the national church remains a common denominator for the Church of England, some of the Lutheran "folk churches" of Scandinavia, characterized as national churches in the ethnic sense as opposed to the idea of a state church, emerged in the second half of the 19th century following the lead of Grundtvig.[3] However, in countries in which the state church (also known as the established church) has the following of the majority of citizens, the state church may also be the national church, and may be declared as such by the government, e.g. Church of Denmark,[4] Church of Greece,[5] and Church of Iceland.[6]

Countries and regions with national churches
Country National church Denomination %
 Argentina Roman Catholic Church[7] Roman Catholic 62.9% (2019)
 Armenia Armenian Apostolic Church[8] Oriental Orthodox 92.5% (2017)
 Australia Roman Catholic Church[9]
Anglican Church of Australia[10]		 Roman Catholic
Anglican		 22.6% (2016)
13.3% (2016)
 Austria Roman Catholic Church[11] Roman Catholic 56.9% (2018)
 Belgium Roman Catholic Church[12] Roman Catholic 57.1% (2018)
 Brazil Roman Catholic Church[13][14] Roman Catholic 64.6% (2010)
 Bulgaria Bulgarian Orthodox Church[15] Eastern Orthodox 59.5% (2011)
 Canada Roman Catholic Church[16]
United Church of Canada [16]
Anglican Church of Canada[16]		 Roman Catholic
Presbyterian
Anglican		 37% (2011)
6% (2011)
5% (2011)
 Costa Rica Roman Catholic Church[17] Roman Catholic 52% (2018)
 Croatia Roman Catholic Church[18] Roman Catholic 86.28% (2011)
 Cyprus Church of Cyprus Eastern Orthodox 89.1% (2011)
 Denmark Church of Denmark[19] Lutheran 74.7% (2019)[20]
 England Church of England[21] Anglican 47.0% (2008; with Wales)
 East Timor Roman Catholic Church[22] Roman Catholic 97.7% (2015)[23]
 Estonia Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church[24] Lutheran 9.91% (2011)
 Ethiopia Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church[25] Oriental Orthodox 43.5% (2007)
 Faroe Islands Church of the Faroe Islands[26] Lutheran 79.7% (2019)
 Finland Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland[27] Lutheran 69.83% (2018)
 France Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic 57.5% (2017)
 Georgia Georgian Orthodox Church[28] Eastern Orthodox 83.4% (2014)
 Germany Evangelical Church in Germany[29]
Catholic Church[29]		 Protestant[lower-alpha 1]
Roman Catholic		 25.4% (2018)
27.7% (2017)
 Greece Church of Greece[30] Eastern Orthodox 90% (2017)
 Hungary Roman Catholic Church[31] Roman Catholic 37.1% (2011)
 Iceland Church of Iceland[32] Lutheran 65.15% (2019)
 Republic of Ireland Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic 78.3% (2016)
 Italy Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic 78% (2018)[33]
 Latvia Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia Lutheran 34.2% (2011)
 Liechtenstein Roman Catholic Church[34] Roman Catholic 75.9% (2010)
 Malta Roman Catholic Church [35] Roman Catholic 93.9% (2018)
 Mexico Roman Catholic Church[36][37][38] Roman Catholic 82.7% (2010)
 Monaco Roman Catholic Church[39] Roman Catholic 77.0%
 New Zealand Roman Catholic Church[40]
Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia[40]
Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand[40]		 Roman Catholic
Anglican
Prebysterian		 10.1% (2018)
6.8% (2018)
5.2% (2018)
 North Macedonia Macedonian Orthodox Church[41] Eastern Orthodox 64.4% (2011)
 Norway Church of Norway[42] Lutheran 69.91% (2018)
 Peru Roman Catholic Church[43] Roman Catholic 76.03% (2017)[44]
 Poland Roman Catholic Church[45][46] Roman Catholic 92.9% (2015)
 Portugal Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic 81.0% (2011)
 Philippines Roman Catholic Church[47]
Philippine Independent Church		 Roman Catholic
Independent Catholic		 80.6% (2010)
1% (2010)
 Romania Romanian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 81.9% (2011)[48]
 Russia Russian Orthodox Church[49] Eastern Orthodox 71% (2017)[50][51]
 Scotland Church of Scotland[52] Reformed 22% (2018)
 Serbia Serbian Orthodox Church[53] Eastern Orthodox 84.59% (2011)
 Spain Roman Catholic Church [54] Roman Catholic 68.9% (2019)[55]
 Sweden Church of Sweden[56] Lutheran 60.9% (2016)
 Tuvalu Church of Tuvalu[57] Reformed 91%+ (2012)
 United States Roman Catholic Church (largest individual denomination)[58]
Southern Baptist Convention (largest Protestant denomination)[59]
United Methodist Church (second largest Protestant denomination)[60]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (largest Mormon denomination)[61][62]
Church of God in Christ (third largest Protestant denomination)[59]
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.(fourth largest Protestant denomination)[59]
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America(fifth largest Protestant denomination)[59]		 Roman Catholic
Protestant
Mormon		 22.7% (2017)
48.5% (2017)
1.8% (2017)
 Ukraine Ukrainian Orthodox Church[63] Eastern Orthodox 43.9% (2019)
Western Ukraine Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Eastern Catholic 30.9% (2016; total Western)

Ethnic groups
Country Group National church Denomination
 Egypt Copts Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria[64] Oriental Orthodox
 Syria- Turkey Aramaeans Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch Oriental Orthodox
 Assyria Assyrians Assyrian Church of the East Church of the East
 Assyria Assyrians Ancient Church of the East Church of the East
 Assyria Assyrians Chaldean Catholic Church [65] Eastern Catholic
 Syria Aramaeans Syriac Catholic Church Eastern Catholic
 Lebanon Maronites Maronite Catholic Church[66] Eastern Catholic

Criticism

Karl Barth denounced as heretical the tendency of "nationalizing" the Christian God, especially in the context of national churches sanctioning warfare against other Christian nations during World War I.[67]

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gollark: Certificate renewal HAS occurred. It worked when I manually started it somehow.
gollark: It's only 6 ± 86 days.
gollark: I only have 19 (one nine) (9 (mod 10)) days to fix it.
gollark: OH BEE imminent certificate expiry.

See also

Notes
  1. United Protestant: Lutheran and Reformed

References
  1. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. On the Constitution of the Church and State. Classic Books Company; 2001. ISBN 978-0-7426-8368-6. p. 59.
  2. Peter Lake, Maria Dowling, Protestantism and the national church in sixteenth century England, Taylor & Francis, 1987, ISBN, 9780709916819, ch. 8 (193ff.)
  3. Dag Thorkildsen, "Scandinavia: Lutheranism and national identity" in World Christianities, c. 1815-1914, vol. 8 of The Cambridge history of Christianity, eds. Sheridan Gilley, Brian Stanley, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-81456-0, pp. 342–358.
  4. Shadid, W. A. R. (1 January 1995). Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam in Western Europe. Peeters Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 9789039000656. Denmark has declared the Evangelical Lutheran church to be that national church (par. 4 of the Constitution), which corresponds the fact that 91.5% of the population are registered members of this church. This declaration implies that the Danish State does not take a neutral stand in religious matters. Nevertheless, freedom of religion has been incorporated in the Constitution. Nielsen (1992, 77) gives a short description of the position of the minority religious communities in comparison to that of the State Church: The Lutheran established church is a department of the state. Church affairs are government by a central government ministry, and clergy are government employees. The registration of births, deaths and marriages falls under this ministry of church affairs, and normally speaking the local Lutheran pastor is also the official registrar. The other small religious communities, viz. Roman Catholics, Methodists, Baptists and Jews, have the constitutional status of 'recognised communities of faith'. ... Contrary to the minority religious communities, the Lutheran Church is fully financed by the Danish State.
  5. Enyedi, Zsolt; Madeley, John T.S. (2 August 2004). Church and State in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 228. ISBN 9781135761417. Both as a state church and as a national church, the Orthodox Church of Greece has a lot in common with Protestant state churches, and even with Catholicism in some countries.
  6. Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing. 1 January 2005. p. 283. ISBN 9780816069835. When Iceland obtained home rule in 1874, the new constitution, while granting religious freedom, maintained the Evangelical Lutheran Church as "a national church . . . supported by the State." This was reaffirmed in the 1944 constitution of the new independent Republic of Iceland. Democratic reforms were adopted early in the 20th century that allowed for some independent decision making in parish councils, and let congregations choose their own pastors. Under a 1998 law, the church became largely autonomous, though it is still designated established church, supported by government taxes. At the end of the 19th century, Lutherans who wanted freedom from the state church founded the Evangelical Free Church of Iceland, which now has in excess of 7,000 members. The majority of Icelanders are members of the state church. Almost all children are baptized as Lutheran and more than 90 percent are subsequently confirmed. The Church conducts 75 percent of all marriages and 99 percent of all funerals.
  7. SJ, Gustavo Morello (1 July 2015). The Catholic Church and Argentina's Dirty War. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780190273002. The "re-establishing" of Catholicism as a national Church was the reward for the bishops's silence.
  8. Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 9781438110257. The Armenian Apostolic Church, sometimes referred to as the Gregorian Armenian Church by Western scholars, serves as the national church of the Armenian people.
  9. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~036/$File/GCP_036.zip?OpenElement 2016 Census of Population and General Community (Sheet G14)] Australian Bureau of Statistics
  10. "Census vs Attendance (2001)". National Church Life Survey.
  11. David Bowman, William (1 December 1999). Priest and Parish in Vienna: 1780 to 1880. Boston, MA : Humanities Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780391040946. The Catholic Church was one of the principal forces that could help keep the lands of Habsburg monarchy together throughout its long history. Catholicism was not only the traditional religion of much of Austrian society,
  12. Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities, 1780-1995
  13. The Catholic Church in Brazil https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/catholic-church-brazil
  14. "Yet the national church appeared to agree upon the approach to pre-influence and it behaved accordingly. The Brazilian Church was socially more advanced than any other Latin America Church" The Political Transformation Of the Brazilian Catholic Church Thomas Bruneau - Umi Out-of-print Books on Demand - 1989
  15. Hall, Richard C. (1 January 2012). The Modern Balkans: A History. Reaktion Books. p. 51. ISBN 9781780230061. While this did not restore the Ohrid patriarchate, it did acknowledge the separation between the Orthodox church in Constantinople and the Bulgarian Orthodox church, which was now free to develop as the Bulgarian national church.
  16. "Tabulation: Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. January 7, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  17. Super User. "Costa Rica Constitution in English – Constitutional Law – Costa Rica Legal Topics". costaricalaw.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  18. Cvitanic, Marilyn (2011). Culture and Customs of Croatia. 9780313351174. ISBN 9780313351174.
  19. Venbrux, Eric; Quartier, Thomas; Venhorst, Claudia; Brenda Mathijssen (September 2013). Changing European Death Ways. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 178. ISBN 9783643900678. Simultaneously the church tax, ministers being public servants, and the status of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark as the national church indicate that the state lends its support to the church.
  20. Church membership 1990-2019 Kirkeministeriet (in Danish)
  21. Britannicus (1834). The Church of England. p. 17. Having, in my last, arrive at the great points which I wished to establish--the apostolicity, independence, and authority of the Church of England; and that she is necessarily the National Church, because Christianity is the National Religion.
  22. Budiardjo, Carmel; Liong Liem, Soei (1984). The war against East Timor. Zed Books. ISBN 9780862322281. The disintegration of the Portuguese Catholic Church in East Timor accelerated the transformation of the Church into a national church.
  23. "Nationality, Citizenship, and Religion". Government of Timor-Leste. 25 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  24. Elvy, Peter (1991). Opportunities and Limitations in Religious Broadcasting. Edinburgh: CTPI. p. 23. ISBN 9781870126151. Denominationally Estonia is Lutheran. During the time of national independence (1918-1940), 80% of the population belonged to the Lutheran National Church, about 17% were Orthodox Christians and the rest belonged to Free Churches.
  25. Lorance, Cody (2008). Ethnographic Chicago. p. 140. ISBN 9780615218625. Her findings show that the development of the national church of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which began in the fourth century and made Christianity the state religion of Ethiopia, was also a major contributor to national development in the fields of independence, social progress, national unity and empowerment, literary development, arts, architecture, music, publication, and declaration of a national language and leadership, both spiritually and military.
  26. Proctor, James (13 May 2013). Faroe Islands. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 19. ISBN 9781841624563. Religion is important to the Faroese and 84% of the population belongs to the established national church in the islands, the Evangelical—Lutheran Foroya Kirkja, which has 61 churches in the Faroes and three out of every four marriages are held in one.
  27. Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Britanncia Educational Publishing. 1 June 2013. p. 77. ISBN 9781615309955. One of Finland's national churches is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Evankelis—luterilainen—kirkko), or simply the Church of Finland.
  28. Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. p. 1195. ISBN 9781598842043. The Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) is the Eastern Orthodox Christian body that serves as the national church of the Caucasian country of Georgia. The great majority of Georgians are members of the church.
  29. Gelder, Craig Van (2008). The Missional Church and Denominations. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 9780802863584. Germany's two churches (the National Church for the Protestants and the Roman Catholic Church) were “proper”with respect to their polities.
  30. Miller, James Edward (2009). The United States and the Making of Modern Greece: History and Power, 1950-1974. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780807832479. The creation of a national church of Greece, which the patriarch reluctantly recognized in 1850, set a pattern for other emerging Balkan states to form national churches independent of Constantinople.
  31. Alex Kish, George (2011). The Origins of the Baptist Movement Among the Hungarians: A History of the Baptists in the Kingdom of Hungary From 1846 to 1893. BRILL. p. 18. ISBN 9789004211360. the empire the Crown still championed Roman Catholicism as "the Hungarian national religion"
  32. Wilcox, Jonathan; Latif, Zawiah Abdul (1 September 2006). Iceland. Marshall Cavendish. p. 85. ISBN 9780761420743. The National Church of Iceland, formally called the Evangelical-Lutheran Church, is the state religion, and the president of Iceland is its supreme authority.
  33. "Being Christian in Western Europe" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-02. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  34. "The Roman Catholic Church is the State Church and as such enjoys the full protection of the State; other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds and to hold religious services to the extent consistent with morality and public order." Constitution Religion. at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 March 2009) (archived from the original on 2009-03-26).
  35. "Constitution of Malta (Article 2)". mjha.gov.mt.
  36. Ricardo Hernández-Forcada, "The Effect of International Treaties on Religious Freedom in Mexico". 2002 BYU L. Rev. 301(202).<l. 35, Issue 4.
  37. Roberto Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach." Journal of Church & State, Autumn 1993, Vo-559 (1996).
  38. Mexico Is Home To World's Second Largest Catholic Population
  39. Joshua Project (2018). "Ethnic People Groups of Monaco". Joshua Project. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  40. "2018 Census totals by topic national highlights". Statistics New Zealand. Table 26. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  41. Rae, Heather (15 August 2002). State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 9780521797085. The creation of a national Church was also central to building national identity, with the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC) established in 1967, much to the outrage of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
  42. Cristofori, Rinaldo; Ferrari, Silvio (28 February 2013). Law and Religion in the 21st Century: Relations between States and Religious Communities. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 194. ISBN 9781409497332. The State shall support all religious communities including the Church of Norway on an equal footing, but the Church of Norway shall 'remain the people's Church and is as such supported by the State', thereby upholding its function as a national Church.
  43. "Constitution of the Republic of Peru" (PDF). Within an independent and autonomous system, the State recognizes the Catholic Church as an important element in the historical, cultural, and moral formation of Peru and lends it its cooperation. The State respects other denominations and may establish forms of collaboration with them.
  44. "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 231.
  45. Poland's church struggles to contain its latest crisis
  46. "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". 1997-04-02. The relations between the Republic of Poland and the Roman Catholic Church shall be determined by international treaty concluded with the Holy See, and by statute. The relations between the Republic of Poland and other churches and religious organizations shall be determined by statutes adopted pursuant to agreements concluded between their appropriate representatives and the Council of Ministers.
  47. Cornelio, Jayeel Serrano (12 July 2016). Being Catholic in the Contemporary Philippines: Young People Reinterpreting Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138803343.
  48. Romania, The World Factbook
  49. Prizel, Ilya (13 August 1998). National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780521576970. Although nominally a national church, the Russian Orthodox Church developed from a defensive, nativist institution to the ideological foundation of an imperial idea.
  50. "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
  51. There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, ARENA determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the Levada Center Archived 2012-12-31 at the Wayback Machine determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the Public Opinion Foundation determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with Pew's 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with VTSIOM's 2010 survey (~77% Christian), and with Ipsos MORI Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine's 2011 survey (69%).
  52. Morton, Andrew R. (1994). God's Will in a Time of Crisis: A Colloquium Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Baillie Commission. Edinburgh: CTPI. p. 14. ISBN 9781870126274. In October 1929, the Established Church and the United Free Church were united to form the national Church of Scotland.
  53. Tomasevich, Jozo (1 January 1975). The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780804708579. He also had the support of the Serbian Orthodox Church, which as a national church long identified with the national destiny and aspirations of the Serbian people was naturally inclined to identify itself with the movement that had the backing of the king and the Servian-dominated government-in-exile.
  54. Spanish Catholicism: an Historical Overview Stanley Payne - University Of Wisconsin Press - 1984 ISBN 0299098044
  55. "CIA – The World Factbook – Spain". Cia.gov. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  56. Gilley, Sheridan; Stanley, Brian (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 354. ISBN 9780521814560. The Church of Sweden could be characterised as 'national church' or 'folk church', but not as 'state church', because the independence of the church was expressed by the establishment of a Church Assembly in 1863.
  57. West, Barbara A. (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 845. ISBN 9781438119137. A second important cultural feature of the Tuvaluan nation is the centrality of the national church, the Ekalesia o Tuvalu, or Church of Tuvalu, in which up to 97 percent of the population claims membership.
  58. Newport, Frank. "2017 Update on Americans and Religion". Gallup. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  59. "Trends continue in church membership growth or decline", Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches (reports), US: National Council of Churches, February 14, 2011, retrieved May 14, 2017
  60. "The United Church Of Christ: A Statistical Profile" (PDF). 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  61. Mitt Romney's Mormon roots in northern England retrieved 16 June 2012
  62. Mormonism beginnings retrieved 15 June 2012
  63. Velychenko, Stephen (1 January 1992). National History as Cultural Process: A Survey of the Interpretations of Ukraine's Past in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian Historical Writing from the Earliest Times to 1914. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780920862759. For this reason the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was the true democratic national church of the Ukrainian nation.
  64. Makari, Peter E. (2007). Conflict & Cooperation: Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780815631446. The Coptic Orthodox Church is the historic, and national, church of Egypt and is deeply tied to a monastic tradition of spiritual growth and preparation for ministry of monks and nuns, a tradition that continues to thrive.
  65. B. Shelledy, Robert (2003). Legions Not Always Visible on Parade: The Vatican's Influence in World Politics. University of Wisconsin--Madison. The Chaldean Church is located primarily in Iraq and functions in many ways like a national Orthodox Church.
  66. Ajami, Fouad (30 May 2012). The Syrian Rebellion. Hoover Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780817915063. The Maronite Church is a national church. Its creed is attachment to Lebanon and its independence. The founding ethos of the Maronites is their migration from the Syrian plains to the freedom and “purity” of their home in Mount Lebanon.
  67. Barth, Ethnics, ed. Braun, transl. Bromiley, New York, 1981, p. 305.
  • William Reed Huntington, A national church, Bedell lectures, Scribner's, 1897.
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