Prince of Asturias

Prince or Princess of Asturias (Spanish: Príncipe/Princesa de Asturias) is the main substantive title used by the heir apparent or heir presumptive to the throne of Spain.[1] According to the Spanish Constitution of 1978:

Article 57 [...] 2. The heir apparent or presumptive, from birth or event that makes him such, will have the dignity of Prince of Asturias and other titles traditionally linked to the successor of the Crown of Spain.[2]

"Princess of Asturias" redirects here. For the wife of a Prince of Asturias, see Princess of Asturias (by marriage).

Princess of Asturias
Princesa de Asturias
Coat of arms of the Princess of Asturias
Incumbent
Leonor
since 19 June 2014
StyleHer Royal Highness
Doña
ResidenceThe Prince’s Pavilion
at the Zarzuela Palace
AppointerThe King of Spain
Inaugural holderHenry III of Castile
Formation17 September 1388
Websitewww.casareal.es

The title originated in 1388, when King John I of Castile granted the dignity – which included jurisdiction over the territory[3] – to his first-born son Henry. In an attempt to end the dynastic struggle between the heirs of Kings Peter I and Henry II of Castile, the principality was chosen as the highest jurisdictional lordship the King could grant that had not yet been granted to anyone.[4] The custom of granting unique titles to royal heirs had already been in use in the Kingdoms of Aragon (Prince of Girona), England (Prince of Wales), and France (Dauphin of Viennois).[5] The title, therefore, had two purposes: to serve as a generic title to name the heir apparent or heir presumptive, and as a specific title to apply to the prince who was first in the line of succession when the King transmitted to him the territory of the principality, with its government and its income.[4]

After the formation of the dynastic union between the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon under the Catholic Monarchs, the title was favoured by the Hispanic (Spanish) King, who by custom applied it in the same way, i.e. to his heir apparent. For generations the kingdom's crown prince accumulated the titles "Prince of Asturias, Girona, Spain and the New World", modifying those of the earlier regnant Habsburgs: "Prince of these Kingdoms, Prince of the Spains and the New World" (Príncipe de estos Reynos, príncipe de las Españas y del Nuevo Mundo).[6] When the Bourbons acceded to the Spanish throne in 1705, the title was retained following the decisive help of Castile to the house in the War of the Spanish Succession.[7] At the beginning of the 19th century, the Spanish Constitution of 1812 (European year of revolutions) with consent of its counterparties ascribed the title to the heir of the Crown. The Constitutions within the following decades temporarily removed the synonymy between the title and position as heir to the Crown;[8] before being reinstated and recited in the second half of the 19th century, first half of the 20th century, and on the restoration of the monarchy (under parliamentary predominance) in 1978.[9][10]

History

The jurisdictional lordships, forms of government – not of ownership or possession, which were consolidated in the 14th and 15th centuries – were subrogations of the royal power for the administration of towns, usually those with geographical or structural difficulties that generated income. From King Alfonso XI the rulers created these lordships to give to their allies a proper way to maintain their position and to be able to govern and administer areas that were otherwise difficult to take care of with the traditional channels of the monarchy. From its origins, there have been buying and selling operations.[3]

Origins: Counties of Noreña and Gijón
Noreña Castle, 19th-century engraving

The origins of the Principality of Asturias can be traced to the counties of Noreña and Gijón – located in the ancient Asturias de Oviedo – territories with seignorial jurisdiction that belonged to Rodrigo Álvarez, who was called "of the Asturias".[11] These lordships were unique: they were territories that in remote times formed the Kingdom of Asturias, the one identified with the origins of the monarchy.[12]

When Rodrigo died without an heir in 1333, he bequeathed his domains to Henry, Count of Trastámara and illegitimate half-brother of King Peter I, during whose reign a "true civil war" – in the words of Luis Suárez Fernández – took place in Asturias de Oviedo because a group of knights settled in small dominions believed that the consolidation of the "states" that were being occupied by the Count of Trastámara (in a civil war against the King), would affect their power.[13] Henry, once King, ceded the counties to his illegitimate son Alfonso Enríquez.[14] During the reign of his half brother King John I, the Count of Noreña and Gijón revolted against him several times; for this reason, the King decided to confiscate the counties and incorporate them to the Crown,[15] promising in a document dated 18 July 1383 that they would always remain part of the royal demesne.[16]

Creation of the Principality
Imaginative portrait of King Henry III of Castile, by Calixto Ortega, 1848. He was the first Prince of Asturias, proclaimed in 1388.[5]

After the assassination of King Peter I in 1369, there began a series of disputes and long rivalries between John, Duke of Lancaster (who claimed the Castilian throne as the husband of Constance, eldest surviving daughter of King Peter I and his mistress María de Padilla but recognized as legitimate and in line of succession by the Cortes of 1362), and the two successive Trastámara claimants, Henry II and his son John I. After two decades of conflicts of varying intensity, the parties arrived at a compromise through means of the marriage between Prince Henry (son and heir of King John I) and Catherine of Lancaster (only surviving child of John and Constance).

Otrosi pusieron é ordenaron los dichos Rey Don Juan é Duque de Alencastre en sus tratos , que el dicho Infante Don Enrique oviese título de se llamar Príncipe de Asturias , é la dicha Doña Catalina Princesa : é fué ordenado que á dia cierto fuese venida la dicha Doña Catalina en Castilla.[17]

On 8 July 1388 the Treaty of Bayonne was signed between John of Lancaster and King John I of Castile, establishing the final dynastic reconciliation after the assassination of King Peter I. By this treaty, the Duke of Lancaster and his wife Constance renounced all their rights over the Castilian throne on behalf of the marriage of their daughter Catherine to the first-born son of King Juan I of Castile, the future Henry III, who was granted as heir the dignity of Prince of Asturias.[5] The title was granted with a ceremony.[18]

The premature death of John I and the minority of Henry III prevented the institutional and juridical conformation of the principality while Alfonso Enríquez rebelled again after obtaining his freedom by royal decree. Besieged by the King's troops, he submitted to the arbitration of King Charles VI of France, who imposed on the count the return of the territories he held in Asturias. The territory was subdued, and his royal status was confirmed.[19]

In the early days of its creation, the title of Prince of Asturias was not just a simple honorific title, as it included control of the territory of Asturias. The Prince ruled it in representation of the King and was able to appoint judges, mayors, etc. King John II by decree dated in Tordesillas on 3 March 1444 declared the conversion of the principality into a jurisdictional lordship, linking the cities, towns, and places of Asturias de Oviedo with their rents and jurisdictions to the Majorat of the heirs of the Crown;[20] however, this document was in some case disobeyed and ignored by the Asturian towns as it went against their traditional fueros.[21] On 31 May of that same year the future Henry IV tried to make the Majorat effective and remember Oviedo and the twenty-one principal Asturian villages that rightfully belonged to his lordship even though he had not "executed or used [the principality] because of my minority and the great debates and scandals that have taken place in these kingdoms".[22]

With the legal conformation, the duality principality–lordship was recovered and would last under the jurisdiction of the Prince until the time of Catholic Monarchs,[23] who limited the scope of the title, making it merely honorary; this decision was upheld by the members of the House of Habsburg and the House of Bourbon until the present day.

Education of Prince John, by Salvador Martínez Cubells 1877. John was the only son of the Catholic Monarchs and heir of all their domains during his lifetime.

Although all the heirs of the Crown of Castile have traditionally been considered Princes of Asturias, not all had a formal act by which the jurisdictional lordship was granted;[24] strictly speaking, the only Princes of Asturias were Henry, during 1388–1390, Enrique, during 1444–1453, Isabella during 1468–1474, and John, briefly during 1496–1497.[25] In the periods in which no prince was proclaimed, the Principality did not disappear but was directly governed by the monarch, to whose treasury were sent the jurisdictional rents.[25]

With the Catholic Monarchs, there began a policy of reintegration of the royal patrimony that gave rise to a long fight with the principality, lasting from 1483 to 1490, with the signing of an agreement by which the House of Quiñones handed over to the Crown the districts of Cangas, Tineo, Llanes, and Ribadesella in exchange for five million maravedis and the Leonese Babias.[26] In 1496 there was an attempt to revive the principality by Royal Letter dated 20 May, in which the monarchs, "wishing to observe the ancient custom" of their Kingdoms – an allusion to Aragon – gave to Prince John the rents and jurisdictions of the Asturian places that had previously reverted to the Crown, reserving to them the majority of the judges and the condition of not alienating his patrimony.[27]

Decadence under the Habsburgs

With Prince John the title was added to a list of titles used by the Hispanic monarchy, the heir adding the titles of Prince of Asturias, Girona (1496), Spain, and the New World. The imperialist aspirations are observed in the new title of the heir of the Catholic Monarchs: "Prince of these Kingdoms, Prince of the Spains and the New World" (Príncipe de estos Reynos, Príncipe de las Españas y del Nuevo Mundo). The title lives from that moment a time of partial decadence with the establishment of the House of Habsburg on the Spanish throne;[6] for example, Philip II was educated to take on the functions of Regent during the absences of his father, not like a Prince of Asturias.[25] The 16th and 17th centuries were characterized by various conflicts between the King and the principality because of the titles and dignities granted and referring to the territory.[28] Only during the reign of Philip IV was a proper ceremony introduced for the Prince's oath as heir.[7]

Absolutism under the Bourbons

With the arrival of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne after the War of the Spanish Succession begins a new period for the Principality of Asturias, whose population looked upon the new dynasty with hope. The new royal house promoted an identification of the Principality with the Spanish heir following the aid given by the Crown of Castile during the war, and the Principality of Asturias, which until then had been held by the heir of Castile, tended to be considered properly Spanish. [7][lower-alpha 1]

19th century Constitutions
Cover of the first edition of the Political Constitution of the Spanish monarchy. Cádiz, 19 March 1812

Another period for the title began at the beginning of the 19th century with the arrival of the constitutional regime. For Agustín Argüelles, an Asturian deputy in the Cortes of Cádiz, the draft of the Constitution of 1812 preserved more by "custom than by utility or precision" the title of Prince of Asturias to the heir of the Crown.[29] The commission responsible for the writing of the new constitution, equating the Crown Prince with the Prince of Asturias, proposed that the Cortes should recognize him immediately after announcing his birth and that upon reaching the age of 14, the prince should swear before the Cortes the defence of the Catholic faith, the preservation of the Constitution, and obedience to the King.[29] During discussions, some deputies proposed that the Prince should be renamed of the Spains and not of Asturias, while others wanted him to use the dignity only after his oath and not from his birth. Besides Argüelles, the Asturians Pedro Inguanzo Rivero and Alonso Cañedo Vigil, each with opposing ideologies, defended, respectively, a title of honor or a title that was purely nominal, without royal rights but consecrated by history.[8] The project remained unchanged and was finally approved.[lower-alpha 2]

The synonymy of the title "Prince of Asturias" with the heir of the throne was eliminated in the constitutions of 1837 and 1845, instead referring to the "immediate heir to the crown" (Article 20 of the Constitution of 1837) and "immediate successor to the Crown", " immediate successor, "and" first-born son of the King " (articles 39, 47, and 61 of the Constitution of 1845).[31]

The royal decree of 30 May 1850 attributes to the "immediate successors to the Crown", according to the Constitution of the Monarchy, without distinction of men or women," the continued use of "Prince of Asturias".[32][33] Queen Isabella II gave birth to a daughter, Isabella, on 20 December 1851 and as a result of this decree, the newborn received the title of "Princess of Asturias". Isabella would lose this title with the birth of her brother, the future Alfonso XII, in 1857.

The Constitution of 1869 kept the traditional denomination of Prince of Asturias due to the influence of the Asturian politician José Posada Herrera.[34] Alfonso XII ascended the throne in 1874 following the end of the brief First Spanish Republic and as the infanta Isabella was the immediate heir to the Crown after her brother Alfonso, she once again became "Princess of Asturias" by royal order of 25 March 1875, applying the doctrine of 1850 by granting the title of Princess without distinguishing between male or female successor.[35] The subsequent Constitution of 1876 omitted the title again from its provisions, similar to the constitutions of 1837 and 1845.[36]

Alfonso's wife, Maria Christina of Austria, was expecting a child with many hoping for a male heir. A new decree dated 1 August 1880, established the ceremony for the presentation of the "Prince or Infanta" as Maria Christina was close to giving birth;[35] the decision to formally establish the title was immediately appealed by a commission of the Provincial Delegation of Oviedo, which asked for the return of the title based on the validity of the decree of 1850. The decree establishing the ceremony for the presentation of the child was published in the Gazette of Madrid of 1 September 1880, in which the heir was referred to as Prince of Asturias.[35]

The royal decree of 22 August 1880 tried to clarify all the confusion and established the titles and honors of the Prince and Infantes. It was preceded by a statement of reasons in which the head of government Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, who was also a historian, sought to establish the true profile of the institution, arguing that there was an "unnecessary and inaccurate" confusion between the right of succession and the title of Prince of Asturias, that the Castilian investiture of the Principality of Asturias should not be confused with the succession to the Spanish Crown, that the single denomination of "Prince" or "Prince of these Kingdoms" be reserved, and that the legislators of Cádiz had exceeded their functions, sowing confusion in the constitutional articles. The decree established that the title had not been a creation of the Cortes, but of the King's will, and restored the "secular uses", maintaining the title of Prince for the first-born sons of the monarch, using the denomination of Asturias.[37][38] The decree stated that any other immediate successor, male or female, had to be granted the title.[38]

Maria Christina gave birth to a girl on 11 September 1880, to much disappointment, and the infant was initially treated only as an infanta. Cánovas, who wanted the crown to pass to a male, ignored the baby. After considerable criticism,[39] the new liberal government of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta was limited to restoring the principles of the decree of 1850, granting the title of Princess of Asturias to Infanta Maria de las Mercedes in a royal decree dated 10 March 1881.[40]

Current democracy

With the restoration of the monarchy in 1975, the Royal Decree of 21 January 1977, supported by the Provincial Delegation of Oviedo, ordered that the son of King Juan Carlos I of Spain, Prince Felipe, bear the title of Prince of Asturias, in addition to those titles traditionally appertaining to the heir of the throne.[41] The process culminated in the promulgation of the Constitution of 1978, whose article 57 says that the Crown Prince will be Prince of Asturias and can use the other titles linked to his person, symbolically embodying the Spanish dynastic union.[10]

Titles and functions
Standard since 2014, established by Royal Decree 979/2015.[42]

The Prince of Asturias, as Crown prince, is the first in the Line of succession to the Spanish throne, receives the treatment of Royal Highness by Royal Decree 1368/1987[43] and holds the titles inherent to that position, recognized in the article 57.1 of the Constitution,[2] and which symbolize the Spanish dynastic union.[10] In addition to the principal of Prince of Asturias (as heir of the Crown of Castile),[5] the heir also has the following titles:

He also presides over the Princess of Asturias and Princess de Girona Foundations, named Prince of Asturias and Prince of Girona when the heir is male.[46][47]

Upon reaching the age of majority, she or he must take an oath before the Cortes Generales to faithfully carry out her duties, to keep and enforce the Constitution and laws, and to respect the rights of citizens and autonomous communities, as well as show fidelity to the King, according to Article 61 of the constitution.[2] This procedure was introduced in 1978 since, before the promulgation of this constitution, the Princes of Asturias had to receive the oath of allegiance from the Cortes.[48] The current titular of the Principality is Leonor, who took that dignity on 19 June 2014, when her father, King Felipe VI, ascended to the throne following the abdication of her grandfather King Juan Carlos I.[48]

List
See also: List of heirs to the Spanish throne

Following is a list of the Princes of Asturias from the creation of the title in 1388, as dignity of the heir of the Crown of Castile, until today, when it has been incorporated to the set of titles historically linked to the crown prince of Spain as the main one of them:

Image Name Heir to From Until
Year Cause
Henry
(1379–1406)		John I
(father)		13881390ascended the throne as Henry III
Maria
(1401–1458)		Henry III
(father)		14021405displaced by the birth of brother
John
(1405–1454)		14051406ascended the throne as John II
Catherine
(1422–1424)		John II
(father)		14231424died
Eleanor
(1423–1425)[lower-alpha 3]		14241425displaced by the birth of brother
Henry
(1425–1474)		14251454ascended the throne as Henry IV
Joanna
(1462–1530)		Henry IV
(father)		1462[lower-alpha 4]1464disinherited in favour of half-uncle
Alfonso
(1453–1468)		 Henry IV
(half-brother)		 1464[lower-alpha 5] 1465 proclaimed King in the Farce of Ávila[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7]
Isabella
(1451–1504)		 1468[lower-alpha 8] 1470 disinherited in favour of half-niece[lower-alpha 9]
Joanna
(1462–1530)		 Henry IV
(father)		 1470[lower-alpha 9] 1474 crown assumed by Isabella I[lower-alpha 10]
Isabella
(1470–1498)		Isabella I
(mother)		14761480displaced by the birth of brother
John
(1478–1497)		14801497died
Isabella
(1470–1498)		14981498died
Miguel
(1498–1500)		Isabella I
(grandmother)		14991500died
Joanna
(1479–1555)		Isabella I
(mother)		15021504ascended the throne
Charles
(1500–1558)		Joanna
(mother)		15041516ascended the throne as Charles I
Philip
(1527–1598)		Charles I and Joanna
(father and grandmother)		15281556ascended the throne as Philip II
Carlos
(1545–1568)		Philip II
(father)		15601568died
Ferdinand
(1571–1578)		15731578died
Diego
(1575–1582)		15801582died
Philip
(1578–1621)		15841598ascended the throne as Philip III
Philip
(1605–1665)		Philip III
(father)		16081621ascended the throne as Philip IV
Balthasar Charles
(1629–1646)		Philip IV
(father)		16321646died
Philip Prosper
(1657–1661)		16581661died
Charles
(1661–1700)		16611665ascended the throne as Charles II
Louis
(1707–1724)		Philip V
(father)		17091724ascended the throne as Louis I
Ferdinand
(1713–1759)		17241746ascended the throne as Ferdinand VI
Charles
(1747–1819)		Charles III
(father)		17601788ascended the throne as Charles IV
Ferdinand
(1784–1833)		Charles IV
(father)		17891808ascended the throne as Ferdinand VII
Isabella
(1830–1904)		Ferdinand VII
(father)		1830
(1833)[lower-alpha 11]		1833ascended the throne as Isabella II
Isabella
(1851–1931)		Isabella II
(mother)		18511857displaced by the birth of her brother
Alfonso
(1857–1885)		18571868mother's deposition
Emmanuel Philibert
(1869–1931)		Amadeus18711873father's abdication
Isabella
(1851–1931)		Alfonso XII
(brother)		18751880displaced by the birth of her niece
Mercedes
(1880–1904)		Alfonso XII
(father)		18801885Father died and her brother born posthumously and became King on birth
Alfonso XIII
(brother)		 1886 1904 died
Alfonso
(1907–1938)		Alfonso XIII
(father)		19071931
(1933)[lower-alpha 12]		Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
Juan
(1913–1993)		19331941Received the dynastic rights from King Alfonso XIII[lower-alpha 13]
Juan Carlos
(1938–)		Juan
(father)		19411977Holder of the title in pretense;[lower-alpha 14] Prince of Spain since 1969; ascended the throne as Juan Carlos I
Felipe
(1968–)		Juan Carlos I
(father)		19772014ascended the throne as Felipe VI
Leonor
(2005–)		Felipe VI
(father)		2014Incumbent
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See also

Notes
  1. Like the Castilian Public law happens to be the Spanish one by the Nueva Planta decrees, after extending to Aragon, who supported Archduke Charles during the War of Succession.[7]
  2. The references to the Prince in the Constitution of 1812 are showed in the Chapter IV, title IV of the document:[30]
    • Art. 201. The first-born child of the King will be titled Prince of Asturias. [...]
    • Art. 206. The Prince of Asturias cannot leave the Kingdom without the consent of the Cortes, and if he leaves without it, he will remain for the same fact excluded from the succession to the Crown. [...]
    • Art. 208. The Prince of Asturias, Infantes and Infantas and their children and descendants who are subjects of the King, cannot contract marriage without [the king's] consent and that of the Cortes, under penalty of being excluded from the succession to the Crown. [...]
    • Art. 210. The Prince of Asturias will be recognized by the Cortes with the formalities that will prevent the regulation of the internal Government of them.
    • Art. 211. This recognition will be made in the first courts held after his birth.
    • Art. 212. The Prince of Asturias, upon reaching the age of 14, will take the following oath before the Cortes: "N. (name), Prince of Asturias, I swear by God and by the Holy Gospels, that I will defend and preserve the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion, without allowing any other in the Kingdom; That I will keep the Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, and that I will be faithful and obedient to the King. So help me God."
  3. Sometimes she is omitted from the lists of Princes. She was sworn Princess of Asturias in the Cortes of Burgos of 1424 only by the procurators of twelve cities. Some authors deny validity to this oath, since the King didn't sanction the proclamation, waiting for the birth of her brother Enrique on 5 January 1425, sworn as heir and Prince by the Cortes in April of the same year.[49]
  4. Sworn in the Cortes of Madrid on 9 May.[50]
  5. In the district of Cabezón-Cigales, Henry IV promulgated the Royal Decree of 4 September recognizing his brother Alfonso as successor,[51] however no Cortes were summoned to carry out the oath of the heir. Alfonso, as Prince, ordered Diego Fernández de Quiñones, Count of Luna, to seize the Principality and administer it in his name.[52]
  6. On 5 June 1465, in the Farce of Ávila, the Nobility League proclaimed Prince Alfonso as King.
  7. Once proclaimed King, during the civil war that confronted to him to his half-brother Henry IV, Alfonso managed to take possession of the Principality like part of the royal patrimony and be recognized there as monarch.[53] Alfonso died by unknown causes in 1468, leaving Henry IV as sole and undisputed sovereign. The bibliographical references to Alfonso in the period of 1465–1468 called him Prince Alfonso or Infante Alfonso.
  8. By the Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando of 19 September 1468, Henry IV officially recognized his half-sister Isabella as Princess of Asturias. She ordered the Count of Luna to exercise the administration of the Principality in her name. However, in the following Cortes, in Ocaña, the traditional swearing-in did not took place.
  9. At the Ceremony of the Val de Lozoya of 25 October 1470, Henry IV annulled the Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando and proclaimed his daughter Joanna as Princess of Asturias. Nevertheless, Isabella maintained the control of the Principality through the Count of Luna.[54]
  10. After the death of Henry IV on 11 December 1474 began the War of the Castilian Succession between Isabella (who proclaimed herself Queen on 13 December) and Joanna (who did the same on 30 May 1475). The dynastic fight was finally settled on 4 September 1479 in the Treaty of Alcáçovas, leaving Isabella as the legitimate Queen of Castile.
  11. Proclaimed Princess of Asturias by a Royal Decree of 13 October 1830 and sworn as the heir to the throne on 20 June 1833.
  12. With the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, royal titles and nobiliary titles are abolished in Spain. On 11 June 1933, Prince Alfonso renounced to his dynastic rights in order to contracted a morganatic marriage. The new heir and titular Prince of Asturias should be Infante Jaime, but the fact that he was deaf-mute led him to be pressured to also resign his rights, which he did on 23 June. The title of Prince of Asturias in pretense then passed on the third of the sons of King Alfonso XIII, Infante Juan.
  13. On 15 January 1941, a few weeks before his death (on 28 February 28), the exiled King Alfonso XIII abdicated in his son and heir, Prince Juan, who became in the new King in exile; however, he preferred to use the title Count of Barcelona, one of the titles of the king of Spain. His first son, Prince Juan Carlos would then be recognized as the new Prince of Asturias. He renounced his claim to the throne in favor of his son on 14 May 1977.
  14. Titular Prince of Asturias by designation of his father.[55][56]

References
  1. Coronas González 2001, p. 49.
  2. Constitución Española. Cortes Generales (27 de diciembre de 1978) (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial del Estado, n° 311, 29 December 1978.
  3. Suárez González 2000, p. 395.
  4. Suárez González 2000, p. 394.
  5. Coronas González 2001, p. 53.
  6. Coronas González 2001, pp. 61–62.
  7. Coronas González 2001, p. 64.
  8. Coronas González 2001, pp. 67–68.
  9. Coronas González 2001, p. 69.
  10. Coronas González 2001, p. 73.
  11. Suárez Fernández 2000, p. 393.
  12. Suárez Fernández 2000, p. 396.
  13. Suárez Fernández 2000, p. 401.
  14. Suárez Fernández 2000, p. 407.
  15. Suárez Fernández 2000, pp. 413–414.
  16. Coronas González 2001, pp. 54–55.
  17. López de Ayala, Pero; et al. (1780). "Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla: Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III" (in Spanish). Antonio de Sancha. p. 278.
  18. Coronas González 2001, p. 55.
  19. Coronas González 2001, p. 55–56.
  20. Coronas González 2001, p. 56.
  21. Coronas González 2001, p. 57.
  22. Coronas González 2001, p. 58.
  23. Coronas González 2001, pp. 56–57.
  24. Suárez Fernández 2000, pp. 394–395.
  25. Suárez Fernández 2000, p. 395.
  26. Coronas González 2001, p. 60.
  27. Coronas González 2001, p. 61.
  28. Coronas González 2001, pp. 62–64.
  29. Coronas González 2001, p. 67.
  30. Cortes de, Cádiz. Constitución política de la Monarquía español. Cádiz, 19 March 1812 (PDF) (in Spanish). Congreso de los Diputados.
  31. Coronas González 2001, p. 68.
  32. Coronas González 2001, pp. 68–69.
  33. Gaceta de Madrid núm. 5782, de 30/05/1850, página 1
  34. Coronas González 2001, pp. 69–70.
  35. Coronas González 2001, p. 70.
  36. Coronas González 2001, pp. 69–70.
  37. Coronas González 2001, pp. 70–71.
  38. Parte Oficial – Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros (PDF) (in Spanish). Gaceta de Madrid, n° 256, 23 August 1880. p. 599.
  39. Coronas González 2001, p. 71.
  40. Coronas González 2001, p. 72.
  41. Coronas González 2001, pp. 72–73.
  42. Real Decreto 979/2015, de 30 de octubre, por el que se crean el Guión y el Estandarte de Su Alteza Real la Princesa de Asturias, y se modifica el Reglamento de Banderas y Estandartes, Guiones, Insignias y Distintivos, aprobado por Real Decreto 1511/1977, de 21 de enero (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial del Estado, n° 261, 31 October 2015. p. 103585–103588. ISSN 0212-033X.
  43. Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial del Estado, n° 271, 12 November 1987. p. 33717.
  44. Anguera Nolla 2008, p. 86.
  45. Ferrando Badía 1990, p. 13.
  46. "Estatutos" in: Fundación Princesa de Asturias (in Spanish) [retrieved 13 December 2016].
  47. "Presidencia de Honor" in: Fundación Princesa de Asturias (in Spanish) [retrieved 13 December 2016].
  48. Leonor, la niña que empieza a ser princesa in: www.rtve.es (in Spanish) [retrieved 13 December 2016].
  49. Sampedro Escolar 2004, p. 3.
  50. Manrique 1862, p. 8.
  51. Manrique 1862, p. 9.
  52. Suárez Fernández 2003, p. 166.
  53. Suárez Fernández 2003, pp. 167–168.
  54. Suárez Fernández 2003, p. 177.
  55. Robles do Campo 2009, p. 377.
  56. Apezarena y Castilla 2009, p. 174.

Bibliography
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