New Acropolis

New Acropolis (NA; Spanish: Organización Internacional Nueva Acrópolis; OINA; French: Organisation Internationale Nouvelle Acropole, association internationale sans but lucratif) is a non-profit organisation originally founded in 1957 by Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi in Argentina, positioning itself as a school of philosophy, although various researchers characterize it as an esoteric[1][2][3] and post-theosophical[4][5] new religious movement,[6][7] or sometimes as a cult.[8][9] As of 2010, it claimed branches in more than forty countries.[5]. As of 2020, its president is Carlos Adelantado Pucha.[10]

International Organization New Acropolis
FoundedJuly 15, 1957 (1957-07-15)
FounderJorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
TypeNon-governmental organization
FocusPhilosophy, esotericism, philanthropy
Location
OriginsArgentina
Area served
Worldwide
MethodCulture, volunteerism
Key people
Delia Steinberg Guzmán, honorary president. Carlos Adelantado Pucha, president.
Websitewww.acropolis.org

New Acropolis has received criticisms for several decades, in particular about its alleged use of paramilitary structure and symbols, and the apparent influence of fascist models on them.[5][11]

Aims

New Acropolis describes its founding principles as follows:[12]

  1. To promote an ideal of universal fraternity, based on respect for human dignity, beyond racial, sexual, cultural, religious, social and other differences.
  2. To encourage the love of wisdom through the comparative study of philosophies, religions, sciences and arts, in order to promote the knowledge of the human being, the laws of Nature and the Universe.
  3. To develop the best of the human potential, by promoting the realization of the human being as an individual and his or her integration as an active and conscious part of society and nature, in order to improve the world.

According to the organization's 2018 assembly resolution, New Acropolis has "three lines of action": philosophy, culture and volunteering.[13]

Teachings

The organization describes itself as a school of philosophy, which it defines as "a way of life [and] as a means of access to spiritual knowledge and collective and individual realization."[14] According to the organization's webpage, its official introduction program includes the philosophies of Buddhism, Tibet, China, Greece and Rome among others. The school also offers advanced studies in courses such as psychology, history of philosophy and symbology.[14] An article published by the organization in The Parliamentary Review describes NA as an educational charity promoting the renewal of philosophy in the "classical tradition".[15]

Scholar of Western esotericism Antoine Faivre asserts that Jorge A. Livraga Rizzi wanted to create an "eclectic and rational approach" to Eastern and Western thought. In addition to the study of ancient sources, New Acropolis also tries to promote modern authors such as CG Jung, Mircea Eliade, Joseph Campbell, Gilbert Durand, Henry Corbin, Paul Ricœur, Dane Rudhyar, Jean Chevalier, Jacob Boehm, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and Edgar Morin. Among ancient authors it promotes in its literature are Pythagoras and Plato; it draws on Livraga's understanding of neoplatonism, Alexandrine hermeticism, renaissance philosophy, eastern philosophy (Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism) as well.[16]

French writer Jean-Pierre Bayard describes New Acropolis as a school of philosophy focused on esotericism and symbolism.[17] It is described by Clifton L. Holland as "a post-theosophical movement that combines elements from many sources: Theosophy, Esoteric thought, alchemy, astrology, and Eastern and Greek philosophy."[5]

According to Peter B. Clarke, NA teaches a certain esoteric apocalypticism regarding the imminent Age of Aquarius which according to the group "will give rise to great pain and suffering at the outset".[6] It has also been described as an spiritist group.[6]

Activities

The organization reported in 2010 having around 10,000 members around the world, in more than forty countries.[5] According to the organization, the governing board of the association is composed of a representative of each of its member associations, and it functions through a decentralized financial system.[18]

The organization's music competitions attract many participants, such as one in Peru which in 2018 attracted more than 6,000.[19] The organization claimed that its 2018 commemoration of the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, which took place in Mumbai, India, was endorsed by right-wing Indian Prime minister Narendra Modi, the Dalai Lama and Devendra Fadnavis.[20]

New Acropolis has been likewise promoting World Philosophy Day seminars around the world; its India branch was supported in this effort by UNESCO.[21]

Organization and structure

According to 1976's Manual del Dirigente (Leader's Handbook) the organization's structure is pyramidal and hierarchical.[22][9] The highest level is the World Command, an office that once belonged to Livraga.[22] Under the World Command is the Guardian of Seals, under it the Continental Commands, under these the Central Commands, followed by the National or Federal Councilors, the Unified Zone Commands and Branch Chiefs.[22]

The "Golden Ax" is used as a symbol given only to an elite of members known as "hachados"[22] (ax holders) and this honor could only be given and taken away by the World Command.[22] These hachados are proposed by the Central Commands due to their merits and are supposed to refrain from owning a fortune beyond their basic needs.[22] The hachados can request retirement for reasons like age or health, and the organization should be responsible for their living in their final years.[22] If the person retires as hachado can keep the honors but returns the ax, if the person status as hachado is revoked then the ax is return and destroyed.[22]

The handbook itself expresses in its page 3 that its content should be kept secret not only from the public but from every non-directive members of the organization.[22] It also establishes that is valid for the leaders to hide their Acropolitan ideas, believes and concepts when speaking in public or adapt them to the listener's wishes,[22] and that most of the symbols, salutes and customs of the organization should be kept secret as other political movements have used them in the past staining its image in the public eye.[22]

The Reglamento para miembros (Members’ bylaws) of the organization establishes a series of norms for the participants including the obligation of at least 12 hours per month of voluntary work (although this can be increase if the person is sanctioned or if can't do the monthly payments),[23] the prohibition of any kind of critic to the leaders and fellow members "to the former in any sense, to the later in their personal affairs",[23] the requirement of the students to stand up anytime the teacher enters the room,[23] the mandatory use of tie and jacket for men and skirts for women in all official events,[23] and to refrain from any kind of immorality,[23] among others.

According to a former member in Mexico interviewed in 2014 by Vice, homosexuals are not allowed to be members of NA.[24]

New Acropolis in Medellín, Colombia.

Political ideology

The organization has been accused of supporting neo-fascism and neo-Nazism.[5][25] New Acropolis officially condemns Nazism, racism and political extremism,[26][27] Professor Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke stated in 2003 that "the structure, organization and symbolism of the Nouvelle Acropole [New Acropolis] is clearly indebted to fascist models."[11] According to Jean-Marie Abgrall, "New Acropolis has borrowed elitist and Aryanist symbols and ideas."[9]

As stated in 2010 by Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices : "The alleged use of paramilitary language, symbols, and forms of organization, along with more recent charges of brainwashing, have led to many criticisms of the New Acropolis in Europe, especially in France, since the mid-1970s.”[5]

The Theosophical Society, of which Livraga was a member before founding New Acropolis, officially denies any links to New Acropolis,[28] saying that Livraga was expelled from the organization due to his connection with "extremism of the ultra right and Nazism".[29]

Cult status

The French Commission on Cults (1995) as well as a Belgian parliamentary commission, have, in 1997, registered it as a cult in their respective countries, in an annexed blacklist to their report, along with 171 other associations. On May 27, 2005, the public cult blacklists were abandoned by the French government.[30] However Serge Blisko, director of the French Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances (MIVILUDES) said to Vice in 2014 that "the French government still considers New Acropolis a cult and it remains under surveillance".[24]

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gollark: Maths only deals with 0, 1 and infinity.
gollark: Those aren't real numbers.
gollark: [INCOMPREHENSIBLE APIOFORMS UNREPRESENTABLE IN UNICODE]
gollark: e.g. monoids in the category of endofunctors.

See also

References
  1. Moraleda, José (1992). "Movimientos esotéricos". Las sectas hoy: nuevos movimientos religiosos (in Spanish). Editorial SAL TERRAE. p. 16. ISBN 9788429310726. Incluimos en este grupo [movimientos esotéricos] los movimientos religiosos o pararreligiosos de inspiración ocultista o gnóstica; se presentan como asociaciones culturales y científicas: Antroposofía, Rosacruz, Fraternidad Blanca Universal, Nueva Acrópolis, Iglesia de la Cienciología
  2. Dawson, Andrew (2016). New Era - New Religions: Religious Transformation in Contemporary Brazil. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-317-08848-6. In one of the few typologies offered of new religious movements in Brazil Guerriero lists four major types. (...) The 'fourth type' is of an 'occultist or esoteric' nature and is the most diverse of all. This type is constituted by two subgroups which Guerriero orders relative to organizational cohesion. Made up of the 'most organized groups', the first, and 'practically inexhaustible', subgroup comprises: (...) the New Acropolis
  3. Bale, Jeffrey M. (2017). The Darkest Sides of Politics, II: State Terrorism, “Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Religious Extremism, and Organized Crime. Routledge. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-317-65943-3. Other cult-like right-wing religious groups include (...) the esoteric group Nueva Acrópolis (New Acropolis)
  4. Introvigne 1999, p. 86.
  5. Holland, Clifton L. (2010). "New Acropolis Cultural Association". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 2066–2067. ISBN 9781598842036.
  6. Clarke, Peter B. (2006). "Spiritist and esoteric NRMs in Brazil and Argentina". New Religions in Global Perspective: A study of religious change in the modern world. Routledge. p. 188. A more recent Spiritist movement of Argentinian origin is the New Acropolis movement founded in 1957, also in Buenos Aires, by Jorge Angel Livraga Rizzi (1886–1951). This politically conservative movement describes itself as a school of classical philosophy. New Acropolis teachings are based on such diverse sources as the Greek philosophy of Plato (428/27–347 BC), the Theosophical ideas developed by Madame Blavatsky (1831–91) (see Chapter 5) and those of René Guenon (1886–1951) on the theme of the philosophia perennis. One of this movement's main beliefs is in the advent of the Age of Aquarius, which, it warns, will give rise to great pain and suffering at the outset. Like the Escuela Cientifica Basilio the New Acropolis has also become an international movement with a presence in some fifty countries.
  7. Curbelo, Juana Berges (2006). Los llamados nuevos movimientos religiosos en el Gran Caribe: reflexiones sobre un problema contemporáneo (in Spanish). Ediciones CEA. p. 122. ISBN 978-959-7186-05-2.
  8. Gómez, Manuel Guerra (2003). Las sectas y su invasión del mundo hispano: una guía (in Spanish). EUNSA, Ediciones Universidad de Navarra. p. 184. ISBN 978-84-313-2083-6.
  9. Abgrall, Jean-Marie (2007). Soul Snatchers: The Mechanics of Cults. Algora Publishing. pp. 24, 66–67. ISBN 978-1-892941-38-1.
  10. Dordi, Kurush (2020-06-08). "Appointment of the New International President - New Acropolis Cultural Organization". Retrieved 2020-08-02.
  11. Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780814731550. A recent example of the neo-fascist potential in Theosophy is provided by Nouvelle Acropole movement of Jorge Angel Livraga (b. 1930), the charismatic Argentinian Theosophist who by the 1980s had built up an argent youth following in more than thirty countries. The structure, organization and symbolism of the Nouvelle Acropole is clearly indebted to fascist models.
  12. "What is New Acropolis?". New Acropolis Official Website. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  13. "Assembly Resolutions". New Acropolis Official Website. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
  14. "School of Philosophy". New Acropolis Official Website. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  15. "New Acropolis". The Parliamentary Review. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
  16. "Nouvelle Acropole vue par les specialistes : Antoine Faivre". mapage.noos.fr. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  17. 1920–2008., Bayard, Jean-Pierre (2004). Guide des sociétés secrètes et des sectes. Olejnik-Sarkissian, Natacha, 1964– ..., Impr. Laballery) ([Nouv. éd. actualisée] ed.). Paris: Oxus. ISBN 2848980397. OCLC 470330547.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. "Organization". Nueva Acropolis Official Website. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
  19. LR, Redacción (2018-09-05). "Más de 6.000 escolares participan en uno de los eventos musicales más grandes del país" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  20. "Endorsements". Empowering Real Change. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
  21. ""Philosophy: The Greatest of All Journeys" – A "New Acropolis" Seminar Supported by UNESCO New Delhi". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
  22. Jorge Angel Livraga Rizzi (1976-09-01), Manual del Dirigente
  23. Livraga, Jorge Ángel. "Reglamento interno de Nueva Acrópolis" (PDF). Redune. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  24. "El hombre que escapó de Nueva Acrópolis". Vice. 2014.
  25. Martínez, Jan. "Un profesor de instituto enseña teorías racistas a menores". El País. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  26. "New Acropolis – Frequently Asked Questions". www.acropolis.org. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  27. "New Acropolis – Assembly Resolutions". www.acropolis.org. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  28. "The Theosophical Society's Position on New Acropolis". International Secretary Office The Theosophical Society Adyar. 2004-06-09. Retrieved 2020-05-25 – via Centre for the Study of New Religions.
  29. Palmeri, Juan Carlos (1998-02-22). "Letter to the Vice-Chairman of the European Council from Theosophical Society Secretary General". Retrieved 2020-05-25 – via Theos Talk. 1. Livraga's theosophical devotion was a strong attachment expressly to H.P.B. with exclusion of the leaders who followed her. 2. New Acropolis was established as an academy of theosophical and philosophical studies with definite subject matter and grades. 3. He and his wife acquired from the beginning a character, a temper of "instructors" assuming a strong "spiritual authority". 4. There are many evidences about the real nature of that institution which was internally connected with extremism of the ultra right and Nazism. 5. Those and many others evidences that we omit show that he was never suitable to the structure of the Theosophical Society which never could support such disposition.
  30. La fin des listes noires (The end of blacklists), Le Point 23 June 2005 (in French)

Bibliography
  • Introvigne, Massimo (1999). "Defectors, Ordinary Leave-takers, and Apostates: A Quantitative Study of Former Members of New Acropolis in France". Nova Relig. 3 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.83. (free alternative)
  • Gallego, Fernando (2003). "Asociación Cultural Nueva Acrópolis". In Forni, Floreal H.; Cárdenas, Luis A.; Mallimaci, Fortunato (eds.). Guía de la diversidad religiosa de Buenos Aires (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos. pp. 402–404. ISBN 9789507863899.
  • Holland, Clifton L. (2010). "New Acropolis Cultural Association". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 2066–2067. ISBN 9781598842036.
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