Pearic languages

The Pearic languages (alternative called the Chongic languages[2]) are a group of endangered languages of the Eastern Mon–Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family, spoken by Pear people (the Por, the Samré, the Samray, the Suoy, and the Chong) living in western Cambodia and eastern Thailand.[3][4]

Pearic
Chongic
Geographic
distribution		Indochina
Linguistic classificationAustroasiatic
  • Pearic
Proto-languageProto-Pearic
Subdivisions
Glottologpear1246[1]

  Pearic

Pearic languages are remnants of the aboriginal languages of much of Cambodia, but have dwindled in numbers due to assimilation. "Pear" is a pejorative term meaning 'slave' or 'caste'.

Classification

Paul Sidwell proposed the following classification of the Pearic languages in Sidwell (2009:137), synthesizing analyses from Headley (1985), Choosri (2002), Martin (1974), and Peiros (2004)[5] He divides Pearic into two primary branches (Pear and Chong), with Chong being further divided into four groups.

  • Pear of Kompong Thom (Baradat ms.)
  • Chong
    • Southern
    • Western
      • Chong of Chantaburi (Baradat ms.)
      • (Branch)
        • Chong həəp (Martin 1974)
        • Khlong Phlu Chong (Siripen Ungsitibonporn 2001)
      • (Branch)
        • Chong lɔɔ (Martin 1974)
        • Wang Kraphrae Chong (Siripen Ungsitibonporn 2001)
        • Chong (Huffman 1983)
    • Central
      • Samre of Pursat
      • Samre (Pornsawan Ploykaew 2001)
      • Chong (Baradat ms.)
      • Kasong (Noppawan Thongkham 2003), historically called, Chong of Trat (Pannetier ms., Isarangura 1935)
    • Northern (Somray)

Pearic lexical innovations include 'fish', 'moon', 'water leech', 'chicken', and 'fire'.[6]

Reconstruction

Headley (1985)

The Proto-Pearic language, the reconstructed ancestor of the Pearic languages, has been reconstructed by Robert Headley (1985).[7] The 149 Proto-Pearic forms below are from Headley (1985).

  • *peːm 'angry'
  • *pe(ː)ʔ 'three'
  • *taːɲ 'to weave'
  • *kam 'arrow'
  • *keːv 'to call'
  • *caː 'to eat'
  • *ciʔ 'louse'
  • *ʔic 'excrement'
  • *ʔan 'here'
  • *Pa(ː)ŋ 'flower'
  • *Poːt 'to cut, hack'
  • *Tɔːŋ 'to fear'
  • *Teːv 'right (dexter)'
  • *Cak 'to hunt'
  • *Ceːv 'to go'
  • *Kaːŋ 'month'
  • *Kɔːj 'long(time)'
  • *Kic 'small'
  • *buːl 'drunk'
  • *beːt(?) 'knife'
  • *baːŋ 'morning'
  • *dɔːn 'must'
  • *deːv 'to buy'
  • *daːk 'water'
  • *ɟuːm 'vine'
  • *ɟeːv 'soup'
  • *ɟɔːr 'sap'
  • *graːɲ 'alcohol'
  • *gɨl 'to sit'
  • *guːm 'to winnow'
  • *suk 'hair'
  • *saŋ 'to hear'
  • *sɔːŋ 'to dance'
  • *huːm 'to bathe'
  • *hɔː 'not'
  • *h(ɨː)r 'to fly'
  • *hjɔk 'breast'
  • *hmɔːk 'bat'
  • *hmaːr 'field'
  • *hnoːk 'to stretch oneself'
  • *hŋɔːn 'thatch'
  • *hrɔːk 'to hide'
  • *hlɔːŋ 'banana'
  • *hluk 'salt'
  • *v(ɛː)ŋ 'raw, uncooked'
  • *rəvaːj 'tiger'
  • *jaːv 'scorpion'
  • *j(i)p 'to come'
  • *m(a)t 'eye'
  • *nɔːŋ 'mountain'
  • *nɨm 'year'
  • *ŋ(əː)r 'red'
  • *reːs 'root'
  • *rɔːj 'fly'
  • *raːj 'ten'
  • *loːm 'to ask'
  • *laːc 'lightning'
  • *_liɲ 'elder sibling'
  • *Pac 'to break'
  • *hoːc 'dead'
  • *hoːc 'dead'
  • *pah 'to slap'
  • *c(u)h 'to spit'
  • *tak 'broken apart'
  • *lɨk 'bran'
  • *-haːm 'blood'
  • *tɨm 'to cook'
  • *k(eː)n 'child'
  • *kɨn 'female'
  • *hlɨŋ 'deep'
  • *ɟiɲ 'foot'
  • *ʔɔːɲ 'to keep, put'
  • *Təp 'to bury'
  • *h(ɔː)p 'to eat'
  • *veːt 'blue'
  • *klaːv 'skink'
  • *knaːj 'elephant'
  • *Tɔːj 'before'
  • *sɨl 'sharp-edged'
  • *taːl 'to stand'
  • *coːl 'to plant'
  • *meːl 'fish'
  • *Peːr 'water leech'
  • *Keːr 'to bark'
  • *h(oː)r 'to blow'
  • *Ceːs 'kind of deer'
  • *loːs 'kind of deer'
  • *coːs 'hundred'
  • *cɨs 'old'
  • *pa(ː)s 'tail'
  • *c(ɔ)ʔ 'dog'
  • *rəgiʔ 'thin'
  • *tŋiʔ 'day'
  • *poʔ 'dream'
  • *teˀ 'earth'
  • *(c)kaː 'mouth'
  • *(c)mɨː 'civet'
  • *(c)ŋ(ɨ)n 'wife'
  • *(c)rɛːŋ 'ring'
  • *ɟrəlaʔ 'thorn'
  • *kdɔːŋ 'six'
  • *kleˀ 'ashamed'
  • *klɔːŋ 'bone'
  • *kmaːs 'smoke'
  • *kmɔk 'cough'
  • *gmaʔ 'rain'
  • *knɔːk 'to flail'
  • *gnuːl 'seven'
  • *grɨk 'to awaken'
  • *ks(ɨ)m 'star'
  • *kvak 'to hook'
  • *kjoŋ 'kind of lizard'
  • *gjaːŋ 'turtle'
  • *ml(ɔː)ŋ 'eel'
  • *pliː 'fruit'
  • *bluː 'thigh'
  • *pnaːk 'basket'
  • *bnaːm 'ugly'
  • *(p)ŋaːm 'bee'
  • *brɔːŋ 'Khmer'
  • *braːj 'cotton thread'
  • *psiː 'snake'
  • *skɛːŋ 'wing'
  • *smaɲ 'cramp'
  • *snɛːŋ 'after'
  • *sŋal 'to know'
  • *sriː 'to ask'
  • *tmoˀ 'stone'
  • *tpɔʔ 'winnowing basket'
  • *trɔːj 'wild cow'
  • *ʔiːn 'to get'
  • *briː 'forest'
  • *kriɲ 'drum'
  • *ksuː 'red ant'
  • *bleːv 'fire'
  • *ləkheːt 'to slide'
  • *ʔoːc 'to take'
  • *Coːj 'sore, wound'
  • *Toːs 'head'
  • *koːj 'tooth'
  • *(m)oːt 'younger sibling'
  • *b(oː) 'you'
  • *koj 'kind of lizard'
  • *hlɛːk 'chicken'
  • *Tɛːŋ 'left'
  • *bɛːk 'to laugh'
  • *tɛ(h) 'lightning'
  • *gɔŋ 'long'
  • *tɔŋ 'house'

Sidwell & Rau (2015)

The following Proto-Pearic lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 303, 340-363).[6]

  • *ʔɨːs 'all'
  • *bɔh 'ashes'
  • *ker 'to bark'
  • *tkɔːˀ 'bark (of tree)'
  • *guŋ 'belly'
  • *tak 'big'
  • *ciːˀm 'bird'
  • *tap 'to bite'
  • *caˀŋ 'black'
  • *pNhaːm 'blood'
  • *klɔːŋ 'bone'
  • *j̊ɔk, *tuh 'breast'
  • *pɔːs, *tuːt 'to burn (vt.)'
  • *ktraːˀs 'claw/nail'
  • *juːr 'cloud'
  • *saˀc 'cold'
  • *jip 'to come/arrive'
  • *hoːc 'die (of a person)'
  • *cɔː 'dog'
  • *taːˀl 'to drink (water)'
  • *bah, *jeːˀs 'dry (adj./stat.)'
  • *prlaːŋ 'ear'
  • *teːˀ 'earth/soil'
  • *caː 'to eat'
  • *tuŋ 'egg'
  • *mat 'eye'
  • *pɨːs 'fat/grease/oil'
  • *suk 'feather'
  • *pliːw 'fire'
  • *meːˀl 'fish (n.)'
  • *hɨːr 'fly (v.)'
  • *ɟɨŋ 'foot'
  • *briː 'forest'
  • *bɔːŋ 'full (vessel)'
  • *ʔɨs 'give'
  • *ceːw 'to go'
  • toːˀn 'good'
  • *weːt 'green'
  • *suk 'hair (of head)'
  • *tiː 'hand'
  • *saŋ 'to hear/listen'
  • *soːc, *sroːc 'horn'
  • *ʔiɲ 'I'
  • *pNhoːc 'to kill'
  • *-nuːl, *mkuːr 'knee'
  • *kah 'know'
  • *-laːˀ 'leaf'
  • *bic 'to lie (down)'
  • *lɔːm 'liver'
  • *goŋ 'long'
  • *ciː 'louse (head)'
  • *(c/k)lɔːŋ 'man/husband'
  • *lɔː 'many'
  • *pɔːm, *ɟuːc 'meat/flesh'
  • *kaːŋ 'moon'
  • *nɔːŋ 'mountain/hill'
  • *(c)kaː 'mouth'
  • *kɔːk 'neck'
  • *blaː 'new'
  • *klɛːˀŋ 'night'
  • *-toːt, *mu(ː)s 'nose'
  • *ʔih 'not'
  • *moːˀj 'one'
  • *kɟɨm 'person/human'
  • *kɔːˀn 'rat'
  • *gmaːˀ 'rain'
  • *ŋar 'red'
  • *ɟar 'resin'
  • *kraː 'road, path'
  • *reːs 'root (of a tree)'
  • *moːl 'round (object)'
  • *(g)laːŋ 'sand'
  • *daŋ 'see'
  • *kɨl 'sit'
  • *-loːˀ 'skin'
  • *bic 'sleep'
  • *kic 'small'
  • *kmaː⁽ˀ⁾s 'smoke (n.)'
  • *ɲaːj 'to speak, say'
  • *taːl 'to stand'
  • *ksɨm 'star'
  • *tmoːˀ 'stone'
  • *(t/s)ŋiːˀ 'sun'
  • *heːl 'to swim'
  • *paːs 'tail'
  • *dan 'that (dist.)'
  • *ʔan 'this (prox.)'
  • *boː 'thou/you'
  • *ɟrlaʔ 'thorn'
  • *ktaːˀk 'tongue'
  • *koːj 'tooth'
  • *neːˀm 'tree'
  • *baːˀr 'two'
  • *ceːw 'to walk, go'
  • *tuːˀ 'warm/hot'
  • *daːk 'water'
  • *hɛːŋ 'we (excl.)'
  • *taːɲ 'to weave'
  • *cmpiːˀj 'what?'
  • *broːŋ, *pruːs 'white'
  • *ʔmih 'who?'
  • *kɨn 'woman/wife'
  • *joːˀs 'yellow'

Lexical innovations

Paul Sidwell (2015:203)[8] lists the following Pearic lexical innovations that had replaced original Proto-Austroasiatic forms.

GlossProto-PearicProto-Austroasiatic
fish*meːˀl*kaʔ
fire*pliːw*ʔus
bone*klɔːŋ*cʔaːŋ
chicken*hlɛːk[9]*ʔiər
gollark: I would mostly only feel that way about, I don't know, a political system literally designed to maximize pain/evil or something, which is very unlikely to actually arise naturally, spread, and take over the world.
gollark: Just as predicted.
gollark: COVID-19 with twice the infection rate *would* basically be that, though.
gollark: or something.
gollark: I assume you're about to say "well, if [POLITICAL IDEOLOGY I DISLIKE] takes over, everything will be so utterly awful that it would be better if everyone died".

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pearic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Sidwell, Paul. 2019. Proto-Pearic and the role of vowel height in register formation. Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics (ICAAL8), Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 29-31, 2019.
  3. Ironside, Jeremy (April 2005). "Overview of the distribution of Pear (Por) people in Cambodia". ngoforum.org. Archived from the original on Jul 24, 2011. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
  4. "Pearic languages". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  5. Sidwell, Paul (2009). "Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art". LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
  6. Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  7. Headley, Robert K. 1985. "Proto-Pearic and the classification of Pearic." In Suriya Ratanakult et al. (eds.), Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies Presented to Andre-G. Haudricourt. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 428-478.
  8. Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  9. Headley (1985)

Further reading
  • Ferlus, Michel. 2009. "Toward Proto Pearic: Problems and Historical Implications". In Sophana Srichampa et al. (eds.), 38–51.
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